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Topic: Cell signalling

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	Language of the Cell
		Cells can similarly sense changes in their external environment through an array of sensor proteins upon their surface that are referred to as membrane receptors, proteins that detect, transmit and alter the information that is carried by a hormone into a form which the cell can interpret..
		The cell's complement of proteins behave like an orchestra in concert to the tune of its receptors, responding to the many subtle flickers of the conductor's hormonal baton that sweetly and smoothly change the cell's tune to match the mood of that great concert hall that is the body.
		Cells from the pancreas, liver, heart and brain differ because different portions of their identical DNA inheritance are manifested in the form of proteins at different stages during development; and even within a certain type of cell, this pattern of expression varies further with changes in the cell's environment.
	www.cellscience.com /chapter.htm (12540 words)

	Cell talk
		Cell's contain a shortage of protons relative to the external fluids, a subtle, yet critical gradient, which despite lacking the enormity of the calcium gradient regulates all manner of cell processes, from the opening of potassium channels involved in salt transport and cell division, to the patterns of sugar antlers added to membrane recognition proteins.
		Whereas cholesterol is metabolised by specialised cells of the gonads and adrenal medulla to produce the sex hormones and the mineralocorticosteroids that control the body's critical salt and water balance are produced by the adrenal cortex; other fatty messengers are almost universal in their actions and central role in role in cellular and intercellular signalling.
		By listening to the cells and signals in the bloodstream it controls the tone of the smooth muscles that regulate blood pressure and movement, the stickiness of platelets and the permeability of the blood vessel wall to white blood cells.
	www.cellscience.com /proposal.htm (11732 words)

	Mycology Workshop: Cell Surface and Signalling Session (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Although the processes involved in crosslinking the cell wall material are unknown, the promise chitin holds as a fungal-specific drug target suggests that the area will continue to be a fertile one for research.
		The process of cell recognition in mating (the pheromone response) and the subsequent cell signalling which occurs has been studied in considerable depth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
		Cell signalling may be breached in the medically important fungi by modelling studies on sexual interactions in basic systems such as Saccharomyces.
	www.niaid.nih.gov /dmid/meetings/mycology/cell.htm (854 words)

	CELL SIGNALLING
		Signalling molecules, receptors, and transcription factors are key players in the information processing that underlies the unfolding of the developmental program, and in the coordination of the program in different cells.
		Signal transduction networks are subject to complex regulatory mechanisms that can be effected, for example, by changes in the concentration, activity or stability of signalling components,or in their compartmentalization within the cell.
		Gradients of signalling molecules are often used to establish coarse-grained patterns of responses that are refined through interactions between the original signalling molecule and its targets.
	comp.uark.edu /~cfbailey/sig.html (694 words)

	Signal transduction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The environment of a cell may impinge on it in many ways: different kinds of molecules may buffet its surface, its body may be heated or cooled, it may be struck by light of various wavelengths, stretched, sheared or electrified (the nerves and muscles, for example).
		Juxtacrine signals are transmitted along cell membranes via protein or lipid components integral to the membrane and are capable of affecting either the emitting cell or cells immediately adjacent.
		The important value for the strength of the signal relayed by the receptor is the concentration of the hormone-receptor complex, which is defined by the affinity of the hormone for the receptor, the concentration of the hormone and, of course, the concentration of the receptor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Signal_transduction (3193 words)

	Signal Transduction (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab-6.cs.princeton.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Signal transduction at the cellular level refers to the movement of signals from outside the cell to inside.
		The movement of signals can be simple, like that associated with receptor molecules of the acetylcholine class: receptors that constitute channels which, upon ligand interaction, allow signals to be passed in the form of small ion movement, either into or out of the cell.
		The signaling pathways utilized by the TGF-b, activin and BMP receptors are different than those for receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity or that associate with intracellular tyrosine kinases.
	web.indstate.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /thcme/mwking/signal-transduction.html (3263 words)

