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Topic: Center pivot irrigation

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	Stock video footage — center pivot overhead irrigation.
		Stock video footage — center pivot overhead irrigation.
		Comments On Clip Subjects: Modern irrigation systems are producing food but depleting aquifers in many areas.
		If the trend continues, irrigation will he halted when and where aquifers are exhausted.
	www.ecofootage.com /vs0283.html (246 words)

	Irrigation -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Irrigation (in (The class of people engaged in growing food) agriculture) is the replacement or supplementation of (Water falling in drops from vapor condensed in the atmosphere) rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops.
		Center pivot irrigation is a form of overhead irrigation consisting of several segments of pipe (usually galvanized steel or aluminum) joined together and supported by (A framework of beams forming a rigid structure (as a roof truss)) trusses, mounted on wheeled towers with sprinklers positioned along its length.
		But drip irrigation can also be as low-tech as a porous (A very fine-grained soil that is plastic when moist but hard when fired) clay vessel sunk into the soil and occasionally filled from a hose or bucket.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/ir/irrigation.htm (2079 words)

	Encyclopedia: Irrigation
		Central pivot irrigation is a form of overhead irrigation consisting of several segments of pipe (usually galvanized steel or aluminum) joined together and supported by trusses, mounted on wheeled towers with sprinklers positioned along its length.
		Pivot irrigation on cotton This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright.
		Drip irrigation is an irrigation method that applies water slowly to the roots of plants, by depositing the water either on the soil surface or directly to the root zone.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Irrigation (4158 words)

	Rainmakers: A Photographic Story of Center Pivot Irrigation
		The rhythmic pumping sound and motion of a center pivot irrigation system is the heartbeat of many successful farming operations—yet this technology remains a mystery to millions.
		The state of Nebraska is largest producer and user of center pivots in the United States.
		The first center pivot was patented in 1952 by Frank Zybach of Strasburg, Colorado.
	www.groundwater.org /pe/rainmakers.html (290 words)

	Center-Pivot Irrigation Systems
		A center pivot is a moving irrigation system (lateral) that rotates around a fixed point (pivot).
		When center pivots were introduced, high-pressure impact sprinklers were used.
		Irrigation system efficiencies for the three systems were found in a comprehensive study conducted on the high plains of Texas.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/crops/04704.html (2156 words)

	Center pivot irrigation
		The center pivot is fixed at the pivot point and rotates to irrigate a large circle (a radius of 200 meters up to 1000 meters).
		The control panel, fertilizer injection equipment, and often the pump unit itself are located at the pivot point; the center of the irrigated circle.
		Pivots are fitted with a variety of impact sprinklers, spray heads, and drop pipes to accommodate crop, wind, and field conditions.
	www.irridelco.com /pages/center.html (402 words)

	anr507
		Power for the pivot is supplied by an engine-drive generator, a hydraulic pump located at the center point, or by an underground cable which conveys electric power from a commercial source to the center pivot.
		Center pivot systems vary in size from single tower systems that irrigate 10 acres or less to systems with 15 or more towers that irrigate several hundred acrie's.
		Center pivot systems are most often used to irrigate row crops such as corn, cotton, soybeans, and other largeacreage field crops.
	www.aces.edu /department/irrig/anr507.html (1278 words)

	Center pivot irrigation system - Patent 4662563 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A center pivot irrigation system as in claim 4 wherein the means for controlling further comprises means for recording a cumulative time interval between the starting of said irrigation arm and the shutoff of said irrigation arm.
		A center pivot irrigation system as in claim 1 wherein the means for controlling further comprises means for recording a cumulative time interval between the starting of said irrigation arm and the shutoff of said irrigation arm.
		Irrigating according to actual crop usage and soil conditions saves water costs and relieves the farmer of constant monitoring of the field and/or the burden of conducting elaborate research to determine a correct irrigation schedule.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4662563.html (3087 words)

	Factors to Consider in Selecting a Farm Irrigation System
		In the initial design of a center pivot system, it is important that the system be capable of supplying the peak water requirements of the crop.
		Thus, as the pivot passes a certain point in the field, if the wetted radius of the sprinklers is decreased, then the intensity of water application must increase to apply a given amount of water.
		The drip irrigation tape is installed in the center of the bed at the same time the plastic mulch is laid.
	pubs.caes.uga.edu /caespubs/pubcd/B882.htm (5114 words)

	Irrigation
		A motor mounted in the center of the line is operated by the irrigator to move the line when the desired amount of water is applied.
		The irrigation line is the length of the radius of the circle, and goes around the field, pivoting at the center.
		Since the tower closest to the pivot irrigates the smallest land area, and the last tower irrigates the greatest, the nozzle size of the sprinkler heads is adjusted to obtain a uniform water application.
	www.wtamu.edu /~crobinson/Irrigation/pivinfo.html (541 words)

