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Topic: Central Andean wet puna

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Central Andean wet puna (NT1003)
		The wet montane grasslands are located in the eastern section of the ecoregion, at an elevation ranging from 3,800 to 4,200 masl.
		The endemic birds of the Junin Puna are restricted to areas surrounding Lake Junin and the central Huancavelica department.
		This wet puna ecoregion of the central Andes is characterized by a semi-dry climate and a number of endemic species.
	www.worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt1003_full.html (2038 words)

	CPD: South America, Site SA33, Peruvian Puna, Peru
		In Peru and southward this relatively dry altitudinal zone is known as "puna", although the wetter phases in northern Peru also are commonly distinguished as "jalca" (Weberbauer 1945) and near the border with Ecuador as "páramo" (Brack 1986).
		Topographic relief of the Peruvian puna is moderate compared to the steep escarpments on the eastern and western slopes of the Andes.
		In addition, the puna is a genetic storehouse due to the presence of wild relatives of present-day and potential subsistence and commercial crops (Altieri, Anderson and Merrick 1987).
	www.nmnh.si.edu /botany/projects/cpd/sa/sa33.htm (3328 words)

	Montane grasslands and shrublands - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In subtropical and tropical mountains, distinctive plant communities have evolved in response to the cool, wet climate with abundant sunlight, the most extensive of which is the Neotropic Paramo of the Andes Mountains.
		In addition to the paramo, these conditions occur in the mountains of east and central Africa, Mount Kinabalu of Borneo, and the Central Highlands of New Guinea.
		A unique feature of many wet tropical montane regions is the presence of giant rosette plants from a variety of plant families, such as Lobelia (Afrotropic), Puya (Neotropic), Cyathea (New Guinea), and Argyroxiphium (Hawaii).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands (301 words)

	Neotropic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Neotropic ecozone is a terrestrial ecoregion which includes South America, Central America, and the Caribbean.
		This ecozone includes South and Central America, the Mexican lowlands, the Caribbean islands, and southern Florida, because these regions share a large number of plant and animal groups.
		Central American Atlantic moist forests(Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Neotropic (702 words)

	Ant491-Modeling Central Andean Herding and Agriculture
		Central Andean herders can use most pastures during the entire annual cycle, unlike herders at temperate latitudes for whom many pastures are seasonally unavailable because of cold or aridity (e.g, Barth 1961; Vincze 1980).
		The overall carrying capacity of the Central Andean highlands increases in direct proportion to the degree to which kichwa agriculture and puna herding are fully integrated and complementary.
		For specialized puna herders, primarily dependent on domestic animals for their livelihood, Custred (1977:69-70) finds that the minimal number of animals for a herder household to be economically viable is 30 llamas, 15 alpacas, and 10 sheep.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~jpar/ant491/models.htm (16329 words)

	CPD: South America overview, centres of plant diversity and endemism, Andes
		Andean vegetational zonation is largely defined by altitude, thus tending to form long narrow bands along the slopes of the cordillera.
		Perhaps a quarter of the genera of the puna and páramo belong to the old australantarctic flora (van der Hammen and Cleef 1983).
		The current crisis in electricity-generating capacity throughout the Andean region, due to lack of sufficient water to fill the hydroelectric reservoirs and run the turbines, is now widely appreciated to be a direct result of deforestation and other destruction of natural Andean ecosystems.
	www.nmnh.si.edu /botany/projects/cpd/sa/sa-vi.htm (3654 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The puna is the highest Andean zone that is fit for human occupation, ranging from 3,900 to about 4600 meters.
		The puna zone lies between the steep, western slope deserts and the hot, forested eastern slopes that run down into the Amazon Basin.
		The puna zone grasslands are excellent for grazing and are home to a number of species of camelids: the llamas and their relatives.
	www.stanford.edu /~johnrick/preceram/lands.html (498 words)

