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Topic: Central American Common Market

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History of Central America

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	SICE - Central American Common Market: TOC
		The Central Banks of the Signatory States shall co-operate closely in order to prevent any currency speculation that might affect the rates of exchange and to maintain the convertibility of the currencies of the respective countries on a basis which, in normal conditions, shall guarantee the freedom, uniformity and stability of exchange.
		The Central American Economic Council, composed of the Ministers of Economic Affairs of the several Contracting Parties, is hereby established for the purpose of integrating the Central American economies and Co-ordinating the economic policy of the Contracting States.
		The Central American Economic Council shall be the organ responsible for facilitating implementation of the resolutions on economic integration adopted by the Central American Economic Co-operation Committee.
	www.sice.oas.org /trade/camertoc.asp (4116 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Hondorus / Appendix B
		The CACM was established by Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua (and later joined by Costa Rica) with the signing of the General Treaty of Central American Economic Integration (Tratado General de Integración Económica Centroamericana) in Managua on December 15, 1960.
		The General Treaty of Central American Economic Integration was signed in Managua, Nicaragua by four of the five republics (Costa Rica delayed signing by two years) on December 13, 1960, with ECLAC conceding on the free trade issue and the United States conceding on the inclusion of the RII.
		A Central American Clearing House (Cámara Centroamericana de Compensación de Monedas) was established in 1963 to promote the use of local currencies in the settlement of short-term trade deficits between pairs of CACM member states.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/honduras/hn_appnb.html (3618 words)

	Central American Common Market - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The 1990s saw a revival of the organization, but its ultimate place with respect to the Central American Free Trade Agreement (signed 2004, and including the Dominican Republic and the United States) and the proposed (2001) Free Trade Area of the Americas is unclear.
		The market value of centrals: during the past several years, there have been a number of quality initiatives aimed at increasing the cup value for Central American coffees.
		Early American corporate reporting and European capital markets: the case of the Illinois Central Railroad, 1851-1861.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-centracm.html (419 words)

	CHAPTER V (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In the macroeconomic policy sphere, the Central American countries followed policies that were in general conventionally orthodox and which, in conjunction with the stability and growth of the international economy, enabled the system to grow with a certain stability up to the early years of the 1970s.
		The central assumption of the regional industrial policy was the creation of an expanded market based on consolidation of the national markets which would serve as a springboard for the expansion of national and regional production.
		Central America's industrialization was not carried out at the expense of the export agricultural sector, the value of whose exports doubled between 1961 and 1970.
	www.crvp.org /book/Series05/V-2/chapter_v.htm (5785 words)

	TOWARD COMMON SECURITY IN CENTRAL AMERICA
		Common security was born in the breakdown of U.S.Soviet detente and the subsequent nuclear buildup of the 1970s, as Europe became aware of its role as nuclear battlefield.
		Strong forces were encouraging common security at that time: the instability and risk of nuclear deterrence; the social costs of the arms race; global problems of environmental degradation, population pressure, and poverty that were eclipsing the traditional class-based ideological conflicts sustaining the Cold War; the need for a permanent framework for arms control and disarmament.
		Central America has incorporated elements of both CS models -the cooperative, in the form of the Esquipulas process, and the integrative in that of the Central American Common Market (CACM) and the Central American Parliament.
	www.colorado.edu /conflict/full_text_search/AllCRCDocs/90-8.htm (8383 words)

	Central America
		Central America is considered to be part of the developing world.
		However, Costa Rica is considered to be the most "developed" of the Central American countries because it has a relatively high GDP per capita and has the best indicators of the Central American countries for life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate, and adult literacy rate.
		In recent decades, Central America has had success in diversifying its exports (so that it is less dependent on bananas and coffee) and diversifying its trading partners (so that it is less dependent on the United States as a trading partner).
	www.cotf.edu /earthinfo/camerica/CAeco.html (622 words)

	Central Treaty Organization - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), mutual defense and security organization that functioned between 1959 and 1979.
		The Central American Common Market (CACM), established in 1960, included all the Central American countries except Panama and Belize.
		The year 1959 opened well for Turkey, with a settlement of the tedious and dangerous Cyprus problem that both suited the demands of Turkish military security and upheld the rights of the Turkish Cypriote minority, which Turkey had consistently championed.
	encarta.msn.com /Central_Treaty_Organization.html (276 words)

	Central American Common Market - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Central American Common Market (CACM) - in Spanish: Mercado Común Centroamericano (MCCA) - is an economic trade organization between five nations of Central America.
		The CACM has succeeded in removing duties on most products moving among the member countries, and has largely unified external tariffs and increased trade within the member nations.
		Central African Common Market of Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Central_American_Common_Market (360 words)

