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Topic: Cell communication

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	Systems Biology at PNNL - Cell Signaling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		All living cells sense and respond to their environment by a set of mechanisms known as cell signaling – part of a complex system of communication that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions.
		All living cells must respond appropriately to their environment, whether they live freely in the soil or are part of a tissue.
		The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity as well as normal tissue homeostasis.
	www.sysbio.org /sysbio/cellsignaling.stm (1048 words)

	Ask a Scientist - Cell communication
		The extracellular matrix is the protein sheath between a nerve and a muscle, which provides both structural (thus stabilizing cellular architecture) and functional (indicating where and when the nerve should establish a synapse with the muscle) signals.
		A protein is secreted from one cell, travels a short distance, and is recognized and interpreted by a nearby cell.
		The points of contact between two cells, called synapses, are where an electrical signal is converted into a chemical signal and then back into an electrical signal in the other cell.
	www.hhmi.org /cgi-bin/askascientist/highlight.pl?kw=&file=answers/general/ans_048.html (349 words)

	Cell Communication
		Communication among cells is also important for many unicellular organisms that must locate food and find mates in order to sexually reproduce.
		Studies of cell signaling are helping to answer some of the most important questions in biology and medicine – in areas ranging from embryological development to hormone action to the development of cancer and other kinds of disease.
		Cells usually communicate by releasing chemical messengers targeted for cells that may not be immediately adjacent.
	io.uwinnipeg.ca /~simmons/cm1503/cellcommunication.htm (1904 words)

	INABIS '98 - Endocardial Endothelial Cell Communication
		Endocardial endothelial cell communication was studied by including a combination of three dyes (20 µM CB, 2 µM CA and 20 µM SR) in the pipette solution and whole-cell voltage clamping a single cell or a cell cluster.
		Cell capacity was 58.0 pF for the single cell and 347.4 pF for the cell cluster.
		The cell or cell cluster was alternatively excited at 390 nm for CB, 482 nm for CA and 590 nm for SR during 2 s, revealing three emission-time traces according to each dye (figure 4).
	www.mcmaster.ca /inabis98/nilius/fransen0434/two.html (3507 words)

	Biology 202: Cell Cycle
		Cell Surface Receptor -- binding of a signal molecule triggers a sequence of steps beginning with the activation of a second messenger that transmist the signal to subsequent molecules in the transduction pathway leading ultimately to a cellular response.
		Phosphorylation Cascade -- binding of a signal molecule by a cell surface receptor activates a protein kinase that then activates another protein kinase by transferring phosphate groups from ATP to the protein kinase; this process may be repeated several times amplifying the original signal before activating the protein that leads to a cellular response.
		If the cell is ready to initiate the cell division process during the G1 Phase, G1 Cyclins bind to Cdk1 and activate it taking the cell past the Restriction Point and leading to replication of the chromosomes (DNA Synthesis) during S Phase.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /class/bio202/TFrey/CellCycle.html (1133 words)

	Cell communication findings may aid in molecular therapies for genetic diseases
		This is important because it was previously thought that the secretory activity of cells was relatively unrelated to gene expression, which is key for controlling the growth of normal and cancer cells.
		Cells have two distinct compartments -- the nucleus, which houses genes, and the cytoplasm, which executes tasks assigned by the nucleus.
		The researchers' observations that communication between a cell's nucleus and cytoplasm is subject to previously unknown controls opens unanticipated avenues for investigation of molecular therapies for each of these diseases.
	www.case.edu /pubaff/univcomm/cell-rsch.htm (829 words)

	Taylor & Francis Journals: Welcome
		Cell Communication and Adhesion provides a central forum for the rapid publication of full-length manuscripts, short communications, reviews and conference reports of high quality, covering all aspects of receptor-based cell recognition and signaling.
		This includes research directed toward an understanding of the molecular basis of cell behavior as influenced by the interaction of cells with one another and with the extracellular environment, including extracellular matrix, cytokines and chemotactic factors.
		Research documenting the effect of the cell surface environment including lipids, carbohydrates and associated proteins on receptor function is also suitable for the journal.
	www.tandf.co.uk /journals/titles/15419061.asp (296 words)

	Biology 6A - Lecture 08 (Cell Communication) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Cell division signaling -> phosphorylation of "ras" -> opens cell cycle to replication.
		Communicating junctions - Link of cytoplasm of adjacent cells Gated pores that allow small molecules to pass Ex.
		Cell signaling and Cancer (Examples not in your book) A. Cancer cells - neoplasm, uncontrolled cell growth Benign - restricted growth (ex.
	www.csuchico.edu /biol/personnel/Hanne/Bio6A/Lect08CellCommunic.html (678 words)

