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Topic: Cellulosic ethanol

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	Cellulosic ethanol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cellulosic ethanol is the type of ethanol that is produced from a great diversity of biomass including waste from urban, agricultural, and forestry sources.
		Sugar ethanol, on the other hand, from sugarcane, reduces greenhouse gas emissions by as much as cellulosic ethanol because it uses sugarcane bagasse to provide the energy for the process and the excess to make electricity for the grid.
		In contrast, cellulosic ethanol is obtained from cellulose, the main component of wood, straw and much of the plants.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol (1399 words)

	Cellulosic ethanol fuels environmental concerns
		Cellulosic ethanol, which can be derived from virtually any plant matter including farm waste, looks particularly promising.
		Green groups see cellulosic ethanol as a carbon neutral energy source that could be used to fight the build up of atmospheric carbon dioxide responsible for global warming.
		Cellulosic conversion technology could easily drive deforestation, especially in poorer parts of the world where converting natural systems to fuel would be easier than planting potential fuel-crops like oil palm, sugar cane, soybeans, or corn.
	news.mongabay.com /2006/0806-cellulosic.html (805 words)

	Biomass Program: Ethanol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, can be used either as an alternative fuel or as an octane-boosting, pollution-reducing additive to gasoline.
		As of the start of 2005, 81 ethanol plants in 20 states have the capacity to produce nearly 4.4 billion gallons annually and an additional 16 plants are under construction to add another 750 million gallons of capacity (RFA).
		Cellulose and hemicellulose, the two main components of plants-and the ones that give plants their structure-are also made of sugars, but those sugars are tied together in long chains.
	www.eere.energy.gov /biomass/ethanol.html (430 words)

	Outlook for Biomass Ethanol Production and Demand
		Cellulosic ethanol supplies become available in 2001 in Census divisions 2 and 7 at demonstration levels, and the majority of the projected growth (beginning in 2003) is in divisions 3, 4, and 9.
		Ethanol is also used as an oxygenate for wintertime fuels in areas that mandate the use of high oxygen (2.7 percent) fuels.
		Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose appears to have the most potential for achieving the goals, but substantial reductions in the cost of producing cellulase enzymes and improvements in the fermentation of nonglucose sugars to ethanol still are needed.
	www.eia.doe.gov /oiaf/analysispaper/biomass.html (7374 words)

	General Biomass Cellulosic Ethanol Page
		Cellulosic ethanol is more difficult to make, because cellulose is a tough structural material which gives plants their strength.
		Making ethanol from cellulose lets us tap into a much larger source of sugars, and therefore potentially make much larger amounts of fuel ethanol, tens of billions of gallons or more.
		Cellulose comprises about 40-60% of the material in common forms of biomass, such as wood, paper, switchgrass, and corn stover.
	www.generalbiomass.com /cellethanol1.htm (457 words)

	Talking Points (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ethanol is adding considerably to the fuel supply in the U.S. Gasoline refining capacity is stretched to the max, and no new refineries have been built in 30 years.
		Ethanol reduces the emissions of carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and toxic air emissions.
		Ethanol is another use for our nation's corn, which means less is exported and more of our own dollars are kept here at home.
	www.ethanol.org /talkingpoints.html (1232 words)

	Renewable Resources The Ethanol Forum
		Corn ethanol has a smaller greenhouse gas benefit, compared to cellulosic ethanol, because the use of fossil fuels during corn farming and in ethanol plants offsets some of the carbon dioxide sequestered during growth of corn plants.
		Ethanol from corn produces the lowest amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the pre-vehicle stage at 0.56 moles (24.4 grams) per vehicle mile traveled due to the sequestration carbon.
		Ethanol produced from lignocellulosic feedstock, using biomass as an energy source, reduced greenhouse gases by 60 percent to 70 percent, compared to emissions from gasoline.
	www.oregon.gov /ENERGY/RENEW/Biomass/forum.shtml (4952 words)