	Irrigation at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Center pivot irrigation is a form of overhead irrigation in which a long tube, mounted on wheels and with sprinklers positioned along its length, is made to run in circles and fed with water from its stationary end, which is the common center of the circles.
		Most center pivot systems have drop heads that are positioned a few feet (at most) above the crop, thus limiting evaporative losses.
		In modern agriculture, drip irrigation is usually combined with plastic mulch, further reducing evaporation, and being also the means of delivery of fertilizer.
	wiki.tatet.com /Irrigation.html (1530 words)

	Greenfield Mini Pivots (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Even though your acreage may be small, you can have the same benefits as larger center pivots.
		A Greenfield center pivot irrigation system provides an efficient method of applying water when and where you need it.
		At the end of the field the entire sprayline is pivoted through 180 degrees around the feed cart, stopping automatically in line for the reverse watering run on the opposite side of the lane way.
	www.deleonirrigation.com /greenfield.htm (409 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Center pivot irrigation systems are very useful tools where there is a need for irrigation on land that either, has a sloping surface or is beyond the range of irrigation canals.
		The center pivot sprinklers have two basic parts, the frame which has wheels evenly spaced down it's entire length and connected to a stationary point at one end, and the water pipe which is suspended from the frame and has sprinkler heads spaced about sixty feet apart.
		A common practice is to put a large tank of liquid fertilizer near the pivotal point and add it to the irrigation water.
	weather.nmsu.edu /Teaching_Material/soil456/irrigationquipment/center.htm (234 words)

	Cross Fences for Pastures Under Center Pivot Irrigation, G81-581-A
		If water is near the pivot, tanks can be located between pastures on the fence lines, or as a single watering facility in the corral area near the pivot.
		If more than one pivot is to be grazed under one management plan, fewer cross fences are needed for each pivot as long as the total number of pastures for all pivots are sufficient for a good rotation system.
		For example, if two pivots are to be grazed by a common group of cattle, each pivot could be divided into two or three pastures, making a total of four to six pastures for the rotation system.
	ianrpubs.unl.edu /fieldcrops/g581.htm (1270 words)

	UACES: AR Agriculture: Agricultural Engineering: Irrigation Methods: Center Pivot (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Center pivots offer the ability to irrigate fields that have surface slopes that make it impossible or impractical to irrigate with surface methods.
		Pivots are best suited for large square-, rectangular- or circular-shaped fields free of obstacles such as trees, fences, roads, power poles, etc. Field ditches are also a concern if the pivot towers must be able to cross them.
		It is recommended that a pivot have a water supply of at least 5 gpm per acre that is irrigated.
	www.aragriculture.org /agengineering/irrigation/methods/centerpivot.asp (532 words)

	Irrigation - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Some sprinklers can also be hidden below ground level, if esthetics is a concern, and pop up in response to increased water pressure.
		Jess Stryker's Landscape Irrigation Tutorials - self-proclaimed mother "load" of free irrigation information.
		The Irrigation Association - the irrigation industry's trade association
	open-encyclopedia.com /Irrigation (1922 words)

	Wyoming Grazing Lands Conservation Initiative (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Intensive grazing will be demonstrated under 65 acres of center pivot irrigation with outside, dryland loafing areas totaling 35 acres and an approximate 1 acre watering site located at the center point of the pivot.
		Irrigation water runs from May 15 to Sep. 15 so alternative water will be fenced into the area for the 2 week period from September 15 to October 1.
		Irrigation water management will be monitored using soil moisture sensors (blocks) buried at 6”, 18”, and 30”.
	www.wyoag.com /glci/hodder.htm (1197 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Precision Management with a Site-Specific Center Pivot Irrigation System
		Management of water and chemical applications is difficult with conventional irrigation systems because they apply uniform depths of water to either the total area or to relatively large areas within the system.
		Thus, a site-specific center pivot irrigation system was developed that could independently apply variable rates of water and chemicals to 100-m**2 areas.
		A commercial center pivot system was modified by adding manifolds and nozzles in 13 segments (each 10 m long) along the truss to provide eight application depths at a given tower speed for each segment.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=100998 (324 words)

	NESPAL - Precision Agriculture
		Variable-rate irrigation is a tool of Precision Agriculture that involves the delivery of irrigation water in optimum amounts over an entire field.
		In addition, VRI irrigation systems provide an outstanding platform on which to mount sensors for real time monitoring of plant and soil conditions which would interact with a control system for optimal environmental benefits.
		Desktop software allows the definitions of the pivot and control areas or management zones to be made prior to going to the CP and the variable-rate controller.
	www.nespal.org /PrecAg/vri.asp (531 words)