	Encyclopedia: Neotropic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Central America is the region of North America located between the southern border of Mexico and the northwest border of Colombia, in South America.
		The Nearctic is one of the eight terrestrial ecozones dividing the Earths land surface.
		The Chilean Matorral is a terrestrial ecoregion of central Chile, located on the west coast of South America.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Neotropic (3621 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Northern Andean paramo Grasslands/savannas/ --- ' Grasslands, savannas, and 140.
		Central Andean drypuna Deserts and xeric shrublands 144.
		The greatest concentrations of southern Mexico and Central America, north- occur in central and southern Mexico, northern ern and northwestern South America, along the Central America, southern Brazil, and the Greater middle and lower slopes of the northern and cen- Antilles.
	www-wds.worldbank.org /servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/09/01/000009265_3961219113255/Rendered/INDEX/multi_page.txt (12914 words)

	Neotropic - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Central American Atlantic moist forests (Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama)
		Central American montane forests (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua)
		Central American dry forests (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua)
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /neotropic.htm (842 words)

	worldsurface.com - sustainable tourism for backpackers and independent travellers
		The coastal plain can be readily divided into three parts—north, central, and south—based on the amount of level land and the distance between the Andean ranges and the sea.
		The central coastal region, which stretches from Chimbote to Nazca, is narrower than the northern region and is characterized by areas of rough hills that extend from the Andes to the shores of the ocean.
		In southern Peru the character of the Andes changes to that of a high plateau region; this is the Puna, with vast tablelands and elevations between 13,000 and 16,000 feet.
	www.worldsurface.com /browse/static.asp?staticpageid=624 (1067 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Central Andean dry puna (NT1001)
		The Central Andean Dry Puna is a unique ecoregion with flora and fauna highly adapted to the extreme temperatures and altitudes.
		The Central Andean Dry Puna is located in the southern part of the Andean Cordillera Occidental in the countries of Argentina, Bolivia and Chile.
		This dry puna ecoregion of the central Andes is characterized by a dry climate and a number of endemic species.
	www.worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt1001_full.html (1390 words)

	Hippocamelus antisensis
		Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Central Andean wet puna (NT1003): Neotropical > Montane Grasslands and Shrublands Central Andean wet puna (NT1003).
		From central Brazil to Uruguay and northern Argentina.
		:...flamingoes, the majestic Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus), the ostrich-like rhea (Pterocnemia pennata), and the shy Andean deer or taruca (Hippocamelus antisensis...
	www.specieslist.com /endangered/scientific_name/H/Hippocamelus_antisensis.shtml (3399 words)

	Unchog
		THE CENTRAL HI-WAY OF PERU - LIMA TO HUANUCO
		This trip is a great introduction to the cross section of birds to be found from sea-level to the high Puna grasslands at over 4000 meters and on the eastern Andean slopes in the Cloud Forest.
		Walking the wet valley bottoms, we'll search for one of the three pairs of breeding Diademed Sandpiper-plovers in the area and also the endemic White-bellied Cinclodes, perhaps the most elegant of all the Cinclodes.
	ornifolks.org /Ornifolks/EXped-manu/unchog.htm (1460 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Central Andean wet puna (NT1003) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This wet puna ecoregion consists of high elevation montane grasslands that extend through the high Andes Mountains of northern Peru and northern Bolivia.
		In an open pasture, grasses are interspersed with herbs, forbs, lichens, mosses, and ferns, and it is here that a puna thistletail is startled from its roost by a vicuña, a relative of the llama.
		The puna is one of the most heavily altered ecoregions, and has suffered extensive conversion in both Peru and Bolivia in Peru.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt1003.html (427 words)

	[No title]
		It is hunted intensively by inhabitants of the puna for its skin, which is used in traditional ceremonies, and to protect domestic animals from its predation.
		The methodology includes mapping the potential habitat and existing records of the Andean cat throughout its range, and, based on this map, identifying areas where additional surveys should be done.
		As for the “Southern Andean steppe”, there are historical records and we must investigate whether or not there are still Andean cats in that ecoregion.
	www.felidae.org /LIBRARY/walker%20novaro%202001/walker%20novaro%202001%20prog%20rept.doc (1988 words)