	USAID CP FY2000: Central American Regional Programs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		USAID support to the Central American Commission for Environment and Development (CCAD) is critical in coordinating national level resource management efforts at the regional level involving cross-border watershed/protected areas and cost-effective natural resource information analysis and use such as the recent information-sharing agreement between NASA and the CCAD.
		However, Central America's ability to participate in the FTAA is severely limited by its shortage of technical expertise to implement existing trade agreements and commitments, eliminate trade barriers, and enhance the region's trade competitiveness.
		In 1998, total Central American trade as a percentage of GDP was 54.9% and intra-regional trade as a percentage of GDP was 8.55%: both exceeded respective targets of 48.5% and 7.85%.
	www.usaid.gov /pubs/cp2000/lac/ca_reg.html (3367 words)

	NACLA Digital Archive - "Masterminding the Mini-Market: U.S. Aid to the Central American Common Market,"
		...and "the enthusiasm of foreign business interests (together with their Central American business associates) which have been the main beneficiaries to date" are attempting to put the CACM back together and to restore "stability" there.' The international aid agencies, including the World Bank, have been offering new loans as an incentive...
		...Rather, once the Central American governments had contributed their $4 million apiece to its capitalization, the Bank was to be primarily a magnet for attracting international funds to Central America...
		...By the mid-1960s, all of the Central American countries were feeling the effects of a generalized balance of payments crisis, rooted primarily in the worsening position of the region's exports to the world market...
	archive.nacla.org /Summaries/V7I5P3-1.htm (14348 words)

	Central American Common Market — Infoplease.com
		The market value of centrals: during the past several years, there have been a number of quality initiatives aimed at increasing the......
		Early American corporate reporting and European capital markets: the case of the Illinois Central Railroad, 1851-1861.
		Crucial and contentious: the American market and the development of the western Canadian beef cattle industry to 1948.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0811094.html (409 words)

	NACLA Digital Archive - The Central American Common Market: The Integration of Underdevelopment
		...The Central American Common Market is a chief mechanism to promote this shift in the role of Latin America in relation to the United States economy.* The Central American Common Market (CACM), aided and promoted by the United States government since 1960, will become a means for American business: 1) to increase U.S...
		...Each Central American country is still nearly as dependent on one or two agricultural products for most of its export earnings in 1965 as it was before the start of the common market...
		...If a Central American country is importing toothpaste from the United States, it is relatively easy and inexpensive to shift to importing a lower-priced toothpaste from France...
	archive.nacla.org /Summaries/V3I9P1-1.htm (4449 words)

	Formation Incentives for Business Organizations in Central America's Common Market spgubs3.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In the CACM, it is necessary to inquire as to the authority of the agent one is dealing with and require written authority from the owners of the business organization.
		Common sense in this regard suggests that, whenever dealing with a possible business partner or purported representative of a company, soliciting the most up to date power of attorney or contacting the company itself, would be an adequate measure.
		The most common is the Stock Company or Corporation, in which capital is divided into and represented by shares and the liability of each shareholder, is limited to the shares he/she owns.
	www.natlaw.com /pubs/spgubs3.htm (11399 words)

	Inter-American System
		The Caribbean Community, of which the Common Market is an integral part, provides full employment of labor and other factors of production, improved standards of living and work, and the achievement of a greater measure of economic leverage and effectiveness of its Member States.
		CABEI is the largest financial institution in Central America which works toward the fight against poverty, regional integration and the competitive insertion of Central America in the global economy.
		The Secretariat for Central American Integration (SIECA) is the regional technical body, established as a legal entity, whose main function is to provide technical and administrative assistance to the Central American economic integration process of the Central American Integration System (SICA).
	www.oas.org /OASpage/Inter-American_System.asp (807 words)

	Central American Organizations
		The flag and emblem of the Central American States Organization are according to brochures provided by the Costa Rica embassy to Mexico.
		Organization of Central American States is presented in 1995 issue of l'Album.
		In 1967, at the conference of American presidents at Punta del Este, Uruguay, it was decided that CACM, together with the Latin American Free Trade Association, would be the basis for a comprehensive Latin American common market.
	www.fotw.us /flags/cam.html (685 words)

	The Avalon Project : Declaration of the Presidents of America, Punta del Este, Uruguay, April 14, 1967
		At the same time, the different levels of development and economic and market conditions of the various Latin American countries must be borne in mind, in order that the integration process may promote their harmonious and balanced growth.
		Latin American countries that are not members shall be invited to send representatives to these meetings and to those of the committee of the executive organs of LAFTA and the CACM.
		Market structures, financial conditions, and actions that prejudice exports and other income from outside Latin America are impeding its growth and retarding the integration process.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/intdip/interam/intam19.htm (5713 words)

