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Topic: Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm

	Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cryptography, the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm (CMEA) is a block cipher which was used for securing mobile phones in the United States.
		CMEA is one of four cryptographic primitives specified in a Telecommuncations Industry Association (TIA) standard, and is designed to encrypt the control channel, rather than the voice data.
		The ECMEA and SCEMA ciphers are derived from CMEA.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cellular_Message_Encryption_Algorithm (161 words)

	Cryptanalysis of the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm - Wagner, Schneier, Kelsey (ResearchIndex)
		Cryptanalysis of the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm - Wagner, Schneier, Kelsey (ResearchIndex)
		72.1%: Cryptanalysis of the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm - Wagner, Schneier, Kelsey (1997)
		3 Cryptanalysis of the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm (context) - Bannert - 1997
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /wagner97cryptanalysis.html (422 words)

	Cryptanalysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In academia, new designs are regularly presented, and are also frequently broken: the 1984 block cipher Madryga was found to be susceptible to ciphertext-only attacks in 1998; FEAL-4, proposed as a replacement for the DES standard encryption algorithm, was demolished by a spate of attacks from the academic community, many of which are entirely practical.
		In industry, too, ciphers are not free from flaws: for example, the A5/1, A5/2 and CMEA algorithms, used in mobile phone technology, can all be broken in hours, minutes or even in real-time using widely-available computing equipment.
		encryptions would be considered a break...simply put, a break can just be a certificational weakness: evidence that the cipher does not perform as advertised.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Cryptanalysis (2474 words)

	Cryptanalysis of the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm
		CMEA (Control Message Encryption Algorithm), a simple block cipher, is used to encrypt the control channel [Ree91].
		CMEA is a byte-oriented variable-width block cipher with a 64 bit key.
		Since being exposed to public scrutiny, three of the four proprietary TIA cryptographic algorithms have been broken: the voice privacy protection was shown to be insecure as early as 1992 [Bar92, CFP93], this paper cryptanalyzes CMEA, and ORYX was recently broken by the authors [WSK97].
	www.cs.berkeley.edu /~daw/papers/cmea-crypto97-www/paper10.html (4189 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In the absence of applying cryptography to messages being transmitted by wireless signals, unauthorized use of telephone resources, eavesdropping of messages, and impersonation of called or calling parties during a conversation are possible.
		The CMEA function includes a tbox function, wherein inputs to the tbox function are subjected to a permutation employing secret offsets developed using encrypted text from a previous message.
		When the encryption/decryption processor 506 receives a plaintext message from the message generator 516, the message is subjected to a first iteration of a modified CMEA process, using a first CMEA key received from the key generator 508.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=99/03246.990121&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (4533 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Block Encryption Variable Length (BEVL) encoding, embodying the invention and to be described herein, overcomes the identified weaknesses of the CMEA algorithm.
		The mixing, performed by CMEA only in the middle pass, is done in the second and fourth passes which mix data from the end of the buffer back toward the front.
		CMEA's fourth weakness is a lack of encryption of the least significant bit (LSB) of the first byte.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=98/40984.980917&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (5362 words)

	03.19.97 - Flaw found in cellphone encryption; algorithm for digital telephones fails under simple cryptanalysis
		The new framework for protecting the next generation of cellular phones was designed privately by the cellular standards arm of the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) in an attempt to eliminate recurring security problems.
		Today, most cellular phone calls can be intercepted by anyone in the area listening to a scanner, as House Speaker Newt Gingrich learned this past January when someone with a scanner recorded one of his cellular calls.
		CMEA is a symmetric cipher, like the Digital Encryption Standard (DES).
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/97legacy/cell.html (656 words)

	Wired News: Digital Cell Phone Crypto Cracked (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		When a cellular user dials a number on their keypad (be it a telephone number, a PIN, or a credit-card number), it is encrypted with CMEA in an attempt to protect the privacy of the user.
		However, flaws in the CMEA algorithm allow an attacker to predict portions of the key, reducing the effective key length to 24 or 32 bits, significantly shorter than the weak cryptography the US government allows for export.
		When the cellular industry was designing the privacy-enhancing features of the new digital cellular network, it received pressure from the National Security Agency to cripple the encryption capability of that network.
	www.wired.com /news/print/0,1294,2676,00.html (685 words)

