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Topic: Central American Court of Justice

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	3. Central America. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The Central American Court was dissolved after denunciation by Nicaragua and failure of the members to renew arrangements.
		A Central American conference met in Washington at the insistence of the U.S. government, which hoped to terminate the dangerous friction between Nicaragua and Honduras.
		A general treaty of neutrality was drawn up, provision was made for the creation of a Central American Court of Justice, and measures to limit armaments and to further economic development were envisaged.
	www.bartleby.com /67/2274.html (471 words)

	Central American Court of Justice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Central American Court of Justice (1907–1918, 1962 to date) is an international court established by five Central American states.
		The earliest attempt was the Federal Republic of Central America, and the most recent such effort had taken place 11 years earlier, with the founding of the Republic of Central America.
		Idle for nearly 30 years thereafter, the court changed shape in 1991 when Article 12 of the Protocol of Tegucigalpa created the Central American Integration System (Sistema de Integración Centroamericana, or SICA), and the union was joined by Panama (as a member state), and Belize (as an observer).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Central_American_Court_of_Justice (630 words)

	c. Central America. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The United Provinces of Central America (1823–38) consisted of five autonomous states with their own state assemblies and executives.
		Central American states formed the United Army of Central America to expel William Walker's forces from Nicaragua.
		After the war of Nicaragua against El Salvador and Honduras, a Central American court of justice was established to resolve regional conflicts.
	www.bartleby.com /67/1680.html (351 words)

	Reference for Central America - Search.com
		Central America (Spanish: Centroamérica or América Central) is a central geographic region of the Americas.
		Physiographically, Central America is a narrow isthmus of southern North America extending from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico southeastward to the Isthmus of Panama where it connects to the Colombian Pacific Lowlands in northwestern South America.
		Central America is going through a process of political, economical and cultural transformation that started in 1907 with the creation of the Central American Court of Justice.
	www.search.com /reference/Central_America (1391 words)

	Central America - MSN Encarta
		Central America (Spanish : Centroamérica or América Central) is a central geographic region of the Americas.
		Meanwhile, the completion of the Panama Railroad in 1855 caused Central American commerce to shift away from Belize to the more accessible Pacific coast ports, and British influence receded thereafter.
		One of the most significant problems confronting all Central American countries is the difficulty of bringing about significant socioeconomic development without affecting the democratic rights of their populations.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761574502_6/Central_America.html (915 words)

	Justices of the Florida Supreme Court - Justice Quince (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Justice Peggy A. Quince was born in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1948.
		Presently, Justice Quince is on the executive counsel of the Appellate Section of the Florida Bar and is the Supreme Court liaison to the Workers' Compensation Committee, the Judicial Ethics Advisory Committee, and the Supreme Court's Family Court Steering Committee.
		In 1993 Justice Quince became the first African-American female to be appointed to one of the district courts of appeal with her appointment by Governor Lawton Chiles to the Second District Court of Appeal to a term effective January 4, 1994.
	www.floridasupremecourt.org /justices/quince.shtml (786 words)

	Justice and Transparency from the Central American Perspective
		The Justice Systems did not exercise, as it was logical to expect, a controlling role in the activity of the State nor did it dispense equitable or impartial Administration of Justice, nor was it accessible to all the citizens of the different countries.
		Investing in justice is nothing more than making its strong an independent, more independent with every passing day, all the less subjected to the ups and downs of politics and the pretensions of the sectors who want to control it.
		Only with justice that functions on the basis of principles, constitutional and legal norms, duly produced proofs, as well as justice that is transparent in its actions, will we be able to speak of authentic processes of transformation of our countries.
	www.iadb.org /regions/re2/consultative_group/groups/transparency_workshop_2.htm (1545 words)