	BIRDCHAT archives -- February 2001, week 4 (#13)
		We began to pass through extensive areas of wet puna grassland and birds were plentiful.
		Waterbirds were particularly prominent, and included such widespread Andean species as White-tufted Grebe, Puna Ibis, Andean Goose, Speckled and Puna Teals, Crested and Andean Ducks, Yellow-billed Pintail, Andean Lapwing, Andean Gull and huge numbers of Slate-coloured Coots, whilst the extensive areas of reeds held beautiful Many-coloured Rush-Tyrants.
		Puna Plovers, migrant Lesser Yellowlegs and spritely Andean Negritos patrolled the muddy margins of the lake, whilst a flushed Puna Snipe settled to give excellent views in a small creek and two Short-billed Pipits inspected a pile of dry reeds.
	listserv.arizona.edu /cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0102d&L=birdchat&F=&S=&P=1416 (2217 words)

	CPD: South America overview
		Most of the uplift of the Central Andes was in the Miocene or later, whereas most of the uplift of the northern portion of the cordillera has been Plio-Pleistocene (van der Hammen 1974).
		The main biogeographic discontinuity in the Andean forests is associated with the Huancabamba Depression in northern Peru, where the extensive system of dry interAndean valleys of the Marañón River and its tributaries entirely bisects the Eastern Cordillera and is associated with a topographically complex region having unusually high local endemism.
		Above treeline, the wet grass-dominated vegetation of the Venezuelan, Colombian and northern Ecuadorian Andes is termed "páramo"; this drier vegetation, occurring from Peru to Argentina and Chile, is the "puna".
	www.nmnh.si.edu /botany/projects/cpd/sa/sa.htm (6706 words)

	Montane Grasslands and Shrublands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In subtropical and tropical mountains, distinctive plant communities have evolved in response to the cool, wet climate withabundant sunlight, the most extensive of which is the Neotropic paramo of the Andes Mountains.
		In addition to the paramo, these conditions occur in themountains of east and central Africa, Mount Kinabalu of Borneo, and the Central Highlands of New Guinea.
		A unique featureof many wet tropical montane regions is the presence of giant rosette plants from a variety of plant families, such as Lobelia (Afrotropic), Puya (Neotropic), Cyathea (New Guinea), and Argyroxiphium (Hawaii)
	www.therfcc.org /montane-grasslands-and-shrublands-133475.html (265 words)

	Bird Peru Birding Tours South America - Central Highway NATURETREK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The time difference between Peru and the UK will help us to be up and about bright and early this morning ready for a 4am or 5am departure to the Santa Eulalia valley.
		After some additional birding on the Paty trail we are ready to tackle the rather arduous road which scales the slopes up to the area known as Bosque Unchog.
		Andean Geese and Andean Lapwing are normally immediately obvious as we make our way slowly across the bog.
	www.kolibriexpeditions.com /birdingperukolibri/perutours/peru_tours.asp?idtourk=81 (2196 words)

	Neotropic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It has distinct fauna and flora the Nearctic because its long separation from the continent.
		This ecozone includes South and Central America Mexican lowlands the Caribbean islands and southern Florida because these regions share a large of plant and animal groups.
		since the central neotropics have many of the animals of the northern and the southern areas of the continent, many animals are only covered in shorthand style in this volume, as th...
	www.freeglossary.com /Neotropic (850 words)

	Explore Bolivia :: Adventure Travel Specializing in the Country of Bolivia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The village of Samaipata, at 1660 meters is situated in the dry eastern Andean foothills 120 kilometers southwest of Santa Cruz and is a great place to begin altitude acclimatization for trips further west.
		This large green macaw, highlighted with scarlet forehead and underwings, brilliant blue primaries and tail, and flaming orange epaulets, is not only one of the most spectacular of all macaws, it also ranks as one of the rarest birds in South America.
		On the road down the wet slopes to Coroico, there are four major zones to concentrate upon: puna grassland and bogs above treeline at 15,092 feet (good for Puna Snipe, Rufous-bellied Seedsnipe, and Peruvian Sierra-Finch); shrubby precipitous canyons; untouched stunted temperate forest with bamboo; and the subtropical "yungas" forests found further down slope.
	www.explorebolivia.com /birdwatching.htm (2833 words)