	Cell Signalling
		Cell signalling and protein sorting provides an integrated view by emphasising some of the commonalities between the various pathways and students will be able to understand current research objectives in this field after completing the course.
		Signal transduction including binding of growth factors to transmembrane tyrosine kinases and mechanisms of signalling.
		Cell death; apoptosis and regulation by cytokines, oncogenes and viruses.
	www.bio.ic.ac.uk /research/field/cell_signalling.htm (544 words)

	School of the Biological Sciences Research in Cell Signalling
		Cell signalling research is therefore a central part of studies of cellular biology and fundamental to understanding how organisms respond and adapt to their circumstances.
		A number of groups are working on second messengers, which are molecules or ions that relay and amplify signals received at receptors on the cell surface, such as the arrival of protein hormones, growth factors, etc. to target molecules in the cytosol and/or nucleus.
		This is one of the aims of the computational cell biology group, which is looking at a number of aspects of cell signalling including bacterial chemotaxis.
	www.bio.cam.ac.uk /research/cell.html (551 words)

	BioCarta - Charting Pathways of Life
		Physical interactions between intergrin alpha4beta1 heterodimer expressed on B cells and counter receptors on stroma cells are key mediators of the survival of normal and malignant B cells.
		Integrins are cell surface receptors that interact with the extracellular matrix and mediate intracellular signals in response to the extracellular matrix including cellular shape, mobility, and progression through the cell cycle.
		T cell activation is initiated by recognition of antigen by the T cell receptor (TCR) in the context of Class II MHC on an antigen-presenting cell.
	www.biocarta.com /genes/CellSignaling.asp (4103 words)

	Robustness of Cytokine Signalling Networks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A specific example of robust cell signalling networks are the cytokine signalling networks, which we propose to study in the context of the immune system (cytokine signaling systems are likely also crucial in other parts of the body as well).
		Each immune cell (e.g., a B-cell, T-cell, etc.) in the body (an estimated such cells are present at any given time) responds to a host of signalling molecules, called cytokines, which bind on the cell surface, stimulating a cascade of events within the cell.
		Molecular intercellular signalling via cytokines plays a large role in controlling individual effectors, affecting: differentiation of naive cell types into activated effectors, proliferation of effectors, deletion of ineffective or harmful effectors, recruitment of effectors to infected tissues or lymph organs, and activation of effector functions.
	www.santafe.edu /research/signallingNetworks.php (986 words)

	Cell Signalling - IPSET- University of Nottingham
		The goal of the Cell Signalling research group which encompasses the Institute of Cell Signalling (ICS) is to build a multidisciplinary environment with complementary skills in cell biology, molecular pharmacology and cell signalling.
		Alterations in gene expression commonly occur in cells in response to stimulation of cell surface receptors, whereby a variety of intracellular second messengers activate specific translation and transcription factors and regulate the expression level of particular genes particular genes.
		The capacity to image human cells in low abundance, to assess variations in protein–protein interactions that underlie disease states and to characterise changes in signalling induced by viral and bacterial infection (in collaboration with the Institute of Infections and Immunity) are major features of the MRC Cooperative and JIF research programmes.
	www.nottingham.ac.uk /pharmacy/ipset/CellSig.html (618 words)

	Cell Signalling
		It describes both intracellular and extracellular signal transduction pathways, molecules involved in them and the interactions, how cell signalling is essential in the context of normal physiology of a cell and the organisms as well as in different pathological situations.
		Strategies to intervene pathological cell signalling and some applications of cell signalling in biotechnology are described.
		The book attempts to emphasize the conceptual framework of cell signalling so that the cross-section of various cellular signal transduction pathways can be visualized.
	www.anshan.co.uk /pages/Data_base/1904798934.html (137 words)