	Project on International Courts and Tribunals
		This is the case of the Central American Federal Republic, created in 1824; the United States of Central America founded in 1898, and the Central American Republic, of 1921.
		The Central American Court of Justice (Corte de Justicia Centroamericana) was established in 1907 to maintain peace and resolve disagreements among Central American states.
		The Central American Court of Justice (CACJ) was accordingly reconfigured.
	www.pict-pcti.org /courts/CACJ.html (490 words)

	TOWARD COMMON SECURITY IN CENTRAL AMERICA
		Central American common security, unlike the European model, has begun without the encouragement of the U.S., without the massive external nonmilitary aid, and without the external threat to impel institutionalization of regional defense.
		Central America has incorporated elements of both CS models -the cooperative, in the form of the Esquipulas process, and the integrative in that of the Central American Common Market (CACM) and the Central American Parliament.
		Four characteristics of Central American societies appear to determine their capacity to preclude social conflict: socioeconomic equitability, meaningful political participation, a tradition of peaceful governmental transfer of power, and the existence of mediating structures and cross-cutting affiliations that preclude nation-rending cleavages.
	www.colorado.edu /conflict/full_text_search/AllCRCDocs/90-8.htm (8383 words)

	Justices of the Florida Supreme Court - Justice Lewis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Chief Justice R. Fred Lewis was appointed to the Supreme Court of Florida on December 7, 1998, by the late Gov. Lawton Chiles.
		As a member of the Florida Supreme Court, Justice Lewis serves as liaison to the Florida Board of Bar Examiners, the Judicial Management Council, the Committee on the Rules of Civil Procedure, the Committee on Standard Civil Jury Instructions, and the Code and Rules of Evidence Committee.
		However, the Court is only allowed to consider arguments made in the courtroom and in documents properly filed by actual parties in the case as authorized by law and the Rules of Court.
	www.floridasupremecourt.org /justices/lewis.shtml (1057 words)

	A/50/499: SG report on Central America situation (3 Oct)
		This active participation was acknowledged by the Central American Presidents during the International Conference on Peace and Development in Central America, held at Tegucigalpa on 24 and 25 October 1994.
		The challenge ahead is a great one, precisely because, as the Central American Presidents expressed during their sixteenth summit meeting: "the necessary conditions exist in Central America for establishing a relationship of interdependence between an agenda for peace and an agenda for development, and...
		For their part, the Central American Presidents, during the twenty-fifth session of the General Assembly of the OAS, held in Haiti in June 1995, welcomed the "new vision" of the organization presented in response to the new needs and challenges facing the hemisphere.
	www.un.org /documents/ga/docs/50/plenary/a50-499.htm (6402 words)

	The Supreme Court Historical Society
		Justice Brennan was the intellectual anchor of the Warren Court, the activist who merged an idealistic outlook with a rigorous respect for the Constitution.
		That court believed that the tradeoff didn't work--that in designating Grand Central an official landmark, the city had so diminished the potential of Penn Central to profit from the structure that it amounted to a virtual taking of private property without compensation.
		Justice Brennan did not attempt to evolve a simple formula for testing whether a community had been excessive, and therefore illegal, in its application of landmarks laws; it was not in his nature to apply simplistic tests.
	www.supremecourthistory.org /04_library/subs_volumes/04_c09_f.html (949 words)

	California Courts: Courts: Supreme Court: Justices: Associate Justice Carlos R. Moreno
		Justice Carlos R. Moreno was sworn in as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of California on October 18, 2001, following his nomination by Governor Gray Davis.
		Justice Moreno began his career as a deputy city attorney with the Los Angeles City Attorney's office, prosecuting criminal and civil consumer protection cases and handling politically sensitive and legislative matters as special counsel to the city attorney.
		Justice Moreno has served as President of the Mexican American Bar Association and has been a member of the California Judges Association, the Presiding Judges Association, and the Municipal Court Judges Association of Los Angeles County.
	www.courtinfo.ca.gov /courts/supreme/justices/moreno.htm (415 words)