	New Digital Cellular Phone Security Cracked
		The system was supposed to protect the privacy of those dialed digits, but the encryption is weak enough that those digits are accessible to eavesdroppers with a digital scanner.
		It uses a 64-bit key, but weaknesses in the algorithm reduce the key to an effective length of 24 or 32 bits, significantly shorter than even the weak keys the U.S. government allows for export.
		As we understand the researchers' claim, it appears that the algorithm selected and the way it was implemented in the system has led to the stated flaws.
	www.snapshield.com /www_problems/United_States/New_Digital.htm (787 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Consequently, before reaching for the cellular phone or sending an e-mail message, counsel and his or her client must be familiar with the latest developments in this important area.
		The central question raised by the technological revolution is whether use of a certain mode of communication increases appreciably the likelihood that a court will find that an evidentiary privilege has been waived in the case of a non-voluntary disclosure of protected material.74 Courts generally use one of three analyses to resolve the waiver issue.
		Although cordless and cellular communications have facilitated the attorney’s ability to maintain open lines of communication with clients twenty-four hours a day, courts nevertheless have applied legal doctrines to the new technologies with caution.
	stlr.stanford.edu /STLR/Articles/97_STLR_3/Article_txt.txt (5140 words)

	CAVE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		These procedures are used to perform the security services of mobile station authentication, subscriber message encryption, and encryption key and subscriber voice privacy key generation within cellular equipment.
		Thc CMEA key is used with the CMEA algorithm for protection of digital data exchanged between the mobile station and the base station.
		Textual descriptions of encryption algorithms, including pseudo-code and diagrams and all the rest, are not embargoed.
	cryptome.quintessenz.at /mirror/cave.htm (1091 words)

	Encryption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Encryption is used in communications systems to protect information being transmitted over a channel from being intercepted and read by unauthorised parties.
		This protection is achieved by converting the original message (plain text) into an encoded form (cipher text) that appears to be a random stream of symbols.
		The security-related transformations used in encryption and decryption are both controlled by some form of secret information (known as a key).
	www.argospress.com /Resources/cdma-mobile/cdmencrip.htm (197 words)

	NO MORE SECRETS Researchers find digital wireless technology is not secure
		CMEA was designed to be less secure to conform with federal export regulations.
		The Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association agreed that security standards have been developed with "federal regulations and the realities of the marketplace" in mind, saying it is not the industry's intention to create a "spy vs. spy" technology.
		Schneier acknowledged that the cellular authentication and voice encryption algorithm (CAVE)-which governs carriers' anti-cloning efforts-is highly secure, suggesting that manufacturers fought harder to keep this code tougher to crack because cloning has such an influence on carriers' revenue.
	telephonyonline.com /mag/telecom_no_secrets_researchers/index.html (612 words)

	ipedia.com: Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In cryptography, the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm is a block cipher which was used for securing mobile phones in the United States.
		CMEA is one of four cryptographic primitives specified in a...
		There were some accusations made that the NSA had pressured the original designers into crippling CMEA, but the NSA has denied any role in the design or selection of the algorithm.
	www.ipedia.com /cellular_message_encryption_algorithm.html (195 words)

	Computing Canada: Alarms raised by security flaw may have silver lining - digital transmission of data and voice by ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		However, the cellular telephone industry has been in a bit of a flap since late March when a trio of cryptography experts in the U.S. announced the discovery of a flaw in the new digital technology.
		If the claims are correct, the CMEA encryption is actually quite a bit weaker than that normally allowed for export by the U.S. government.
		Strong encryption is a powerful shield against attacks on our privacy, especially attacks by foreign countries using their economic clout to make our communications easier for them to tap.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0CGC/is_n9_v23/ai_19400755 (953 words)

	Citicomm Wireless, Inc. - Nextel iDEN Technology.
		In March 1997, researchers were able to break the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm (CMEA) which is used to encode the digits that are depressed on a key pad by a user.
		The CMEA standard is put out by the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA) for use by digital cellular carriers in the United States.
		Due to the complexities of multiplexing (the combining of multiple conversations on a single radio frequency) and digital radio protocols (the methods used to encode voice conversations), it is a major challenge for anyone to actually find a consistent channel of information from which to decrypt the data that is collected.
	www.citicomm.net /nextel/digitalsecurity.html (603 words)

	PREPARED STATEMENT OF PHILIP R. KARN, JR., STAFF ENGINEER, QUALCOMM, INC.
		For the government to say otherwise, to imply that only they have the expertise to make encryption safe for commerce, and to imply that a KMI must also generate and escrow secret keys so that public keys can be trustworthy, seems like a deliberate and cynical attempt to mislead Congress.
		The flaws in the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm that were described by Wagner et al certainly would have come to light sooner had it been openly published on the Internet.
		It is ironic that he would complain about a hacker using encryption to hide the evidence of his exploits while supporting export controls that limit our ability to stop these attacks in the first place.
	www.globalsecurity.org /intell/library/congress/1997_hr/h970320q.htm (4038 words)

	InternetWeek \| The Business and Technology of the Internet \| http://internetweek.cmp.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		By manipulating the algorithm, the trio found a flaw in the encryption used to scramble the numbers over the cellular network--including any telephone number, personal identification number or credit card number.
		The three reporte d their findings in a research paper titled "Cryptanalysis of the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm," which scrutinizes the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm (CMEA) created by the Telecommunications Industry Association.
		CMEA is the cipher used for safeguarding the control channel in most U.S. digital cellular systems.
	www.internetweek.com /telepath/08new7.htm (422 words)

