Censorship in Japan

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Topic: Censorship in Japan

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	Pornography in Japan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There is also a thriving genre of underground pornography in Japan (called urabon) that ignores these censorship laws: it has become especially prevalent on the internet, as there are no mechanisms in place to prevent its transmission from Japanese nationals to the outside world.
		Pornographic video (called "adult video" or "AV" in Japan; sometimes "Japanese adult video" or "JAV" outside of it) covers wide themes and the only limit is censorship laws.
		Japan recently has begun a crackdown on child pornography especially photographs and videos involving an act of sex between a minor and an adult, largely due to U.S. pressure in attempts to gain a control over Internet trafficking.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pornography_in_Japan (4030 words)

	International Socialist Review
		Japan and the U.S. were thrown headlong into competition and war to decide which capitalist power would rule China and the rest of Asia.
		Japan expert Patrick Smith argues that "Washington did in Japan what it did in many Third World countries during the Cold War: It covertly but actively supported the political elite it had restored in 1948.
		Far from bringing Japan and the region liberation and democracy, the U.S. created a collection of reactionary regimes that served the American interests and suppressed the aspirations of workers and peasants.
	www.isreview.org /issues/29/japan_occupation.shtml (9059 words)

	Japanese history: Postwar
		Especially during the first half of the occupation, Japan's media was subject to a rigid censorship of any anti-American statements and controversial topics such as the race issue.
		Japan was also forbidden to ever lead a war again or to maintain an army.
		The remains of Japan's war machine were destroyed, and war crime trials were held.
	www.japan-guide.com /e/e2124.html (9059 words)

	Censorship, Free Speech & Secrecy Guide: Print Censorship
		Censorship and the Control of Print in England and France 1600-1910 (New Castle: Oak Knoll 1992), edited by Robin Myers and Michael Harris, and The Invention of Pornography: Obscenity and the Origins of Modernity, 1500-1800 (New York: Zone 1993) edited by Lynn Hunt are of particular value.
		Censorship in Canadian Literature (Montreal: McGill-Queens Uni Press 2001) by Mark Cohen offers a point of entry for writing about Canadian print censorship.
		Censorship, Free Speech & Secrecy Guide: Print Censorship
	www.caslon.com.au /censorshipguide11.htm (9059 words)

	Nintendo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although Nintendo had begun lessening their censorship of console games with the 1994 introduction of the ESRB, portable games continued to be censored for some time.
		Nintendo (Japanese:任天堂; (NASDAQ: NTDOF), (TYO: 7974)) was originally founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi to produce handmade hanafuda cards, for use in a Japanese playing card game of the same name.
		Nintendo President Hiroshi Yamauchi instructed his engineers to design a low-priced console whose technology could not be duplicated by competitors for "at least a year." With a processor as powerful as Apple computers being sold at the time, the NES was more technologically advanced than its defunct competitor, the Atari 2600.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nintendo (9059 words)

	Taiwan. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Taiwan’s international position continued to weaken in the early 1970s as the United States sought to improve relations with the People’s Republic of China and as more large countries, such as Canada and Japan, moved to recognize the mainland government.
		In late 2003 Taiwan passed a law permitting the holding of referendums; the move was stridently criticized by China, which believed the law would be used to obtain a vote for independence, and also criticized by the United States, which regarded such a vote as unnecessarily provocative.
		They in turn were forced to abandon Taiwan in 1662, when Koxinga, a general of the Ming dynasty of China who had to flee from the Manchus, seized the island and established an independent kingdom.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ta/Taiwan.html (9059 words)

	Occupied Japan
		The Atomic Bomb Suppressed: American Censorship in Occupied Japan (Asia and the Pacific)
		In 215 pages, the author, John Curtis Perry managed to captured the basic essence of the American Occupation of Japan after World War II.
		Every Occupied Japan collector needs to own this book it is abosolutely wonderful.
	www.e-boswell.com /Occupied-Japan.html (405 words)

	Japanese history: Postwar
		Especially during the first half of the occupation, Japan's media was subject to a rigid censorship of any anti-American statements and controversial topics such as the race issue.
		Japan's relations to the Soviet Union were normalized in 1956, the ones to China in 1972.
		Japan's Self Defence Force was established in 1954, accompanied by large public demonstrations.
	www.japan-guide.com /e/e2124.html (497 words)