	Honduras - Central America
		In December 1960, the General Treaty of Central American Integration was signed by El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, and the CACM became effective in June 1961.
		The semiannual Central American presidential summits became institutionalized and were complemented by numerous other meetings among two or more of the region's nations.
		At the tenth Central American summit held in San Salvador in July 1991, the presidents decided to incorporate Panama into the integration process, although the method by which this would occur had not been spelled out as of mid-1993.
	countrystudies.us /honduras/101.htm (1239 words)

	Central American leaders OK border plan - Boston.com
		Central American presidents agreed on a plan Tuesday to ease border controls and install a common customs system on the way to negotiating an eventual free-trade agreement with the European Union.
		Costa Rican President Oscar Arias, current head of the Central American Integration group, said he considered it unfair of the EU to put such conditions on trade talks.
		The EU and the Central American countries announced during a May summit that they hoped to launch trade talks before the end of the year.
	www.boston.com /news/world/latinamerica/articles/2006/07/11/central_american_leaders_ok_border_plan (313 words)

	Framework Treaty on Democratic Security in Central America (1995)
		That the countries of Central America have reaffirmed their commitment to democracy, based on a government of laws and the guarantee of basic freedoms, economic freedom, social justice, and the strengthening of a community of democratic values among the countries, which are joined together by ties of history, geography, brotherhood and cooperation;
		The Central American Democratic Security Model is based on democracy and the strengthening of its institutions and a government of laws; on governments elected by universal, free and secret suffrage and unconditional respect for human rights in the countries of the Central American region.
		The General Secretariat of the Central American Integration System shall, upon entry into force of this Treaty, send a certified copy of it to the General Secretariat of the United Nations, for the purposes of Article 102, paragraph 2 of the UN Charter, and to the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States.
	www.state.gov /p/wha/rls/70979.htm (5452 words)

	Explore Central America Now presented by McGuinnessPublishing
		Central America is a narrow isthmus of southern North America extending from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico southeastward to the Isthmus of Panama where it connects to the Colombian Pacific Lowlands in northwestern South America.
		Central American liberals had high hopes for the federal republic, which they believed would evolve into a modern, democratic nation, enriched by trade crossing through it between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans.
		Central America already counts with several supranational institutions such as the Central American Parliament, the Central American Bank for Economic Integration and the Central American Common Market.
	www.explorecentralamericanow.com (1760 words)

	Regional Integration of Central American Countries and Opportunities for Internetworking
		The Central American sub-region is composed of seven small and developing countries with a population of almost 32 million inhabitants and an area of 522,008 km
		The Central American Integration System (SICA) was created by the Protocol of Tegucigalpa which was signed by the Summit of Central American Presidents (including Panama and Belize as observer) in that city (capital of Honduras) in December, 1991.
		The Central American countries, after suffering from political and social instability, have to face the challenges of building democracy, participation, modernization of the economy, etc. The integration process, conversely, constitutes a favorable regional space to promote and help the individual country efforts to achieve these goals.
	www.isoc.org /inet97/proceedings/E5/E5_1.HTM (2543 words)

	International Legal Argument in the Permanent Court of International Justice - Cambridge University Press
		As the predecessor of the present International Court of Justice, the Permanent Court of International Justice was a historic ‘melting-pot’ of ideals about international justice and, according to some, international community as well as notions of international law.
		The plans for a Court of Arbitral Justice and an International Prize Court were put before the Second Peace Conference at The Hague in an attempt to meet the standards of adjudication.
		The Court shall be competent to hear and determine any dispute of an international character which the parties thereto submit to it.
	www.cambridge.org /uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521836859&ss=exc (2005 words)

