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Topic: Central Semitic

	Semitic Languages - MSN Encarta
		Semitic Languages, one of the seven subfamilies or branches of the Afro-Asiatic or Hamito-Semitic language family.
		Of the Semitic languages, Arabic was carried beyond its original home in the Arab Peninsula throughout the Arab Empire and is spoken across North Africa to the Atlantic coast, and Arabic and Hebrew are used by Muslims and Jews in other parts of the world.
		The other Semitic languages are centred in a region bounded on the west by Ethiopia and on the north by Syria and extending south-east through Iraq and the Arab Peninsula, with some “islands” of Semitic speech farther east in Iran.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569639/Semitic_Languages.html (682 words)

	Semitic Languages - ninemsn Encarta
		The South group (of the Central sub-group) includes the ancient and modern Hebrew language in the Canaanite subset, and, in the Arabic subset of this group, all the Arabic languages including literary or Standard Arabic and the modern spoken Arabic languages.
		In Semitic languages, related consonants typically fall into three subtypes: voiced, unvoiced, and emphatic; an example is the series transliterated g, k, and q from Arabic and Hebrew (the q is pronounced farther back in the throat than k).
		North Semitic, the early Semitic script, was an alphabetic script; one of its earliest examples is inscribed on the Moabite stone (9th century bc, discovered in 1868 and now in the Louvre, Paris).
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569639/Semitic_Languages.html (682 words)

	Proto-Semitic Language and Culture. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000
		The Appendix of Semitic Roots (Appendix II) that follows this essay is designed to allow the reader to trace English words derived from Semitic languages back to their fundamental components in Proto-Semitic, the parent language of all ancient and modern Semitic languages.
		Central Semitic is further subdivided into the South Arabian inscriptional languages; classical, medieval, and modern forms of Arabic; and the Northwest Semitic languages, which include Hebrew and Aramaic.
		A distinctive characteristic of the Semitic languages is the formation of words by the combination of a “root” of consonants in a fixed order, usually three, and a “pattern” of vowels and, sometimes, affixes before and after the root.
	www.bartleby.com /61/10.html (3655 words)

	Semitic Languages Branch of the Afro-Asiatic Language Family
		Semitic languages constitute the most populous branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, the only branch of this family spoken in the Middle East.
		The term "Semitic" is thought to have come from Shem, one of the three sons of Noah (Gen. x:21-30), who is regarded in biblical literature as the ancestor of the Semites.
		Akkadian is an extinct Semitic language that was spoken in Mesopotamia from the 3rd to the 1st millennium BC.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/august/SemiticLanguages.html (1214 words)

	Semitic_languages LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Semitic languages were among the earliest to attain a written form, with Akkadian writing beginning in the middle of the third millennium BC.
		The Semitic family is a member of the larger Afro-Asiatic family, all the other five or more branches of which are based in Africa.
		All Semitic languages exhibit a unique pattern of stems consisting of "triliteral" or consonantal roots (normally consisting of three consonants), from which nouns, adjectives, and verbs are formed by inserting vowels with, potentially, prefixes, suffixes, or infixes.
	www.school-explorer.com /info/Semitic_languages (2396 words)

	Central Semitic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Central Semitic languages are an intermediate group of Semitic languages, of which the most prominent members are Arabic, Hebrew and Aramaic.
		The disagreement is usually on the relationship of Arabic (and Old North Arabian dialects) with the Northwest Semitic languages, and the other West Semitic languages.
		The main distinction between Arabic and the Northwest Semitic languages is the presence of broken plurals in the former.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Central_Semitic_languages (165 words)

	(13) The origin of alphabets and the languages of the world.
		They believe that Semites and Greeks are the main people who originated and developed the alphabetic system of writing which is used by most of the languages of the world.
		Their graphic-signs were based on the idea of representing a single specific sound used to indicate the commonly known objects and things; and they were kept in a series of 22 signs.
		The oldest inscriptions ran right to left as in other Semitic writings; later on in a ploughing style they ran alternatively right to left and left to right; and finally around 500 BC they ran from left to right.
	www.encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org /articles/13_the_origin_of.htm (2257 words)

	Dawn of World Redemption-Part II Chap.6
		But these all were Semites or Hamites, and already nearly two thousand years had passed since Noah had uttered his prophecies (about 2350 B.C.), and yet his predictions as to the peoples were still not completely fulfilled.
		Semitic Babylon fell (538 B.C.), Belshazzar, the son and representative of Nabonidus, was slain, and the Japhethites became the lords of the Orient.
		Thus they must have passed through the central Semitic language area, and, on the way, in the course of time, evidently must have acquired the Semitic speech.
	www.worldinvisible.com /library/sauer/dawnredm/dwriich6.htm (1799 words)

	Arabic Language - MSN Encarta
		With the rise of Islam as a dominant religion after ad 622, Arabic became the most widespread of the living Semitic languages, and today the various Arabic varieties are spoken by some 206 million as a mother tongue, and 246 million as a second language.
		Classified as South Central Semitic, Arabic is related to Hebrew, spoken in Israel, and Amharic, spoken in Ethiopia, as well as to the ancient Semitic languages.
		The earliest written inscriptions in Arabic are found in the Arabian Peninsula and date from the early 4th century ad, but the language is thought to have been in use as early as the 5th century bc.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761576546 (974 words)