	Taiwan: Independence or Unification? Asian American Issues Goldsea
		The first historical mention of Taiwan appears to have been when Portugese traders found it to be a resting place on their journey to Japan and named it Isla Formosa.
		It began pursuing the "One China, One Taiwan" policy under which official diplomatic contacts were exclusively with Beijing but continued to sell billions of dollars a year of fighter jets, helicopters, tanks and missiles to Taiwan to help defend against a possible Chinese effort to refunify by force.
		Beijing's claim to Taiwan dates back to the 16th century when a Chinese general fought off the Portugese to claim the island for the emperor.
	goldsea.com /Air/Issues/Taiwan/taiwan_20802.html (497 words)

	The long history of censorship
		Yet this was also an age of strict press censorship in countries such as Japan; their first daily newspaper (1870), the Yokohama Mainichi, born in a time when arrests of journalists and suppression of newspapers were all too common.
		Censorship reforms were started in a single decade of tolerance, from 1855 to 1865 during the reign of tsar Alexander II, when the transition was made from legislation on pre-censorship to the punitive system based on legal responsibility.
		The most famous case of censorship in ancient times is that of Socrates, sentenced to drink poison in 399 BC for his corruption of youth and his acknowledgement of unorthodox divinities.
	www.beaconforfreedom.org /about_project/history.html (4932 words)

	Index to Comic Art Collection: "Cena" to "Censorship"
		Japan, censorship of cartoons in : index entry (p.
		The term "censorship" used in the discussions indexed here commonly includes not only official suppression of materials, but also disputes based on comics' content that arise between or among comics publishers, printers, distributors, advertisers, and creators
		-- Call no.: PN6700.C62no.133 ----------------------------------------------------- Censorship in the United States.
	www.lib.msu.edu /comics/rri/crri/cen.htm (4932 words)

	Censorship's Trial Balloons - What happens when wartime news gets censored? By Liam Callanan
		For those who oppose censorship, it's hard to argue against the outcome: Throughout the spring of 1945, the Japanese carefully monitored the American press for mention of their balloons.
		The costs and benefits of wartime censorship are part of a long-running debate.
		The censored story was one of World War II's oddest, and it involved a fleet of handmade balloons sent east by the empire of Japan.
	www.slate.com /id/2102499 (1346 words)

	Nintendo Censorship
		Overall however, censorship of video game content is far less widespread today than ever before, and when it does occur it is almost universally a voluntary practice driven by economic/marketing concerns, and not the heavy-handed moralizing of Nintendo of America.
		Video games in Japan have traditionally been designed for an overwhelmingly male audience, which in general possess a far more chauvinistic culture than the West.
		Video games are often accused of being a somewhat sexist medium, always placing males in the hero role while making women characters weak and submissive.
	www.filibustercartoons.com /Nintendo.php (1346 words)

	KJ #46 - Media in Asia - Sei Keiko on Japanese CMs
		Otherwise, all other censorship in Japan is "voluntary." The codes of "self-regulation" in CMs were established by industry conventions: the Japan Association of Commercial Creators Morals Parameters (1971), ACC CM Morals Parameters--All Japan CM Congress (1971) and Japan Private Broadcasters’ Federation Standards (1978).
		This "up-front-behind-the-scenes" awareness is paradigmatic of the critical doublethink relationship that exists in Japan between the media and the viewer.
		Or again this year, Japan Housing Loan commissioned a special CM dedicated to Japan's millions of VCR owners.
	www.kyotojournal.org /media/sei.html (1346 words)

	The Japan Times Online
		Where else is there a pop culture like Japan's, in which the usual brakes of censorship or sanity are either worn thin or gone entirely?
		Although more and more new movie directors are now coming from the worlds of television and advertising, few of them are making the sort of indie-auteur films that characterized the New Wave of the 1990s in Japan.
		As makers of clever, surreal ads for Fuji Xerox, Suntory, NTT East Japan, Wowow and a long list of others, they have won industry awards and, more importantly, rung up big sales.
	www.japantimes.co.jp /cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?ff20041013a4.htm (1081 words)