	House Written Testimony
		Yet the government totally ignored this and Judge Patel's subsequent ruling on December 6, 1996 holding that the ITAR as applied to encryption source code was a violation of the First Amendment.
		The administration continues to review whether and to what extent scannable encryption source or object code in printed form should be subject to the EAR and reserves the option to impose export controls on such software for national security and foreign policy reasons.
		CMEA is deeply flawed, and should be carefully reconsidered.
	people.qualcomm.com /karn/export/housewritten.html (2172 words)

	The Politics of Encryption
		The Cellular Telephone Industry Association (CTIA), a Washington, D.C.-based trade group and self-proclaimed representative of the wireless communications industry, had long downplayed the security weaknesses of analog cellular telephones and had lobbied successfully at the Federal level to make such interceptions unlawful.
		Forgotten, apparently, was the fact that the wireless industry had the capability to incorporate encryption into their analog systems, but chose not to.
		In their draft report Cryptanalysis of the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm they revealed several weaknesses and proposed an attack that can be carried out on currently-available computers in a matter of minutes, or at most hours.
	www.decodesystems.com /mt/97jun (1419 words)

	Cryptanalysis of ORYX - Wagner, Schneier, Kelsey (ResearchIndex)
		As the ORYX cipher is used to encrypt the data transmissions in the North American Cellular system, these results are further evidence that many of the encryption...
		Cryptanalysis of the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm - Wagner, Schneier, Kelsey (1997)
		3 Cryptanalysis of the cellular message encryption algorithm - Wagner, Schneier et al.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /693253.html (518 words)

	Flaw in Cell-Phone Encryption Identified; Design Process Blamed
		Date: Thu, 20 Mar 1997 12:35:16 PST From: "Peter G. Neumann" Subject: Flaw in Cell-Phone Encryption Identified; Design Process Blamed This is a press release from * Bruce Schneier, Counterpane Systems, 612 823-1098 schneier@counterpane.com * David Wagner, University of California, Berkeley 510-643-9435 daw@cs.berkeley.edu * Robert Sanders, University of California.
		In an attempt to eliminate recurring security problems, the cellular standards arm of the Telecommunications Industry Association(TIA) privately designed this new framework for protecting cellular phones.
		CMEA Technology CMEA is a symmetric cipher, like the Digital Encryption Standard (DES).
	www.panix.com /~dictum/risks/cryptography/cell-phone-encrypt.html (796 words)

	WSP: Wireless Security Perspectives, Monthly Technical Bulletin
		A group of Israeli cryptographers have seriously cracked the A5/2 'export' voice encryption algorithm for GSM, and have used it as a wedge to walk around A5/1 and A5/3.
		Signaling message encryption prevents subscriber sensitive information, (e.g., calling party number), from being transmitted in the clear over the air.
		Currently, the wireless industry is using the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm (CMEA) and Voice Privacy Mask (VPM) key generation procedure to protect a subscriber's privacy.
	www.cnp-wireless.com /wsp.html (4321 words)

	Crackers & Hackers - 3/31/1997 - Wireless Week - CA5034 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		At issue is whether the federal government should loosen encryption restrictions on equipment that is exported.
		The CMEA algorithm encodes personal identification numbers and other information entered via a wireless phone keypad.
		The cellular industry is lying to people about phone security." He specifically accused the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association.
	www.wirelessweek.com /article/CA5034.html?spacedesc= (545 words)

	LISTWATCH: Security List Items
		Counterpane Systems and UC Berkeley announced that researchers have discovered a flaw in the privacy protection of the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm (CMEA), used in today's most advanced digital cellular phones.
		Although CMEA is a 64-bit symmetric cipher, flaws reduce the key length to 24 or 32 bits.
		Since maintaining security with a composed system is harder than with a monolithic one, it will come as no surprise that there were a rash of bugs of this sort this month.
	www.ieee-security.org /Cipher/Newsbriefs/1997/970322.LISTWATCH.html (627 words)

	TR45.3
		A part of these general standards is encryption standards, one of which is termed CAVE, Caller Authentication and Voice Encryption.
		The CAVE algorithm has been confidential to the industries, and was developed under the auspices of the NSA (see Barlow and Gilmore below).
		In this fashion I was also able to view and print out the algorithm document of TIA's Committee TR45.3, with a clear statement that the information in the document may be subject to the export juristiction of the U. Department of State under the applicable regulations.
	cryptome.sabotage.org /tr453.htm (1517 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		While encryption is only one element of network security, it is a vital one.
		Strong, modern encryption algorithms have been published worldwide since the 1970s.
		Digital cell phones are still much harder to intercept than regular analog ones, but they are not nearly as secure as they could have been or as we thought they were.
	people.qualcomm.com /karn/export/houseoral.html (585 words)

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