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Topic: Central Andean puna

	CPD: South America, Site SA33, Peruvian Puna, Peru
		In Peru and southward this relatively dry altitudinal zone is known as "puna", although the wetter phases in northern Peru also are commonly distinguished as "jalca" (Weberbauer 1945) and near the border with Ecuador as "páramo" (Brack 1986).
		Topographic relief of the Peruvian puna is moderate compared to the steep escarpments on the eastern and western slopes of the Andes.
		In addition, the puna is a genetic storehouse due to the presence of wild relatives of present-day and potential subsistence and commercial crops (Altieri, Anderson and Merrick 1987).
	www.nmnh.si.edu /botany/projects/cpd/sa/sa33.htm (3328 words)

	Andean West
		Although patterns vary along the Central Andean corridor, population pressure is increasing along both eastern and western slopes as small-scale producers/colonists clear land for subsistence.
		At its height, the empire extended from northern Ecuador to central Chile and from the Andes to the coast.
		The rapid population growth of Andean countries from the beginning of the twentieth century and especially since the 1930s was to a large extent due to natural increase, which was for many years higher than that of any other part of the continent and the world.
	www.amyglenn.com /Geography/andean.htm (3159 words)

	Neotropic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Neotropic ecozone is a terrestrial ecoregion which includes South America, Central America, and the Caribbean.
		This ecozone includes South and Central America, the Mexican lowlands, the Caribbean islands, and southern Florida, because these regions share a large number of plant and animal groups.
		Central American montane forests(El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Neotropic (702 words)

	Ant491-Modeling Central Andean Herding and Agriculture
		Central Andean herders can use most pastures during the entire annual cycle, unlike herders at temperate latitudes for whom many pastures are seasonally unavailable because of cold or aridity (e.g, Barth 1961; Vincze 1980).
		The overall carrying capacity of the Central Andean highlands increases in direct proportion to the degree to which kichwa agriculture and puna herding are fully integrated and complementary.
		For specialized puna herders, primarily dependent on domestic animals for their livelihood, Custred (1977:69-70) finds that the minimal number of animals for a herder household to be economically viable is 30 llamas, 15 alpacas, and 10 sheep.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~jpar/ant491/models.htm (16329 words)

	Encyclopedia: Neotropic
		Central America is the region of North America located between the southern border of Mexico and the northwest border of Colombia, in South America.
		The Nearctic is one of the eight terrestrial ecozones dividing the Earths land surface.
		The Chilean Matorral is a terrestrial ecoregion of central Chile, located on the west coast of South America.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Neotropic (3621 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Central Andean wet puna (NT1003)
		The Central Andean Wet Puna ecoregion is located in the Andean Mountains of Peru and eastern Bolivia.
		The endemic birds of the Junin Puna are restricted to areas surrounding Lake Junin and the central Huancavelica department.
		This wet puna ecoregion of the central Andes is characterized by a semi-dry climate and a number of endemic species.
	www.worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt1003_full.html (2038 words)

	ANDEAN METALLOGENESIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Although a major part of the Andean ore deposits are related to magmatic activity, and calc-alkaline magmas are dominant, at least the larger deposits of the belt are related to short-lived disruptions in the normal tectonic regime and in the mechanisms of magma generation and emplacement.
		Most of the larger ore deposits of the Andean belt have a Tertiary age and are in the central part of the Andes (10º S to 35º S), where the belt has developed a thick continental crust, as a consequence of a higher degree of orogenic evolution during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic span.
		The final composition of Andean magmas are then explained in term of different contribution from the oceanic plate, variable degrees of partial melting of mantle materials, different fractional crystallization processes during the rise of magmas and possible contamination in their passage through the continental crust.
	www.unalmed.edu.co /~rrodriguez/METALOGENIA/andean/MetalogeniaAndina.htm (11053 words)