	A Cellulosic Ethanol plant may be coming to Idaho Falls
		The " Cellulosic Ethanol " idea mentioned by Bush during this year's State of the Union speech makes fuel from wood chips and farm waste such as straw, corn stalks and other inedible agricultural byproducts.
		Cellulose is the woody stuff found in branches and stems that makes plants hard.
		Iogen is producing ethanol by exploiting the destructive nature of the fungus ÒTrichoderma ReeseiÓ, which is the culprit responsible for ÒJungle RotÓ the scourge of soldiers in the jungles of the Pacific during WWII.
	www.free-press.biz /2-2006/Cellulosic-Ethanol.html (584 words)

	RFA - Resource Center - Cellulosic Ethanol
		While ethanol is typically produced from the starch contained in grains such as corn and grain sorghum, it can also be produced from cellulose.
		Cellulose is the main component of plant cell walls and is the most common organic compound on earth.
		Several existing ethanol plants in the U.S. are engaged in research and demonstration projects with the U.S. Department of Energy utilizing the existing fiber in their facility that typically goes into the livestock feed coproduct.
	www.ethanolrfa.org /resource/cellulosic (584 words)

	Setting the Record Straight on Ethanol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Biofuels, and specifically ethanol, have been the subject of a great deal of criticism in recent months by detractors claiming that more energy is required to produce ethanol than is available in the final product, that it is too expensive, and that it produces negligible carbon reductions.
		Cellulosic feedstocks are plentiful: for example, municipal and agricultural wastes can be used to create ethanol, with the positive side-effect of reducing the quantity of waste we must dispose of.
		Some studies that contend that ethanol is a net energy loser include (incorrectly) the energy of the sun used to grow a feedstock in ethanol's energy balance, which misses the fundamental point that the sun's energy is free.
	www.rmi.org /sitepages/pid1157.php (1494 words)

	CropChoice.com News
		While chemically identical to ethanol produced from corn or soybeans, cellulose ethanol exhibits a net energy content three times higher than corn ethanol and emits a low net level of greenhouse gases.
		Cellulosic ethanol can be produced from a wide variety of cellulosic biomass feedstocks including agricultural plant wastes (corn stover, cereal straws, sugarcane bagasse), plant wastes from industrial processes (sawdust, paper pulp) and energy crops grown specifically for fuel production, such as switchgrass.
		Cellulosic biomass is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, with smaller amounts of proteins, lipids (fats, waxes and oils) and ash.
	www.cropchoice.com /leadstryethanol052005.html (4062 words)

	"Independence Way" by Sam Jaffe
		Traditional ethanol is made from fruit, primarily corn kernels, while the rest of the plant is either burned or plowed back into the soil.
		So-called cellulosic ethanol has been around for years, but breaking down the cellulose to make it fermentable was inefficient, expensive, and manufactured a fair amount of pollution.
		Instead of subsizing the purchase of ethanol, federal dollars might be better spent priming consumer purchase of flexible-fuel vehicles, widespread adoption of which would hasten the emergence of cellulosic ethanol as a competitive alternative to gas.
	www.washingtonmonthly.com /features/2004/0407.jaffe.html (2669 words)

	Truth About Trade & Technology - DJ FOCUS:World''s First Commercial Cellulosic Ethanol Plant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The facility, which represents the first commercial cellulosic ethanol production plant on the planet, is being supplied to Abener Energia S.A. of Seville, Spain, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Abengoa S.A. Abengoa is the largest ethanol producer in Europe, the second largest in the world, and operator of a research and development division in St. Louis.
		Cellulosic ethanol production involves a highly technical three-step chemical process which begins by extracting the cellulose from biomass -- such as corn stalks, rice straw, wheat straw, switchgrass, corn fiber, soy fiber and the like -- which is basically glued together with a tough compound known as lignin.
		To produce ethanol, the cellulose must first be "unglued" using a pre-treatment process, such as dilute acid hydrolysis, autohydrolysis, or ammonia fiber explosion.
	www.truthabouttrade.org /article.asp?id=5217 (1186 words)

