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Topic: Celestial Navigation Trainer

	THALES TRAINING AND SIMULATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Two approaches were adopted, firstly the existing moving trainers, such as Link's, were fitted with dummy instruments and the means for their actuation, and secondly, non-moveable devices were invented specifically for the task of instrument flight training.
		The navigator was provided with all the radio aids and, in addition, was provided with a very elaborate celestial view from which he could take his appropriate astro sights.
		However, the most important member of this family of Redifon trainers was the C100 DF and navigational trainer which was first produced in 1941 to train air crews in the skills of navigation using ground beacons.
	www.ttsl.co.uk /company/history.htm (4957 words)

	IRADIS Foundation history of simulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Silloth Trainer was designed for the training of all members of the crew, and was primarily a type familiarization trainer for learning drills and the handling of malfunctions.
		However, the most important member of this family of Redifon trainers was the C 100 DF and navigational trainer which was first produced in 1941 to train air crews in the skills of navigation using ground beacons.
		The trainers were installed in five separate cubicles which housed the trainee pilot, navigator and radio operators, and enabled these crews under the control of an instructor, to carry out navigational exercises, plotting their track from the bearings set up by the instructor.
	www.iradis.org /education/history/ww2.html (1695 words)

	A Brief History of Aircraft Flight Simulation ( Flight Training ). (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		One such device was the Hawarden Trainer, made from the centre section of a Spitfire fuselage, which enabled training in the procedures of a complete operational flight.
		The pilot flew the trainer, which included all the facilities and instruments of the smaller conventional Link Trainer, while a bomb aimer's station provided the appropriate sight and targets over which the trainer flew.
		The navigator was provided with all the radio aids and, in addition, was provided with an elaborate celestial view from which he could take his appropriate astro sights.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /bleep/SimHist4.html (589 words)

	Navigation Portal @ Headed.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Polynesian navigators routinely crossed thousands of miles of open ocean, to tiny inhabited islands, using only their own senses and knowledge, passed by oral tradition, from navigator to apprentice.
		Celestial navigation systems are based on observation of the positions of the Sun, Moon and stars relative to the observer and a known location.
		Navigators could determine their latitude by measuring the angular altitude of Polaris any time that it was visible (excepting, of course, in those southern latitudes from where it cannot be observed).
	www.headed.org (3507 words)

	Philosophy Now
		But even if early space exploration was thoroughly military and devoid of anything in the way of scientific detachment, the ensuing deluges of data and experience have since become available to all, including the 'sufficiently scientifically detached'.
		When Galileo presented his spyglass to the Doge, "Galileo was … more concerned with the rewards to be reaped from the earthly advantages of an improved instrument than with any celestial advantage." Yet this has hardly prevented the telescope from eventually being employed for the purest and loftiest purposes.
		Chad Trainer is an independent scholar engaged in a study of ideas and arguments from the history of philosophy.
	www.philosophynow.org /archive/articles/40trainer.htm (2385 words)

	Flight simulator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The best-known was the Link Trainer, which in 1930 just simulated mechanical motions, but was later enhanced to include instruments and was used by a number of countries during World War II and after.
		The Celestial Navigation Trainer of 1941 was a massive structure 45 ft high and capable of accommodating an entire bomber crew learning how to fly night missions.
		In 1948, Curtiss-Wright delivered a trainer for the Stratocruiser to Pan American, the first complete simulator owned by an airline.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/f/fl/flight_simulator.html (575 words)

	Space Adventures — Celestial Navigation Trainer < Equipment < Background Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The planetarium forms an illusion of observing a celestial sphere outside of the Earth's atmosphere, thus corresponding to the perception of an exterior visual situation and to observation of a starry sky in the actual spaceflight.
		It is very effective means in training crews on attitude control and navigating with the help of stars position and by means of optical-and-visual instruments under conditions, which are close to the actual spaceflight.
		It also provides variation of angular velocities of the celestial sphere rotation around each of the gimbaled axes in the range from 0.002 to 5 deg/s with an error of simulation of angular distances between stars of 12' and of star brilliance of 20%.
	www.spaceadventures.com /media/info/equipment/navigation (404 words)

	Flight simulator - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		System trainers are used to teach pilots how to properly operate various aircraft systems.
		This can range from engine fires, malfunctioning landing gear, electrical faults, storms, lightning, oncoming aircraft, slippery runways, navigational system failures and countless other problems which the crew need to be familiar with and act upon.
		Many newer simulators allow the instructor to control the simulator from the cockpit, either from a console next to the co-pilots seat, or by adjusting certain instruments in particular ways (for example entering a specific transponder code), allowing them to program basic scenarios using the cockpit interface.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Flight_simulator (1401 words)