	Puna - Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The distribution of these tectonogeomorphic zones throughout the central Andes and the subduction geometry of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate has led to general acceptance of the Andes as a type example of an orogenic belt associated with oceanic-continental plate convergence (Dewey and Bird, 1970; James, 1971).
		The tectonic evolution of the Andean mountain belt began during Late Jurassic time (Jordan et al., 1983; Sempere et al., 1997) and was characterized by episodes of compression, extension, transtension, and periods of tectonic quiescence (Sempere et al.,1997).
		The initiation of Andean mountain building began during Late Jurassic time (Jordan et al., 1983; Sempere et al., 1997) resulting from the segmentation of Gondwana during the late stages of Pangaea breakup and subsequent western migration of South America across the Pacific Ocean basin (Coney and Evenchick, 1994; Sempere, 1995).
	www.cuenca.de /puna.html (675 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Central Andean dry puna (NT1001)
		The Central Andean Dry Puna is a unique ecoregion with flora and fauna highly adapted to the extreme temperatures and altitudes.
		The Central Andean Dry Puna is located in the southern part of the Andean Cordillera Occidental in the countries of Argentina, Bolivia and Chile.
		This dry puna ecoregion of the central Andes is characterized by a dry climate and a number of endemic species.
	www.worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt1001_full.html (1390 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Introduction The Andean highlands, and the Lake Titicaca Basin, are well known as a point of origin for the development complex polities like Pukara during the Formative as well as the Tiwanaku Empire of the Middle Horizon, and later the Lupaqua during the Late Horizon.
		Evidence in the South-Central Andes for the kind of complexity seen on the Central Coast during the Terminal Preceramic have either not been found or are not present (Aldenderfer 1989).
		The primary burial was in a flexed position nearly identical to the burial from Panaulauca Cave in the Central Highlands.
	titicaca.ucsb.edu /chamak_pacha/archaeology/saa2002/craig_aldenderfer_SAA2002.doc (7018 words)

	Andean Grains and Legumes
		The Andean region and, within it, the shores of Lake Titicaca, are where the greatest diversity and genetic variation occur.
		The Andean lupin is a leguminous plant that was domesticated and grown by the ancient settlers of the central Andean region from pre-Incan times, as indicated by seeds found in tombs of the Nazca culture and the plant's representation on Tiahuanaco pottery.
		The Andean lupin is not only an important source of protein (42.2 percent in the dry grain, 20 percent in the cooked grain and 44.5 percent in the flour), but also of fat which in the dry grain is 16 percent and in the flour 23 percent.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/1492/grains.html (7637 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Central Andean puna (NT1002)
		This ecoregion is continuous and transitional between the wet puna to the north and west, and the dry puna to the south.
		The Central Andean Puna, despite its characteristic dryness and because it still maintains nearly unaltered blocks of habitat, represents an important area for the conservation of endemic species of both flora and fauna.
		This puna ecoregion of the central Andes is characterized by an intermediate climate and a number of endemic species.
	www.worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt1002_full.html (1056 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Central Andean puna (NT1002) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Central Andean Puna is a high-elevation montane grassland extending along the spine of the Andes, through Peru and Bolivia, southward into northern Chile and Argentina.
		Connecting the wet puna in the north and west with the dry puna in the south, this ecoregion receives a moderate amount of rainfall, usually between 15 to 30 inches (400-800 mm) each year.
		On the banks of a high lake, Andean, Chilean, and puna flamingos mingle in a mixed flock, sifting fine sediment with their beaks for algae and small invertebrates.
	nationalgeographic.com /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt1002.html (478 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Central Andean wet puna (NT1003)
		The wet puna is bordered on the west by the dry Sechura desert and to the east by the wet Peruvian Yungas, which makes for extreme transitional zones.
		The puna is one of the most altered regions in Peru and Bolivia.
		From this region we seperated out the Central Andean Puna ecoregion, whose intermediate climate and subsequent unique species assemblages separate if from both the dry and wet puna ecoregional classifications (see Central Andean Puna ecoregion for justification).
	worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt1003_full.html (2038 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Central Andean wet puna (NT1003) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		This wet puna ecoregion consists of high elevation montane grasslands that extend through the high Andes Mountains of northern Peru and northern Bolivia.
		In an open pasture, grasses are interspersed with herbs, forbs, lichens, mosses, and ferns, and it is here that a puna thistletail is startled from its roost by a vicuña, a relative of the llama.
		The puna is one of the most heavily altered ecoregions, and has suffered extensive conversion in both Peru and Bolivia in Peru.
	nationalgeographic.com /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt1003.html (427 words)