	Roadmap for Cellulosic Ethanol Production - SeekingAlpha
		This report is a roadmap, based on that workshop, for accelerating cellulosic ethanol research, helping make biofuels practical and cost-competitive by 2012 ($1.07/gal ethanol) and offering the potential to displace up to 30% of the nation’s current gasoline use by 2030.
		Ethanol from corn grain is an increasingly important additive fuel source, but it has limited growth potential as a primary transportation fuel.
		Research is centered on enzymatic breakdown of cellulosic biomass to component 5- and 6-carbon sugars and lignin, using a combination of thermochemical and biological processes, followed by co-fermentation of sugars to specified end products such as ethanol.
	energy.seekingalpha.com /article/13457 (1246 words)

	Cellulosic Ethanol: Benefits and Challenges
		Life-cycle analysis at Argonne National Laboratory shows CO emissions from cellulosic ethanol to be 85% lower than those from gasoline.
		Ethanol, when used as a transportation fuel, emits less sulfur, carbon monoxide, particulates, and greenhouse gases.
		No. The energy content of ethanol, whether it comes from corn grain or cellulosic biomass, is greater than the amount of energy needed to produce ethanol.
	genomicsgtl.energy.gov /biofuels/benefits.shtml (1101 words)

	GOVERNOR: CELLULOSIC ETHANOL HAS GREAT POTENTIAL IN NEW YORK STATE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Cellulosic ethanol is made from plant tissue, in a process that breaks down a fraction of the plant fiber into sugars, which are then converted into ethanol.
		Cellulose materials are the most common organic sources on earth, and can be derived from: willow, switchgrass, agricultural and forestry residues, pulp and paper mill wastes, and corn stalks.
		In addition to the cellulosic ethanol program, this year's Budget includes two initiatives proposed by the Governor in his energy independence plan: a renewable fuel production tax credit and incentives for the siting or development of an advanced "clean coal" power plant in New York.
	www.nystar.state.ny.us /pr/06/press14-06.htm (1136 words)

	GM tree could be used for cellulosic ethanol
		Cellulosic ethanol fuels environmental concerns In recent months, high fuel prices and national security concerns have sparked interest in biofuels.
		Corn waste potentially useful for more than ethanol After the corn harvest, whether for cattle feed or corn on the cob, farmers usually leave the stalks and stems in the field, but now, a team of Penn State researchers think corn stover can be used not only to manufacture ethanol, but to generate electricity directly.
		A hybrid poplar tree is the basis for the research that is part of the DOE's goal to replace 30 percent of the fossil fuel used annually in the United States for transportation with biofuels by 2030.
	news.mongabay.com /2006/0824-purdue2.html (1622 words)

	Green Car Congress: BIO Pushes for Cellulosic Ethanol
		Recently completed research on enzymes makes possible large-scale production of cellulosic ethanol from dedicated energy crops—such as switch grass—or crop wastes such as corn stover and wheat straw or rice straw at a cost competitive with that of petroleum-based fuels.
		Getting cellulosic ethanol to work, on the other hand is very much an engineering problem that is well worth working on (like better batteries) and we could all benefit from its solution.
		That project, btw, will convert the syngas to ethanol using a non-biological catalyst, which is a variant of Fischer-Tropsch using a sulfide catalyst that is very tolerant of sulfur in the syngas.
	www.greencarcongress.com /2006/03/bio_pushes_for_.html (2728 words)

	Understanding ethanol financing - Jan. 31, 2006
		Ethanol plants not only are much cheaper to build than oil refineries (they cost about $1.5 million per 1 million gallon capacity), but also farmers LOVE having them in their back yard.
		Brazil would be exporting ethanol to the US were it not for a 50 cents per gallon tariff that the power of the US farm lobby makes unlikely to go away anytime soon.
		China, India, and the EU are all negotiating to import Brazilian ethanol.
	money.cnn.com /2006/01/30/markets/biofuel (1714 words)

	CLEAN Energy- Cellulosic Ethanol: a greener alternative
		In Maui, the Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company and Maui Ethanol LLC have done just that, forming a partnership that is expected to produce 12 million gallons of ethanol per year from sugar cane.
		The organization is, however, conducting a feasibility study to assess the potential of manufacturing ethanol distilleries that would be powered by sugar cane bagasse but produce ethanol from other agricultural feedstocks.
		The low-proof ethanol (130 proof) will be produced for use as fuel in a microturbine generator to power a fully electric car.
	www.cleanhouston.org /energy/features/ethanol2.htm (1574 words)