	New Page 1
		An example is a rod cell, located in the retina, and its ability to respond to light through a specific photoreceptor whereas fibroblasts (which do not contain the photoreceptor necessary for light-dependent activity) are unresponsive to light.
		Endocrine signalling: occurs with factors produced in one part of the body that bind to receptors expressed on target cells that are far away.
		This form of signalling differs from endocrine signalling in that a.) ligands that participate in synaptic signals can achieve high local concentrations, b.) are associated with rapid, short-term responses and, c.) are often quickly degraded or sequestered to regulate the response.
	neurobio.mcphu.edu /GalloWeb/Loudon_intro_cell_signalling.htm (1598 words)

	LICR-UCL :: Cell Signalling :: Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		These signals are converted into intracellular 'second messenger signals' which ultimately make the cells respond by, for example, dividing, moving or even dying.
		Deregulated signalling is a hallmark of cancer cells.
		Research in the Cell Signalling group is now centered on the dissection of the biological roles of these fascinating enzymes.
	www.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk /cellsig_html/index.htm (409 words)

	Paracrine signalling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Paracrine signalling is a form of cell signalling in which the target cell is close to ("para" = alongside of or next to, but this strict prefix definition is not meticulously followed here) the signal releasing cell, and the signal chemical is broken down too quickly to be carried to other parts of the body.
		(2) the signal gets stuck in the extracellular-matrix, or structure surrounding the signal releasing cell, and thus the signal is unable to travel far from the signal releasing cell.
		In mature organisms paracrine signalling functions include responses to allergens, repairs to damaged tissue, formation of scar tissue, and clotting.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paracrine_signalling (280 words)

	OUP: UK General Catalogue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Signalling within and between cells is an essential part of many biological processes, from the development of the body, to the activity of our immune system.
		Recent advances in molecular cell biology have allowed us to identify the components of signalling pathways, and examine how they interact to form the carefully orchestrated and controlled networks on which the complexity of a living organism is built.
		Starting with an overview of cell signalling, highlighting its importance in many biological systems, the book goes on to explore the key components of extracellular and intracellular signalling mechanisms, before examining how these components come together to create the signalling pathways, which are so crucial to the survival of many living organisms.
	www.oup.com /uk/catalogue/?ci=9780199264674 (631 words)

	Featured Parts:Cell-Cell-Signaling - Registry
		Coordinating the behavior of cells within a population requires cell-cell signalling.
		That input signal might be any biomolecule produced by other cells in the same environment.
		HSL signaling channel, however there are senders and receivers and the component parts specified or existing for each of the other well known signaling channels.
	parts.mit.edu /registry/index.php/Featured_Parts:Cell-Cell-Signaling (498 words)

	The Scientist : Cracking cell signalling by sharing - not publishing
		A new international research programme that hopes to solve the riddle of how cells interact with each other is set to test the notion that scientists must publish their findings or risk perishing their chances of receiving future funding grants or promotion.
		"A virtual cell would be a wonderful way to understand what the optimal point would be to place a drug to achieve a specific goal in a specific patient in a specific kind of disease," says Gilman.
		Gilman is convinced the cell biology community will be keen to become involved in the AFCS, "Because they are excited about contributing a fraction of their time to a collaborative attempt to answer questions that they do not believe can be answered in conventional ways."
	www.the-scientist.com /article/display/19161 (608 words)

	T-cell signalling: Methylation modifies T-cell function - Cell Signaling Update - Signaling Gateway
		Arginine methylation by a CD28 co-stimulatory signal could be important for the activation of T cells.
		Using an antibody specific for methylated arginine, it was shown that the level of arginine methylation was greater in T cells that were stimulated with both superantigen and fibroblast cells engineered to express the CD28 ligand CD80 (5–3.1-B7 cells) than in T cells that were stimulated with superantigen alone.
		Consistent with signalling downstream of CD28 ligation having a crucial role in inducing arginine methylation, 5–3.1-B7-cell stimulation of a T-cell line expressing a mutant CD28 molecule that lacks the ability to transmit intracellular signals after ligation could not induce increased PRMT activity.
	www.signaling-gateway.org /update/updates/200509/nri1693.html (439 words)