	[No title]
		The proposed national parks for GEF assistance would protect arid and semi-arid ecosystems (the Pampas, the Puna, and the Patagonian Steppes); forest ecosystems (C6rdoba montane savannas and the Chaco); mountain ecosystems (the Puna), and coastal, marine, and freshwater ecosystems (littoral and wetland Patagonian habitats).
		The most important ecosystem of the APSG is the Andean puna, which reaches its southernmost extension in the proposed PA. The Argentine section of the puna is characterized by sparse rainfall, relatively low temperatures, extreme daily temperature change (more than 30 degrees Celsius in some cases), and high winds.
		The APN considers the Andean puna to be under-represented in the national park system, and a recent study characterized the APSG as both nationally and regionally significant due to the high degree of biodiversity and endemic species associated with the southernmost extension of the puna.
	www-wds.worldbank.org /servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/09/01/000009265_3980203115257/Rendered/INDEX/multi0page.txt (13490 words)

	Geology of the Salar de Antofalla area - Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The geology of the Salar de Antofalla area in the southermost part of the Central Andean Puna plateau was investigated by subproject D1B of the Colloborative Research Center SFB 267 (FU Berlin, Germany).
		Based on the synopsis of sedimentological and structural data, a model of the palaeogeographic evolution and the timing and nature of the Andean deformation during the plateau uplift is presented.
		Volcanism, tectonism and sedimentation/erosion reflect crustal thickening and changing rheologies of the continental crust during the development of the Andean magmatic arc.
	www.cuenca.de /puna/antofalla (209 words)

	Andean Links
		Puna Illawara is a center for the investigation and diffusion of traditional Andean and Amazonian cultural values and practices.
		This website shares the first results of a project to set native Andean terms in the context of their use in 16th-Century colonial writings and to highlight the bilingual nature of the descriptions the Spanish authors of the time used to explain the realities of Andean life to their readers.
		Among its goals are the fostering of Andean identity, development and emancipation of the Andean community, and the Andinization of public education and religious institutions in indigenous zones.
	www.euskalnet.net /sjf/andeanlinks2.htm (6518 words)

	EducationGuardian.co.uk \| Biological science \| Nature's crown jewels face ruin
		Using complex models of climate change and migration patterns, they forecast that some of the habitats will end up a quarter of their previous size, with one in five of their species forced into extinction.
		The most severely damaged will be the Canadian Low Arctic Tundra; the wooded Ural Mountain taiga in Russia; the central Andean dry puna in Chile, Argentina and Bolivia; the Daurian steppe of Mongolia; the savannah of north-east India and Nepal; and the fynbos of southern Africa.
		The Canadian arctic tundra is one of the world's largest wildernesses but, according to 'Global Warming and Species Loss in Globally Significant Terrestrial Ecosystems', more than three-quarters of its area will disappear, with a loss of one in five of the species living there.
	education.guardian.co.uk /higher/biologicalscience/story/0,9834,648455,00.html (619 words)

	WWF Global 200 Ecoregions -- Central Andean Dry Puna (109) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Many species in the Central Andean Dry Puna are native to the area, and there are unusual assemblages of mammals.
		But in the middle of the 5,000 mile (8,000 km) long range lies a cold, dry place that is level enough to be called the Andean "tableland." Also known also as the Central Andean Dry Puna, this expanse of grassland and shrubland supports an amazing variety of plants and animals.
		Just like their camel cousins living in Africa and Asia, guanacos living in the Central Andean Dry Puna get along fine without much water.
	www.worldwildlifeweb.com /wildworld/profiles/g200/g109.html (370 words)

	Flora and wildflowers of Lauca, Atacama Desert, and the Andes, resources
		Dealing with the central part of Chile, this new book is first in a series which will cover the whole country.
		The volume has 2 parts, one of which is a 134 page section on trails and roads in the central region.
		Although directed to the páramo area of the Andes, (wetter than the Lauca puna habitat) many of the same genera are present in Chile.
	www.birdingaltoandino.com /plants.htm (2353 words)