	Navigation & Piloting
		Takes the mystery out of boat navigation and recommends modern,affordable electronic aids as the best course to dealing with the necessity of navigation to enjoy time on the water.
		These tables were designed for air navigation where weight and space are at a premium, however, they are very popular with sailors due to the fact that at most only three books are needed, and that Vol.
		The Nautical Almanac is the cornerstone for all celestial navigation.
	www.paracay.com /nauticalbooks/NAV.html (2665 words)

	Weapons
		Celestial weapons are some of the best weapons..
		When first obtained, any of the Celestial Weapons is only equipped with the NO AP ability and is not customizable.
		The trainer will be preocupied with the first balloon and have delayed herself.
	tartarus.rpgclassics.com /staff/ff10/celestial.shtml (1728 words)

	Celestial Designs
		For celestial gardeners, a topiary in the shape of a crescent moon.
		Three celestial mini designs of a sun, crescent moon, and star with stardust trail.
		Colorful depiction of the signs of the zodiac, bordered with a celestial frame and cornered by variations of the sun and moon.
	www.fortunecity.com /westwood/prada/799/celestial.htm (831 words)

	Starpath Navigation Certification Programs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		So if you are brand new to navigation, or if you are going very far to take the test, then you might want to consider taking our certification tests as preparation for the US Sailing tests.
		Most navigators relish these types of tests, but they are sometimes a luxury we do not all have time to enjoy.
		Starpath School of Navigation is a certified member of the ISSA and can therefore offer course completion certification stickers for the ISSA logbook to document any of our training programs.
	www.starpathdemos.com /catalog/courses/certification.htm (1571 words)

	ken_arnold_1919 's Home Page
		Marine navigators were trained by the Navy, and all were officers in the beginning.
		From this booth, we could introduce wind conditions, clouds,etc. The navigator's progress was tracked by a "crab" on a paper located there in the booth.
		We never expected our navigators would be needing that training, but I thought it would be pretty challenging to be flying in an area where your compass was useless.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Runway/9601/kelly.html (3292 words)

	Starpath School of Navigation Title Page
		For navigation out of sight of land—using timed sextant sights of the sun, moon, stars, and planets—we offer classroom and home study courses, star maps and star finders, books, tips, articles, sextants, and Internet links.
		For navigation in sight of land—or in the fog, power or sail, in large or small vessels—we offer classroom and home study courses, plus the required tools and books.
		This is the home website of the Starpath Radar Trainer software and related textbooks on practical application of marine radar.
	www.starpath.com (342 words)

	Dick Johnson's History of the Valesh Crew - Page 1
		So, some 37 brand new navigators were sent down from Ephrata, Washington, where we had just reported a day or two before.
		At Walla Walla we flew together to get the feel of the B-17 as a crew but about the only navigation I practiced was in the celestial navigation trainer.
		His navigator was Jack S. Neal who, like me, got his navigator's wings in Class 43-9 at Hondo, Texas.
	www.100thbg.com /mainpages/history/history3/johnson1.htm (4887 words)

	Good Old Boat: Tools for navigation
		This is a modern perspective on celestial navigation, by a very expert and easy to read author.
		It will handle all aspects of passage planning with waypoints on either rhumb line or great circle courses; all aspects of enroute navigation with running fixes, DR and ETA computation, and set and drift; and all aspects of celestial navigation with a perpetual almanac built-in.
		Relevant developments in astronomy, navigation, and timekeeping are explained in simple terms - including the atomic clock, GPS and the leap second, and Co-ordinated Universal Time.
	www.goodoldboat.com /navigation_tools/navigation/navigation.html (1021 words)

	Bombs-Away Condensed Features
		The trainer was equipped with flight instruments used by the pilot, navigator, bombardier and radio man. Instructors "flew" with the crew.
		The interior was darkened and a complete picture of enemy terrain was projected on a screen beneath the trainer which flew the course charted by the navigator.
		The dome was illuminated with stars in a fixed position which the navigator used to plot their course as under actual flight conditions.
	www.brightok.net /~gsimmons/bomaway.htm (2768 words)

	Military.com Content
		Aerial navigation -- especially over water -- is an unforgiving task, and at the end of that dark night in late 1944 there would not have been too many supporters aboard one Navy flying boat for the argument that women could not handle the job.
		The 17-week air navigation course, which included 88 male students in the inaugural class for a total of 100 trainee instructors, imposed a full work schedule on the participants.
		After that, I went to NAS Oakland, Calif., where finishing touches in navigation were provided to multiengine crews prior to their departure on a 'Trans-Pac' -- their trans-Pacific flight over to the war zone.
	www.military.com /Content/MoreContent?file=PRwaves (1754 words)