	Ireland, Republic of - Search View - MSN Encarta
		The United States is the main foreign investor, followed by the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan.
		Ireland is one of the last outposts of peatlands in Western Europe, and the flora of these regions consists of a large variety of bog moss species together with heather and sedges.
		Recently, Ireland had one of the highest birth rates in Europe and thus has one of the youngest populations, but the annual rate of increase during the 1980s was only about 0.5 per cent; in 2005 the rate of population growth was 1.16 per cent.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761566701__1/Ireland_Republic_of.html (11443 words)

	Human Rights Watch World Report 2002: Asia: China and Tibet
		The prime minister went to China in early October, in advance of the APEC summit, to apologize to the Chinese "victims of aggression" and to explain new legislation allowing Japan's Self Defense Forces to give logistical support for U.S. attacks in Afghanistan.
		China's increasingly prominent international profile, symbolized in 2001 by its entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) and by Beijing's successful bid to host the 2008 Olympics, was accompanied by tightened controls on fundamental freedoms.
		China revised its overall Tibetan policy in June 2001, the fourth such change since it took command of the region in 1950.
	www.hrw.org /wr2k2/asia4.html (4829 words)

	An Introduction to Activism on the Internet
		China is in second place, adding 3m to reach 22.2m lines, and is pulling further ahead of Japan which had 17.2m lines.
		Women Internet users in developing countries are not representative of women in the country as a whole, but are restricted to part of a small, urban educated elite....
		Use of the Internet was a major factor leading to the overthrow of the Suharto dictatorship in 1998.
	www.backspace.com /action/all.php#international_web_landscape (17194 words)

	Censorship's Trial Balloons - What happens when wartime news gets censored? By Liam Callanan
		For those who oppose censorship, it's hard to argue against the outcome: Throughout the spring of 1945, the Japanese carefully monitored the American press for mention of their balloons.
		Because as compelling a case as the balloon story may be for the virtues of wartime censorship, what's troubling is not that Americans in 1945 didn't know about these balloons; it's that most Americans today don't.
		The costs and benefits of wartime censorship are part of a long-running debate.
	slate.msn.com /id/2102499 (1312 words)

	Nagisa Oshima
		Oshima's unnerving, erotic classic In the Realm of the Senses, based on the real life exploits of Sada Abe, exposed the hypocrisies of Japan's censorship policy by exposing his actors.
		Oshima's defiance of Japan's unusual censorship laws gained him the most notoriety in the West.
		Nagisa Oshima was the originator and most famous director of the Japanese New Wave.
	www.djangomusic.com /actor_bio.asp?pid=P105229 (694 words)

	Bukkake - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is to be assumed that a significant factor in the development of bukkake was the mandatory censorship of porn (porn mosaic) in Japan.
		Bukkake was popularized in Japanese adult media, by such Japanese adult video companies as Shuttle Japan, Soft on Demand, and Moodyz in the first half of the 1990s.
		Indeed, bukkake is more commonly used in Japan to describe a type of dish where the toppings are poured on top of noodles, as in bukkake-udon and bukkake-soba.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bukkake (789 words)

	010113
		After 30 years of court battle, Professor Ienaga is in ailing health while Japan's sincerity in teaching historical facts is once again called into question by such recently published articles as "The Falsification of History Under the Guise of 'Self-Censorship' Has Been Forced onto Textbook Publishers", a copy of which is enclosed.
		Professor Saburo Ienaga is a history professor and textbook writer who has led the struggle in Japan for the younger generation to be given the truth about what Japan did in World War II.
		Professor Saburo Ienaga is a history professor and textbook writer who has led the struggle in Japan for the younger generation to taught the historical facts of the Pacific War.
	aohwa.dyndns.org:7999 /brodcst/010120~1.html (789 words)