	NRDC: Move Over, Gasoline: Here Come Biofuels
		Switchgrass, a promising source of cellulosic biofuel, is a native, perennial prairie grass that has low nitrogen runoff, very low erosion, and increased soil carbon, and also provides good wildlife habitat.
		American farmers and refiners are already producing billions of gallons of ethanol from corn.
		To make sure that at least 1 billion gallons of cellulosic biofuels are produced by 2015, the government should offer $1 billion in incentives to production facilities.
	www.nrdc.org /air/transportation/biofuels.asp (779 words)

	UC Berkeley Study Boosts Cellulosic Ethanol at After Gutenberg
		They also concluded that reduction in greenhouse gases due to the use of corn ethanol as an alternative fuel is “smaller than some thought—only between 10% to 15%.” The researchers also noted that using corn for ethanol production has other negative environmental impacts associated with fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide use.
		Nevertheless, the researchers clearly stated that those who say ethanol from corn is negative energy are wrong.
		Instead of enzymatic hydrolysis (which requires the use of expensive enzymes to break cellulose down to sugar prior to fermentation) BRI’s syngas fermentation technology gasifies the feedstock, scrubs the syngas, and literally feeds it to their own patented bacteria that secretes ethanol and water.
	jcwinnie.biz /wordpress/?p=1270 (907 words)

	www.ny.gov - GOVERNOR: CELLULOSIC ETHANOL HAS GREAT POTENTIAL IN NEW YORK STATE
		“The development of cellulosic ethanol is already underway at SUNY-ESF and other institutions, and has shown great promise to be an energy-efficient fuel that can be produced in large quantities from materials abundant in New York.
		Since these plants and organic wastes are abundant in New York, their use in making ethanol could significantly increase the volume of ethanol production.
		In addition, a biodiesel project at Sidor Farms in Suffolk County and a biofuel project at Northern Biodiesel in Ontario, Wayne County are receiving FAID grants of $60,000 each.
	www.ny.gov /governor/press/06/0508062.html (1182 words)

	Will ADM surrender gracefully to cellulosic ethanol? \| Gristmill: The environmental news blog \| Grist
		The corn-based ethanol facilities are technologically several steps ahead of the cellulosic, but I have no doubt that the market will select for cellulosic in the long term, and I believe we have to incentivize it in that direction.
		Corn ethanol is not a bridge to cellulosic.
		If we stopped making it today, and waited until commercially viable cellulosic was pouring out of refineries, we would not be pissing away billions on subsidies in the mean time and we will not have to fight the corn belt politicians when the time comes to shut down their corn ethanol empires.
	gristmill.grist.org /story/2006/6/9/222447/7568 (1550 words)

	Domestic Fuel » Archives » Greenspan Sees Future in Cellulosic Ethanol
		In his written remarks to the committee, Greenspan said “Corn ethanol, though valuable, can play only a limited role, because its ability to displace gasoline is modest at best.
		But cellulosic ethanol, should it fulfill its promise, would help to wean us of our petroleum dependence, as could clean coal and nuclear power.” Google News Search lists over 300 articles related to Greenspan’s remarks mentioning ethanol.
		OK…I didn’t pay much attention to Bush when he talked about cellulosic ethanol in his 2006 State of the Union address.
	domesticfuel.com /?p=629 (231 words)

	BIO \| Industrial & Environmental \| Biofuels and Cellulosic Ethanol
		Soon we'll be eating corn and turning the stalks and the leaves of the plant into automobile fuel.
		The key driver in this new technology is the ability to change the cellulose in agricultural crop plant matter into sugars that can be fermented to produce ethanol and refined into other value-added products.
		Industrial biotechnology companies have developed microbes that now make it economically feasible to produce ethanol not only from grain but also from corn stover, wheat straw, sugar cane waste and many other agricultural crop residues.
	www.bio.org /ind/biofuel (436 words)

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