	American Society of International Law 97th Annual Meeting, April 4, 2003
		One or more of the current Justices has considered comparative experience in Eighth Amendment death penalty cases, in federalism cases, in cases involving right to die statutes, in such technical matters as the "ancient title" of Massachusetts to Nantucket Sound, and various others.
		In one recent death penalty case, for example, the Court rejected a treaty-based defense on procedural grounds, leaving open the possibility of such a defense in a case that did not involve a procedural default.
		When I can, I like to remind audiences that I love the American bar associations, with their 600,000 members and 800,000 committees because it is in those committee meetings, through discussion and debate that law is created.
	www.supremecourtus.gov /publicinfo/speeches/sp_04-04-03.html (1685 words)

	EU and Central America Community negotiate new Agreement \| Jerusalem Post
		The Association Agreement is envisaged as a comprehensive agreement, embracing the whole array of the multi-faceted relations of the EU with Central America.
		Central American integration dates back to 1951 when the Organization of Central American States (ODECA) was founded.
		In 2001, a series of Memoranda of Understanding were signed between the European Commission and the six Central American countries establishing a five-year national and regional program of cooperation with an indicative allocation of EU655m.
	www.jpost.com /servlet/Satellite?cid=1183459190437&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/Printer (885 words)

	American Empire
		American dreams of territorial expansion were realized with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the acquisition of Mexican territories during the late 1840s and 1850s.
		For many Americans (especially Protestant missionaries), it appeared that the time was at hand to establish an American empire abroad too (Reverend Josiah Strong, for example, proclaimed that God’s divine purpose for the United States was to spread its version of Protestantism worldwide.
		American investment in Central America during the T.R. presidency (1901—09) approached that of Great Britain (which had put the equivalent of $115 million into the region in 1913).
	home.att.net /~history240/history100americanempire.html (3229 words)

	History of Central America
		The population of the isthmus on the eve of the Spanish conquest may have been as large as 6 million, a figure not again achieved until the 20th century.
		Native American customs and traditions survived, however, because most of the relatively few Spaniards remained in the towns and cities.
		The rest of Central America (all of what is present-day Panama), with its important transit route, became attached to New Granada (modern Colombia) in the viceroyalty of Peru.
	www.emayzine.com /lectures/HISTOR~8.htm (1189 words)

	Provisional Measures in International Law: The International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal for the ...
		The bulk of this slim volume focuses on that question, as Rosenne examines the law, practice and procedures of the International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea.
		His intent is to assess the role of international courts in proffering provisional measures, the jurisdictional implications, and how they impact upon case outcomes.
		Moreover, that court held that non-compliance by a party could amount to a breach of state responsibility and provoke cause for action by the court.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/rosenne605.htm (2434 words)

	APC: United Nations > Articles > UN Criminal Court Threatens U.S. Soldiers In Fight Against Terrorism
		Unlike the American system of justice, the ICC would not perform trials by juries of peers; would not guarantee bail; and would not grant prisoners the right to face their accusers.
		Had there been an International Criminal Court in place, there is little doubt that the Crown Butte owners would have been put on trial for violating a UN treaty.
		The UN’s International Criminal Court is a dangerous and powerful tool for those who seek to weaken the independence of the United States.
	www.americanpolicy.org /un/uncriminalcourt.htm (1386 words)

	UCSD Libraries: 1907-1924
		The new American minister, George T. Weitzel, interceded at the request of Díaz and obtained the resignations of both Mena and Chamorro.
		Munro 1967: “At the election, which was held while a large part of the American marines were still in the country, the three or four thousand voters who were allowed to participate unanimously approved the official ticket, which was the only one in the field” (page 245).
		Kamman 1968: “After the collapse of the 1907 Central American Court of Justice over canal rights through Nicaragua, the United States in 1923 supported a new conference in Washington which promised not to recognize government brought to power by coup d’état or revolution, or a president not qualified by law” (page 17).
	www.ucsd.edu /portal/site/Libraries/menuitem.346352c02aac0c82b9ba4310d34b01ca/?vgnextoid=904b3c1f26824110VgnVCM10000045b410acRCRD (8057 words)

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