	Science NetLinks: Cell Communication
		Communication between cells is required to coordinate their diverse activities....
		Within this community, cells are differentiated, each performing a special function necessary for the survival of the entire community of cells.
		Neural communication sends rapid, digitized messages over fixed anatomical connections while hormonal communication sends slow, graded messages throughout the body that are read by cells with relevant receptors.
	www.sciencenetlinks.com /lessons.cfm?Grade=9-12&BenchmarkID=6&DocID=65 (1457 words)

	Cell communication findings may aid in molecular therapies for genetic diseases
		This is important because it was previously thought that the secretory activity of cells was relatively unrelated to gene expression, which is key for controlling the growth of normal and cancer cells.
		Cells have two distinct compartments -- the nucleus, which houses genes, and the cytoplasm, which executes tasks assigned by the nucleus.
		The researchers' observations that communication between a cell's nucleus and cytoplasm is subject to previously unknown controls opens unanticipated avenues for investigation of molecular therapies for each of these diseases.
	www.cwru.edu /pubaff/univcomm/cell-rsch.htm (829 words)

	The cell matrix and cell-to-cell communication (from cell) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The cells become specialized, acquiring distinct functions that contribute to the survival of the organism.
		The behaviour of individual cells is also integrated with that of similar cells, so that they act together in a regulated fashion.
		The cells are located in glands in the lining of the fundus, the part of the stomach that bulges above the entrance from the esophagus, and in the body, or principal part, of the stomach.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=37431 (919 words)

	Intracellular communication (from cell) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		When a cell is dissolved in a test tube, thousands of different types of molecules randomly mix together.
		A dry cell is a chemical battery in which no free liquid is present, the electrolyte being soaked up by some...
		The fat stored in these cells in part comes directly from the fats eaten and in part is manufactured within the body from fats and carbohydrates in the food and sometimes from...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=37363 (901 words)

	Summary of cell communication techniques
		Communication molecules can be hard to detect because often they are quite small: some are of the order of one billionth of a gram and have to be separated out from other molecules in the cell before they can be studied.
		Cell processes are not so much on or off, but, held in a dynamic state of tension.
		Although cells take their instructions from a genome that is common to all cells, there are special sections on the genome which can be variable or different in every cell.
	www.stigmergicsystems.com /stig_v1/stigrefs/cellascomputer/page5.html (1900 words)

	Adult Human Stem Cells & Cell-to-Cell Communication in Human Cancer
		Later co-cultures of two types of cells (one normal cell, one genetically marked cell) were used to detect the transfer of lethal metabolites from a drug sensitive to a drug resistant cell ("metabolic cooperation').
		A modification of the approach was to use a radioactive tracer from a loaded donor cell to a co-cultured unlabeled recipient cell.
		Another modification was made of this later technique by scraping a monolayer of living cells in the presence of Lucifer Yellow fluorescent dye ("scrape loading/dye transfer"),allowing the dye to spread to a fixed amount of time, and then wash and fix the cells for observations.
	www.msu.edu /~trosko/lectures/gapjunction/gjictechniques.html (477 words)

	Steve's place - Cell Communication
		This sort of junction is common in epithelial cells, where is serves to strictly compartmentalise an external compartment (lumen of bowel) from an internal compartment (coelom).
		Communicating junctions on the other hand, do allow things to move from one cell to another.
		For cells to communicate, there must be a receptor and a ligand.
	www.steve.gb.com /science/cell_communication.html (1169 words)

	Cell Communication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Such is the case among the cells that make up most multicellular organisms, and cell-to-cell communication represents how such cells coordinate their physiological behaviors so as to create a cooperative whole, one that is greater than the sum of their cellular parts.
		When cell-to-cell communication is unsuccessful, a result can be a harmful absence of cooperation, a.k.a., defection, which between cells within a multicellular organism we might recognize as tumors or cancer, as adult-onset diabetes, as developmental abnormalities, etc.
		The response of a particular cell to a signal depends on its particular collection of signal receptor proteins, relay proteins, and proteins needed to carry out the response.” (p.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/campbl11.htm (1891 words)

	cell communication Resource Page
		Yes, cells have the capacity to pass complex biological messages and to do that they use their own 'communication devices', which are built from glyconutrients.
		Cells in a multicellular organism must communicate with one another in order to direct and regulate growth, development and organization.
		Cell-cell communication in bacteria is associated with the accumulation of signal molecules that co-regulate gene transcription.
	www.obtain-optimal-health.com /rp/glyconutrients-info/cell-communication.html (382 words)

	Endogenous protein phosphatase 1 runs down gap junctional communication of rat ventricular myocytes -- Duthe et al. 281 ...
		The degree of cell-to-cell communication between cardiac cells is closely determined by the metabolic state of the cells.
		Inhibition of astrocyte gap junctional communication by ATP depletion is reversed by calcium sequestration.
		Reversible blockade of gap junctional communication by 2,3-butanedione monoxime in rat cardiac myocytes.
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/281/5/C1648 (5318 words)