	TIME Magazine Archive Article -- The Guiding Stars -- Jan. 24, 1955 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The maiden flight of the D-2 was made last week at Mather Air Force Base, Calif. Six skilled air navigators went through all the problems and perplexities of a mission in a jet bomber over the North Pole.
		They struggled with veering winds, lack of landmarks, and the odd behavior of magnetism and celestial bodies in the polar regions.
		The new D-2 High-Speed High-Latitude Celestial-Navigation Trainer was specially designed by Link Aviation Inc. to simulate the flights...
	www.time.com /time/archive/printout/0,23657,861160,00.html (152 words)

	TTP.Acc.Rot.m (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		VE can thus be viewed as both providing a set of new tools available to aid psychologists in their quest to understand perceptual processes and as a domain in which our understanding of perception can guide and inform technological developments.
		Link and his colleagues were well aware that external scene simulation was a desirable attribute for flight trainers, and initiated the development of a series of increasingly more sophisticated visual world simulations.
		The primary function of this silo-sized structure was to teach flight crews to navigate by the stars.
	human-factors.arc.nasa.gov /IHpublications/kaiser/brmic96/brmic96.html (3351 words)

	Binghamton Univ. Libraries: The Link Collections
		Although general-type trainers continued to be manufactured, the future development of military jets dictated that trainers simulate particular planes as closely as possible.
		Special-use trainers included the “Aquatrainer, ” a prototype which simulated a sea plane, but which was never developed; gunnery, radar, and automatic pilot trainers; and the Celestial Navigation Trainer (CNT) which was commissioned by Great Britain in 1939.
		The idea that trainers, or simulators, as they began to be called, should remain stationary was adhered to for a while, but eventually Link Aviation returned to the production of trainers which actually moved when instruments indicated movement.
	library.lib.binghamton.edu /special/findingaids/linkcoll_m3.html (6504 words)

	Section 13: Flight simulation
		The trainer was used primarily to familiarize the pilot with instruments, and to give some rudimentary motion feedback to control stick manipulation.
		It represented stars on a dome over the physical trainer, and the stars could be relocated to correspond with time as well as changes in location.
		In the interest of computation speed, the area of most visual interest (the target and its nearby surroundings) was rendered in higher detail, and inset into a lower resolution background display representing the surrounding terrain outside of the interest field of view.
	accad.osu.edu /~waynec/history/lesson13.html (2891 words)

	Nautical marine navigation fishing & satellite charts from waterproof charts, Maptech, NOAA, NIMA, C-MAP, Government, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		For the navigator aspiring to a deeper level of understanding of celestial navigation theory and practice.
		A modern, easy approach to learning celestial navigation using a streamlined method that requires only elementary math skills and no sight reduction tables.
		All-color, straightforward look at celestial navigation techniques and basic theory by an experienced offshore sailor and teacher.
	www.nauticalcharts.com /Books~C.htm (4810 words)

	Downeast Maritime - USCG Approved Training School (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Because course modules are offered on a rotating basis, new students may start their class time whenever a new module begins.
		Needed for Radar, Masters and Celestial Classes: 2 Navigation Triangles or Parallel Rulers, good eraser, Calculator Texas Instruments TI-30Xa scientific or a speed wheel, dividers, and notebook.
		Dependent on available space, students are welcome to repeat class modules - at no extra cost - as many times as necessary, until they feel confident to sit for the exam.
	www.vineyardmaritime.com /schedules.html (375 words)

	Beech C-45 Expeditor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Also in 1941 a specially modified C-45 was ordered as the AT-7 navigation trainer, with individual chart tables and navigation instruments for three students.
		The aircraft was the first U.S. military plane ordered for exclusive use as a navigational trainer.
		In 1946 Hill Field was assigned a project to repair several AT-7 and AT-11 trainer aircraft for service with the Air National Guard and Air Reserve.
	www.hill.af.mil /museum/photos/wwii/c-45.htm (928 words)

	issue6
		The US Navy submarine Ray under the command of W. Kinsela was ordered to take up temporary life-guard station duty south of Kyushu the southernmost island of the Japanese Islands while it was en-route from Guam to an assigned patrol area in the Yellow Sea in early May 1945.
		LT Len Erb, the executive officer and navigator, advised the captain that their position was too far south; the two officers agreed to adopt a northwesterly course.
		A half-hour elapsed and the glow of a dim flare was seen by Ray on the starboard bow.
	www.navworld.com /newsletters/issue6.htm (2126 words)

	563d Flying Training Squadron - Randolph AFB, TX. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The T-43A is a medium-range, swept-wing jet aircraft equipped with modern navigation and communications equipment to train navigators for strategic and tactical aircraft.
		Five periscopic sextants spaced along the length of the training compartment are used for celestial navigation training.
		The T-43A is used for navigator training at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, where the Air Force also trains Air National Guard, Air Force Reserve, Navy, Marine and international students.
	www.randolph.af.mil /12ftw/12og/563fts/history/post/factsheet.htm (324 words)

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