	WORLDTWITCH - Peru - Northern & Central Peru Trip Report by Simon Allen - July & August 2000
		After a very successful trip last year, I was delighted to have the opportunity to return to northern Peru in the summer of 2000, to lead the same tour for Kolibri Expeditions netaccessperu.net/kolibri, Gunnar Engblom’s Lima-based company, in addition to visiting a number of little-known areas in the centre of the country.
		We found a fairly wide range of the commoner Andean species which we had already seen during the trip, but particularly noteworthy was the excellent views we had of the endemic Black-necked Flicker.
		Andean Solitaire was one of the species we found in this more mossy forest that we had not previously discovered on the other side of the valley, but generally the birding was a little disappointing in comparison with the previous couple of days.
	www.worldtwitch.com /peru_2000.htm (16600 words)

	Royal Cinclodes
		Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Central Andean wet puna (NT1003):...species throughout the region include the endangered Ash-breasted tit-tyrant (Anairetes alpinus); the critically threatened royal cinclodes (Cinclodes aricomae...
		Tropical Birding tour report for Manu, Peru: Certainly the rarest was the Royal Cinclodes, which we found in the farthest patch of Polylepis woodland, sitting on a boulder and probing through moss with...
		Andean and Rainforest Expeditions - Peru, Rainforest, Ecotourism...
	www.specieslist.com /endangered/common_name/QR/Royal_Cinclodes.shtml (1810 words)

	Neotropic - Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		South Americans like the ancestors of the Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and the armadillo moved into North America, and North Americans like the ancestors of South America's camelids, including the llama (Lama glama), moved south.
		Accordingly, conservation in the Neotropic zone is a hot political concern, and many arguments about development versus aboriginal versus ecological rights to exist are raised about it.
		The only comparable issues in global ecology are climate change, loss of Central African Rainforests, Indonesian Rainforests, and ape extinction (closely related to the deforestation).
	www.book-spot.co.uk /index.php/Neotropic (548 words)

	SOUTH AMERICA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		His general LGM scenario of a central savanna corridor is followed here on the basis of my further consideration of the distribution of sites, but with greater forest cover to allow for the recent north-central Amazonian Rio Negro site which apparently remained forested through the LGM.
		In the central Peruvian Andes at 11 S, palynological evidence from Laguna Junin shows that the present Andean forests were poorly represented there and that sub-puna shrublands took their place, presumably due to cooler and drier conditions than at present (Villagran 1990, Markgraf 1993).
		In central Argentina the mean annual temperature may have been around 2.5-3°C lower, with the difference in winter (4°C) being greater than in summer (1°C), according to Iriondo and Garcia (1993).
	www.esd.ornl.gov /projects/qen/new_sa.html (10680 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Other major eco-regions include the country's central Andean and Wet Puna, the Sechura Desert, the Tumbes Mangroves, and others.
		During implementation, participation is ensured by the PAMCs in which communities, private sector, NGOs and local and central government will participate through their representatives in decision-making and conflict resolution.
		Communities will also play an active role and benefit from small-scale economic activities financed under the project and from activities derived from the execution of the master and resource management plans.
	www-wds.worldbank.org /servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2003/01/17/000094946_03010904014194/Rendered/INDEX/multi0page.txt (1221 words)

	[No title]
		El gato andino es una especie rara que es cazada intensamente por los pobladores de la puna, por su piel, que se usa en ceremonias tradicionales y para proteger a los animales domésticos de su predación.
		Hay registros recientes de gato andino en “Central Andean dry puna” y “Central Andean puna”.
		En cuanto a la “Southern Andean steppe”, existen registros históricos y debemos determinar si aún existe el gato andino en ese hábitat.
	www.felidae.org /LIBRARY/walker%20novaro%202001/walker%20novaro%202001%20prog%20rept%20esp.doc (1852 words)

	Abstracts for Presentations Given at the PEPI Workshop on the Paleoclimatology of the Central Andes
		Mark Binford, Late Holocene paleohydrology, lake level fluctuations, and Andean civilizations in the Lake Titicaca Basin (Binford et al., 1997).
		Lonnie Thompson (Ohio State U.), Climate records from ice cores in the Central Andes: Records of long and short term tropical teleconnections of temperature and precipitation.
		Martin H. Trauth, RA Alonso, B Bookhagen, KR Haselton, RL Hermanns, N Marwan and MR Strecker (University of Potsdam), Climate change and mass movements in the NW Argentine Andes (Trauth and Strecker 1999; Hermanns et al.
	wwwpaztcn.wr.usgs.gov /pcaw/abstracts.html (1144 words)

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