	Cell Communication I
		-interestingly, the same cell communication strategies are evident in many different types of cells.
		-synaptic signaling = when a nerve cell produces a chemical signal, called a neurotransmitter, that diffuses to a single target cell that is very close to the first cell.
		-the 3 stages of cell signaling are reception, transduction and response (Fig.
	biology.queensu.ca /~biol101/notes/tufts/Biol101Lect9.htm (1090 words)

	Rediscovering Biology - Online Textbook: Unit 7 Genetics of Development
		In addition, cell-cell communication is essential throughout the life of the organism.
		There are some similarities between the way cells communicate and the way individual organisms communicate: in both cases there are signalers and receivers.
		The signaling cell sends out molecules called ligands; these can be proteins or small molecules such as vitamin D. Ligands attach to proteins embedded in the membrane of the receiver cell;these proteins are sometimes called receptor proteins.
	www.learner.org /channel/courses/biology/textbook/gendev/gendev_9.html (287 words)

	Preface [Stem Cell Information]
		The process by which dividing, unspecialized cells are equipped to perform specific functions—muscle contraction or nerve cell communication, for example—is called differentiation, and is fundamental to the development of the mature organism.
		How and whether stem cells derived from any of these sources can be manipulated to replace cells in diseased tissues, used to screen drugs and toxins, or studied to better understand normal development depends on knowing more about their basic properties.
		These chapters on the use of hematopoietic stem cells, followed by focus features on specific nervous system diseases, diabetes, heart disease, and autoimmune diseases serve merely as examples of the many applications of stem cells that are being pursued.
	stemcells.nih.gov /info/scireport/preface.asp (1013 words)

	Salk scientists overturn a dogma of nerve cell communication
		Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers that nerve cells use to shuttle outgoing signals to adjacent neurons.
		The released neurotransmitter molecules flow across the gap to the adjacent nerve cell and bind to specific receptor proteins on the receiving cell's membrane.
		If the receiving cell is a neuron, the binding of the neurotransmitter will generate an electrical impulse that travels along the length of the cell.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-07/si-sso070805.php (1074 words)

	Adult Human Stem Cells & Cell-to-Cell Communication in Human Cancer
		The basic hypothesis of the Trosko/ Chang lab is that the reversible inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) by endogenous or exogenous tumor promoters is responsible for the tumor promotion phase of carcinogenesis and that stable down regulation of GJIC is responsible for the progression or malignant/metastasic phase of carcinogenesis.
		In the case were some cancer cells have been shown to have functional GJIC, it was later shown that these tumor cells could not perform GJIC with their normal neighboring cells but could communicate with themselves.
		From a single fertilized egg until a mature adult containing hundred trillion cells, a delicate homeostatic control of cell proliferation, differentiation and adaptive responses of the differentiated cells must be maintained.
	www.msu.edu /~trosko/lectures/gapjunction/tumormodel.html (996 words)

	4i. Cell-to-Cell Communication [Beyond Books - Life Science: Part 1]
		Nerve impulses and hormones are different kinds of intercellular communication, each of which depends on the receptor molecules found on the membranes of cells.
		This ability to communicate between cells is crucial to large multicellular organisms because it allows organisms to coordinate the activity of all their cells.
		This is achieved as many types of molecules (mostly proteins) enter the cell, communicate with it, leave the cell, and are processed by the cell.
	www.beyondbooks.com /lif71/4i.asp (547 words)

	Cell Communication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In attempting, however, to understand intra- and intercellular recognition processes comprehensively, the two biochemical dimensions established by nucleic acids and proteins are not sufficient to satisfactorily explain all molecular events in, for example, cell adhesion or routing.
		Sugar molecules, which are carbohydrates, coat every cell in humans and other organisms, but very little is known about their specific functions in carrying out the constant interactions between cells.
		Sugars play a very important role in directing immune cells to their proper place in the body, Paulson said, sending white blood cells to assist with inflammation in the joints of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.
	home.gci.net /~designed/cell.htm (1139 words)

	[Regents Prep Living Environment] Organization: Cellular Communication
		Upon reaching the cell the hormone is targeted for, the hormone often activates a gene within a cell to make another necessary compound.
		Neuron communications are one way organism can detect and respond to stimuli at both the cellular and organism level.
		Any change in nerve or hormone signals will change the communication between cells and organs in an organism and thus may cause problems for organism’s stability and ability to maintain homeostasis.
	regentsprep.org /Regents/biology/units/organization/communication.cfm (355 words)

	Chapter 11 Cell Communication Lecture Outline
		synaptic signaling, a nerve cell produces a neurotransmitter that diffuses across a synapse to a single cell that is almost touching the sender.
		Protein phosphorylation, a common mode of regulation in cells, is a major mechanism of signal transduction.
		In response to a signal, a cell may regulate activities in the cytoplasm or transcription in the nucleus.
	sps.k12.ar.us /massengale/chapter_11____cell_communication.htm (3643 words)

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