	The Gordon W. Prange Collection, University of Maryland
		When censorship of the Japanese media by Allied Forces was lifted in 1949 and the Civil Censorship Detachment disestablished, Professor Prange, recognizing the historical significance of the CCD material, arranged for its shipment to the University of Maryland.
		The Gordon W. Prange Collection is the most comprehensive collection in the world of print publications issued in Japan during the immediate post-World War II years, 1945-1949.
		He completed his Navy service soon thereafter, but continued in Japan as a civilian from 1946 to 1951 as chief of General Douglas MacArthur's 100-person historical staff.
	www.lib.umd.edu /prange/html/introduction.jsp (837 words)

	DIPLOMATIC BACKGROUND OF THE PEARL HARBOR ATTACK
		Japanese merchant vessels operating in the Atlantic Ocean were suddenly recalled; restrictions were imposed upon travel in Japan; strict censorship of mails and communications was effected; and conditions were generally imposed throughout the Empire presaging a major military effort.
		In view of the pressing insistence of the Japanese for a definitive reply to their outstanding proposals, I was impelled to comment to the Japanese Ambassador on November 15 that the American Government did not feel that it should be receiving such representations, suggestive of ultimatums.
		The Japanese were out with force in collaboration with Hitler to establish a new world order, and they thought they had the power to compel all peaceful nations to come in under that new order in the half of the world they had arrogated to themselves.
	www.ibiblio.org /pha/pha/congress/part_1.html (13875 words)

	Shunga exhibition
		Smaller Shunga exhibitions have been staged in Japan, but usually on a smaller scale and with varying degrees of self-censorship.
		Now Shunga forms the centerpiece of what is being billed the "first chronological overview of Japanese erotic art", not in Japan, where it is illegal to import them, but in the Netherlands.
		The prints sound as harmless as Horlicks but Shunga, meaning "spring pictures" were the Japanese pornography of the 18th and 19th centuries.
	www.dazereader.com /24000809.htm (396 words)

	Saburo Ienaga Dies; Fought Japan's Censors (washingtonpost.com)
		TOKYO -- Saburo Ienaga, 89, a Japanese historian who devoted his life to battling government censorship of Japan's wartime atrocities in school textbooks, died Dec. 1 at a hospital here.
		Ienaga lost most of his court battles and sometimes required police protection from right-wing thugs who believed the historian had disgraced Japan and the emperor.
		Japan is one of the few countries that allows government textbook-screening.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A61882-2002Dec1¬Found=true (396 words)

	BCFE Names 1995/1996 Heroes and Villains
		A fiercely principled and knowledgeable woman who has lived and worked in Germany, Spain, Japan and Kenya, Morello maintains that parents, not pressure groups like PMRC, should be responsible for deciding what is appropriate for their children to see, read, and hear.
		She recently received a well-deserved 1996 Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Award "for her tireless efforts to organize parents and young people in opposing censorship of popular music." Created expressly to oppose Tipper Gore's Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC), PFRR first gained recognition through its defense of the rap group 2 Live Crew.
		The principal feminist anti-censorship organization in the United States, FFE was founded in 1992 by author and film critic Marcia Pally together with other activists -- many of whom were members of FACT, the Feminist Anti-Censorship Task Force.
	users.rcn.com /kyp/hervil6.html (4496 words)

	Thailand's Opium: The Fruits of Victory
		Phao flew off to his numbered bank accounts in Switzerland and Prime Minister Phibun fled to Japan.
		During his absence, Prime Minister Phibun released the press from police censorship, assumed veto power over all police paramilitary activities, and ordered the police to give up their business positions or quit the force.
		Prime Minister Phibun was the first to attack Phao, commenting to the press that the high opium rewards seemed to be encouraging the smuggling traffic.
	www.drugtext.org /library/books/McCoy/book/30.htm (4496 words)

	International Socialist Review
		Even though millions were on the brink of starvation and survived on sawdust and bamboo shoots, the occupation and the Japanese government had organized only minimal food rations.
		Along with American firebombs, the U.S. imposed an economic blockade on Japan, code-named "Operation Starvation." In short, the U.S. conducted a total war on Japan’s civilian population that paralleled Hitler’s eastern front policy of starving Slavic peoples.
		It censored discussions of everything from the existence of censorship itself to the war, the atomic bomb, the occupation, starvation and incitement to unrest.
	isreview.org /issues/29/japan_occupation.shtml (4496 words)

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In the News (Sun 27 Dec 09)