	ALCA - FTAA - ZLEA \| Consultating Group on Smaller Economies - Dominican Republic - Project Profiles on Impact Study: ...
		The proposed study of the internal markets of the Central American Common Market (CACM) and their importation of products from external markets will allow a comparative analysis to be made of priority Dominican products that have export potential in the countries of Central America.
		The study of the internal market will carried out at the same time as the study of imports from international markets, but the former will be completed first within 90 days of the signing of the consultancy contract, while the latter will be completed within 120 days.
		The latter’s markets are driven by the effects of decreasing returns and the constant optimization of production factors in Central American companies, which means that the Dominican Republic will have to do its utmost to obtain both comparative and competitive advantages.
	www.ftaa-alca.org /SpComm/sme/derdocs/dsei131_e.asp (757 words)

	Central American Common Market. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The treaty established (1961) a secretariat for Central American economic integration, which Costa Rica joined in 1963; Panama now has observer status in some areas.
		By 1970 trade between member nations had risen more than tenfold over 1960 levels, and imports doubled and a common tariff was established for 98% of the trade with nonmember countries.
		The 1990s saw a revival of the organization, but its ultimate place with respect to the Central American Free Trade Agreement (signed 2004, and including the Dominican Republic and the United States) and the proposed (2001) Free Trade Area of the Americas is unclear.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ce/CentrACM.html (200 words)

	SECRETARIAT FOR CENTRAL AMERICAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION (SIECA)
		The Central American Economic Integration Program was formally established on August 27, 1952, when the Ministers of the five States together formed a Committee for Economic Cooperation of the Central American Isthmus, which held its first meeting on that occasion.
		The basic instrument of the program, which envisages the creation of a Central American Common Market (CACM), is the General Treaty of Central American Economic Integration, which was signed by El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua on December 13, 1960 and became effective in June 1961 after deposit of the required instruments of ratification.
		At the first meeting of the Central American Tariff and Customs Council, on September 17, 1985, the Tariff annexed to the Convention was approved.
	www.imf.org /external/np/sec/decdo/sieca.htm (557 words)

	Central America
		Central American Common Market (CACM): a regional organization that seeks to create economic development among its members.
		Central American leaders who agreed with this belief sought to reduce the importance of the Catholic Church, since it placed value on revelation.
		United Provinces of Central America: a regional grouping of the future countries of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.
	www.cotf.edu /earthinfo/camerica/CAdef.html (1108 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ El Salvador / Glossary
		The CACM was established by the Organization of Central American States under the General Treaty of Central American Economic Integration signed in Managua, Nicaragua, on December 15, 1960.
		Its original goals included the establishment of a Central American regional free-trade area, a customs union, and the integration of the industrialization efforts of its member countries.
		An activist movement led by Roman Catholic clergy who trace their inspiration to Vatican Council II (1965), where some church procedures were liberalized, and the Second Latin American Bishops' Conference in Medellin, Colombia (1968), which endorsed greater direct efforts to improve the lot of the poor.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/el_salvador/sv_glos.html (967 words)

	Introduction to World Statesmen
		Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, est.
		Southern Cone Common Market; Mercado Comun del Cono Sur, est.
		Organization of American States; 1910-1948 as Pan-American Union.
	www.worldstatesmen.org /INTRO.html (3142 words)

	Latin America's Road to Integration by L. Ronald Scheman - The Globalist > > Global Development
		The Pan American Union established at the Washington Conference convened by U.S. President Grover Cleveland in 1888 had free trade as its principal goal.
		The Central American Common Market was formed and raised intra-regional trade from 8.5% of total trade in 1961 to 23.5% in the mid-1970s — before it collapsed in the debt debacle and civil wars in the 1980s.
		The Central American Common Market — undergoing major revisions — now accounts for 21% of the member countries’ trade.
	www.theglobalist.com /DBWeb/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=3869 (1343 words)

	DDP 693 abstract
		Central America’s trade is characterized by a short list of very important clients where the United States is prominent, a non-diversified export base relying on agricultural products and textiles and an increasing dependence on maquila exports.
		The main risks Central America faces are: the unilateral nature of the Caribbean Basin Initiative agreement, increasing differential between Mexico’s and Central America’s access to the US market and the risk of being left out of both NAFTA and a Southern American trade area.
		Second, pursue better trade relationships with markets that are large and close geographically as well as culturally such as Mexico, Venezuela and South America.
	www.ksg.harvard.edu /cid/hiid/693abs.html (324 words)

	CACM Treaty
		GENERAL TREATY(1) ON CENTRAL AMERICAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION BETWEEN GUATEMALA, EL SALVADOR, HONDURAS AND NICARAGUA.
		Central American Agreement on the Equalization of Import Duties and Charges and its Protocol on the Central American Preferential Tariff; (3)
		Honduras shall not be bound to submit to the jurisdiction of international or foreign courts or to accept arbritation when any of the Contracting Parties is unable to submit to these procedures for the settlement of questions provided for in article XXVI of this Treaty.
	www.itcilo.it /english/actrav/telearn/global/ilo/blokit/cacmtre.htm (4162 words)

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