	Lecture #17: Cell to Cell signalling
		Cadherins – Ca dependent adhesion by dimerization of cadherins on adjacent cells; bind to other cadherins of the same type; transmembrane glycoprotein; the E, P and N cadherins functions at different times and on different cells during development; form specialized adhesion junctions.
		De-adhesion factors – when cells need to move that were formerly tightly anchored to a matrix surface; mediated by disintegrins which bind to integrins and inhibit their binding; found in snake venom; cell fates are determined through structural remodeling by a disintegrin and a metalloprotease (ADAM) glycoproteins.
		Cell-surface proteoglycans - typically on epithelial cells; have a transmembrane domain; most common is syndecan (22-27); function to anchor cell to matrix and mediate growth factor presentation.
	www.uh.edu /~phardin/chapter22.html (514 words)

	UCSD-Nature Signaling Gateway - Cell Signaling research, news, data and conferences
		The UCSD-Nature Signaling Gateway is a comprehensive and up-to-the-minute resource for anyone interested in signal transduction.
		Signaling Update brings you the latest cell signaling research, including primary research and reviews, news, jobs and conferences.
		Read what EPS has to say about the Signaling Gateway here, or for an EPS Insights article on the launch of the Molecule Pages, click here.
	www.signaling-gateway.org (375 words)

	Signal Transduction - BioChemWeb.org
		Cell Survival - "Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and its receptor, the Ras pathway and ETS transcription factors."
		The Signaling Pathway Database (SPAD) - Database with diagrams of cell signaling pathways.
		Cytokine Signaling Pathway Database - "[D]esigned to be a tool for biomedical researchers who work with cytokines and their receptors, and provides biochemical data and references about signaling molecules as well as ligand-receptor relationships."
	www.biochemweb.org /signaling.shtml (1173 words)

	Cell Signalling Research Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Tumour initiation and progression result from inappropriate activation of intracellular signalling cascades.
		Rho-like GTPases are molecular switches in signalling pathways that regulate actin cytoskeleton organisation and gene transcription.
		In this way, Rho proteins influence cell morphology, adhesion, motility, as well as cell cycle progression and cell survival.
	www.paterson.man.ac.uk /groups/cellsig.jsp (127 words)

	CellSignaling website: Welcome
		We are using these models to learn about specific systems, particularly signal transduction systems of the immune system, and also to identify biological design principles.
		The protein interactions involved in signaling can potentially generate a diversity of protein complexes and phosphoforms; however, this diversity has been largely ignored in models of EGFR signaling.
		The activities and interactions of proteins that govern the cellular response to a signal generate a multitude of protein phosphorylation states and heterogeneous protein complexes.
	cellsignaling.lanl.gov (609 words)

	Keratinocyte Cell Signalling - Clinical Laboratory Sciences - University of Newcastle
		Role of cyclophilins, calcineurin and PKC signalling in keratinocyte growth and differentiation and in inflammatory skin disease
		Calcium signalling is disrupted in psoriatic keratinocytes and there is evidence of a primary defect.
		In this project we are analysing calcium signalling in normal and psoriatic keratinocytes and aim to relate this to activation of NFAT.
	www.ncl.ac.uk /cals/research/derm/cellsignalling.htm (267 words)

	Protist Cell Signalling
		These compounds are often highly concentrated inside cells but concentrations in water are very low due to rapid consumption
		Once cells come into close proximity, direct contact is the most important form of chemical transmission
		Contact-mediated signaling mechanisms are usually extensions of membrane lipid or protein consituents:
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/mb460x/fieldk/protistcellsignalling.html (375 words)

	LICR-UCL :: Cell Signalling :: Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Class IA PI3Ks - The first step in many signal transduction pathways is the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in receptors and intracellular signalling proteins (see figure).
		We continue to use advanced biochemical, molecular biological and cell biological approaches to dissect the signalling pathways regulated by the distinct class IA PI3Ks.
		Distinct PI3Ks mediate mitogenic signalling and cell migration in macrophages Nat Cell Biol.
	www.ludwig.ucl.ac.uk /cellsig_html/research.htm (647 words)

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