	December 2003 newsletter
		Variable-rate irrigation is a tool of Precision Agriculture that involves the delivery of irrigation water in amounts that match the needs of individual areas within fields.
		It is possible for part of the pivot boom to be applying double the normal rate and another part applying half the normal rate (or less).
		The pivot boom is segmented by grouping sprinklers in 15 banks (with either 2, 3, or 4 sprinklers each).
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/SoilCrop/extension/Newsletters/2003/Variability/irrigation.html (863 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: A Statistical Approach to Estimating Runoff in Center Pivot Irrigation with Crust Conditions (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The equations will allow estimates of the runoff where new center pivot systems are being considered for improving the irrigation.
		The simplified approach will allow estimates to be made with hand held calculators and included in center pivot design programs by the irrigation industry, action agencies and consultants.
		Luz et al.(1998), developed a conceptual method of statistical nature, to estimate potential runoff in center pivot irrigation, comprising regression equations built with runoff results from a simulation computer model using the Richards equation.
	ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=168499 (441 words)

	Southwest Nebraska News - from the Republican Valley Media Group, McCook, NE (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Entitled "Rainmakers: A Photographic Story of Center Pivots," the book will feature compelling photographs of pivot irrigation and the people who depend on it for their livelihood.
		The book will be published in fall 2005 and will focus on the history and importance of center pivot irrigation in the U.S. and around the world.
		"Center pivot irrigation was conceived and developed in Nebraska and has helped us become one of the world’s most reliable suppliers of high quality corn," Hutchens said.
	www.swnebr.net /newspaper/cgi-bin/articles/articlearchiver.pl?156329 (638 words)

	G1695 Electrical Safety for Center Pivot Irrigation Systems, MU Extension
		Studies show lethal hazards can be prevented only if irrigation systems are supplied with a grounding conductor from the electrical source.
		Simply connecting the system to a well casing or to a grounding rod driven into the ground is not sufficient to protect persons working around the system.
		Center pivot manufacturers follow this code when designing their equipment.
	muextension.missouri.edu /xplor/agguides/agengin/g01695.htm (975 words)

	Earth Science Picture of the Day (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Center pivot irrigation systems are responsible for the circular fields.
		Because Mother Nature doesn't always produce the rain that's needed, center pivot systems can be used to pipe water to the thirsty crops.
		Center pivot systems can also be used to uniformly apply pesticides.
	epod.usra.edu /archive/epodviewer.php3?oid=101856 (188 words)

	Shrub Species for Single-Row Field Windbreaks Under Center-Pivot Irrigation Systems
		The soil (Esterville) is a well-drained loamy sand with a moderately rapid permeability in the upper horizons and rapid permeability in the lower horizons.
		Although Arrowwood (planted in 1979) was eliminated after the 1984-85 irrigation shutdown (all but one plant perished in the drought), it should be added to the recommended list because of its excellent early performance (Figure 5) — we would not expect farmers to shut down their irrigation systems when crops were in need of water.
		The authors are especially indebted to the local Bonanza Valley irrigators (farmers) for instigating and encouraging the study; the Pope County Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD) for providing the test sites; and the USDA SCS, Plant Materials Center, Bismarck, North Dakota, for providing most of the plant materials.
	www.extension.umn.edu /distribution/naturalresources/DD6042.html (2952 words)

	12. Dennis Kincaid (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sprinkler irrigation is essentially identical to rainfall whenever an entire hillslope is irrigated simultaneously.
		With center pivot or traveling lateral irrigation, a traveling storm is moving across a field and runoff occurs from small areas at different times.
		Since WEPP was not designed to simulate traveling storms within a watershed, its use for center pivots is limited to analyzing runoff and soil loss from small, critical areas within a field.
	www.age.uiuc.edu /s&w/hawaii/Ap12.htm (214 words)

	Flow Control Devices for Center Pivot Irrigation Systems, G88-888-A
		The final point to consider is, "How much area must be involved?" An elevation difference on the outside of the irrigation system involves a greater amount of water and a greater irrigationd area than a similar length of the system located near the pivot point.
		The actual number can be based upon the severity of the flow rate variation, the crop under irrigation, the amount of irrigation water applied annually and the price to be received for producing a greater or higher quality yield.
		The difference in elevation between each flag and the pivot point can be calculated by subtracting the elevation at each flag from the pivot point elevation.
	ianrpubs.unl.edu /irrigation/g888.htm (1845 words)

	Performance of Shrub Species as Field Windbreaks Under Center-Pivot Irrigation
		The one-acre rectangular planting site on the Herman Rosholt Research Farm is located in the center of the south edge of the effective irrigation coverage.
		The soil (Esterville) is a well drained loamy sand with a moderately rapid permeability in the upper horizons and rapid permeability in the lower horizons.
		The University of Minnesota Extension Service is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to its programs, facilities, and employment without regard to race, color, creed, religion, national origin, sex, age, marital status, disability, public assistance status, veteran status, or sexual orientation.
	www.extension.umn.edu /distribution/naturalresources/components/6187-03.html (704 words)

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