	University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences
		Upper mantle structure in the south central Chilean subduction zone (30° to 36°S), J.
		Crustal seismic anisotropy in central Tibet: Implications for deformational style and flow in the crust, Geophys.
		Anomalous crust of the Bolivian Altiplano, central Andes: Constraints from broadband regional seismic waveforms, Geophys.
	www.geo.arizona.edu /web/Zandt/vita.html (838 words)

	IUGG 2003 Scientific Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Central Andean Volcanic Zone provides examples of some of the largest classical collapse caldera structures currently known (eg.
		The Ramadas Volcanic Centre (RVC) is located on the Andean Puna, ~10 km north of San Antonio, in Argentina's Salta Province, and is also located along one such lineament.
		The RVC is identified as the source for the distinctive rhyolitic Corte Blanco Tuff (CBT) sequence, which is dominated by coarse and widespread pumiceous lapilli deposits, interpreted to be the deposits of fallout from a sustained, plinian style eruption column.
	www.jamstec.go.jp /jamstec-e/iugg/htm/abstract/abst/v08/018925-1.html (512 words)

	Research: Dirk Adelmann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Segmentation of the Andean foreland in the Southern Puna, Central andes: sedimentary record from the Salar de Antofalla area, NW Argentina.
		Basin development in the Southern Puna: sedimentary record from the Salar de Antofalla area, NW Argentina: Oral presenation (X Congreso Latinoamericano de Geología in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1998).
		Sedimentation, basin evolution and uplift of the Central Andean Puna plateau (NW Argentina)(since 1999)
	www.adelmann.geosciences.de /research.html (513 words)

	Publications of the SFB 267 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		- In: Tectonics of the Southern Central Andes.
		Kasemann, J. Erzinger, G. Franz (1999): Boron isotopes in the continental crust of the Central Andes from Paleozoic to Mesozoic, NW Argentina.
		Schnurr W, Siebel W., Hahne K., Kraemer B., and Trumbull R. (1999): Neogene Ignimbrites of the southern central Andes (25-27°S, 67-69°;W): Interpretation of new isotopic and trace element data in terms of a Fractionation model from are andesites.
	sfb267.geoinf.fu-berlin.de /web/en/publi/publi.asp (10043 words)

	Backbone of the Americas - Field Trips
		Features to be examined include the backarc basalt fields, the Patagonian slabmelt adakites, the Austral fold and thrust belt and related sedimentary basins, and forearc margin deformational and magmatic features.
		The Andean Cordillera and backarc in Northernmost Patagonia-Northern Neuquén and southern Mendoza provinces, Argentina.
		Central Andean Puna plateau: Features to be examined include the Puna plateau; giant young ignimbrites; young mafic lava flows; normal, strike-slip, and reverse faults; backarc basin deposits; the southernmost Southern Volcanic Zone; and Miocene volcanic evolution east of a migrating arc front.
	www.geosociety.org /meetings/06boa/FieldTrips.htm (474 words)

	[No title]
		Cenozoic basin evolution of the Central Andean Puna Plateau (NW Argentina) – The area of the Salar de Antofalla und a comparison to the Northern Puna (Supervisor: Prof.
		Adelmann, D. (2004): Sedimentation history of the Northern Puna (NW´Argentina) and its implication for the evolution of the Central Andean Plateau, 32nd International Geological Congress, CD-ROM, Florence.
		Adelmann, D. and Görler, K., (1998): Segmentation of the Andean foreland in the Southern Puna, Central andes: sedimentary record from the Salar de Antofalla area, NW Argentina.
	www.igw.uni-jena.de /ahgeol/team/Adelmann/adelmann.html (699 words)

	Petrogenesis of Early Neogene Magmatism in the Northern Puna; Implications for Magma Genesis and Crustal Processes in ...
		Petrogenesis of Early Neogene Magmatism in the Northern Puna; Implications for Magma Genesis and Crustal Processes in the Central Andean Plateau -- CAFFE et al.
		Petrogenesis of Early Neogene Magmatism in the Northern Puna; Implications for Magma Genesis and Crustal Processes in the Central Andean Plateau
		for pre-Upper Miocene volcanism in the northern Puna of Argentina
	www.petrology.oupjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/43/5/907 (404 words)

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