	The Classification Of The Semitic Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		According to the latest linguistic thinking, the Semitic languages are but one of six or seven subgroups of the Afro-Asiatic languages, which embrace scores of languages spoken in Southwest Asia and North Africa.
		Originally, the Semitic languages were thought to constitute two separate groups--Semitic and Hamitic, but this division may have been motivated by racial, as well as linguistic considerations, so today, the designation "Hamitic" has been dropped, perhaps disingenuously, and all the languages in the both groups are now called Semitic.
		The Central Semitic Languages are the Canaanite languages, and Aramaic, Ugaritic, Amorite, and Arabic.
	www.useless-knowledge.com /1234/may/article038.html (569 words)

	Semitic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Semitic languages originally had three grammatical numbers: singular, dual, and plural.
		Proto-West Semitic maintained two main verb aspects: perfect for completed action (with pronominal suffixes) and imperfect for uncompleted action (with pronominal prefixes and suffixes).
		Some such roots are found throughout most Semitic languages, while others are more restricted in their distribution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Semitic_languages (2428 words)

	Hebrew Information Center - hebrew alphabet
		Hebrew is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by 6 million people mainly in Israel, parts of the Palestinian territories, the United States and by Jewish communities around the world.
		By the end of the 3rd millennium BCE the ancestral languages ancient hebrew culture of Aramaic, Ugaritic, and other various Canaanite languages were spoken in the Levant alongside the influential dialects of Ebla and Akkad.
		The Gezer calendar (named after the city in whose proximity it was found) is written in an old Semitic script, akin to the Phoenician one that through the Greeks and Etruscans later became the Roman script.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_H_-_L/Hebrew.html (3773 words)

	Wikinfo \| Semitic languages
		Semitic languages are a subfamily of the Afro-Asiatic languages.
		The most common Semitic languages spoken today are Arabic, Amharic, Hebrew, and Tigrinya.
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Semitic_languages (161 words)

	English Semitic languages (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Semitic languages are a family of languages spoken by more than 200 million people across much of the Middle East and North and East Africa.
		Modern Ethiopian Semitic languages are SOV, possessor — possessed, and adjective — noun, probably due to Cushitic influence; however, the oldest attested Ethiopian Semitic language, Geez, was VSO, possessed — possessor, and noun — adjective
		All Semitic languages exhibit a unique pattern of stems consisting of "triliteral" or consonantal roots (normally consisting of three consonants), from which nouns, adjectives, and verbs are formed by inserting vowels with, potentially, prefixes, suffixes, or infixes (consonants inserted within the original root).
	articles.gourt.com.cob-web.org:8888 /?article=Semitic%20languages (2250 words)

	Semitic languages
		Semitic languages are characterized by roots of 3 consonants, from which a large body of verbs and nouns can be derived.
		Semitic writings are divided into 3 groups: The cuneiform signs of Assyria and Babylonia, and secondly the alphabet of the North Semitic.
		Akkadian which was spoken in Assyria and Babylonia, and is the oldest Semitic language.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/semit_l.htm (164 words)

	Hebrew_language information. LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In Israel, it is the de facto language of the state and the people, as well as being one of the two official languages (together with Arabic), and is spoken by a majority of the population.
		Hebrew is a Semitic language, and as such a member of the larger Afro-Asiatic phylum.
		The Canaanite languages are a group within Northwest Semitic, emerging in the 2nd millennium BC in the Levant, gradually separating from Aramaic and Ugaritic.
	www.school-explorer.com /Hebrew (6542 words)

	Exerts From "Amharic Verb Morphology: A Generative Approach"
		A lingua franca based on "Cushomotic" syntax (i.e., verb-final) and Semitic lexicon was being used for communication in the ranks and among many of the Agew peasants of Amhara.
		In short, a complicated diglossic situation had been created, with the ruling elite speaking a slowly changing Semitic tongue out of old Aksum, the military ranks using a creole based on Semitic (plus use of their own native tongues) and the peasantry using the creole and also Agew.
		The origin of the Gurage communities is an unsettled issue: there is good reason to believe that they are the outgrowth of ancient military colonies from the north, though some reject this (Hudson 1977).
	www.abyssiniacybergateway.net /info/bender.html (1976 words)

	Guide to Appendix II. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000
		The layout of Appendix II follows essentially that of Appendix I. An entry is headed by a reconstructed Semitic root in boldface followed by its meaning.
		If both uncompounded and compounded words or phrases occur, the uncompounded words are given first and separated from the compounds by a semicolon.
		Common Semitic noun bn-, son, and feminine derivative bint-, daughter.
	www.bartleby.com /61/11.html (679 words)

	Report on the Temple Tablet by Rochelle I. Altman
		Mainland Greek and Seleucid documents retain the portrait orientation of the North-West Semitic tradition; Ptolemaic documents are rotated 90 degrees, thus, landscape.
		The use of a landscape orientation on a document claimed to be the words of an Israelite or Judean king is evidence of forgery.
		Size is dependent upon the social status of the originator, the characteristics of a local pattern, and the content of a document.
	www.bibleinterp.com /articles/report_temple_tablet.htm (8781 words)

	Arabic Information Center - arabic
		arabī) is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central arabic movies Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic.
		However, the old Maghrebi variant has been abandoned except for calligraphic purposes in the Maghreb live arabic tv channel itself, and remains arabic culture arabic language in use mainly in the Quranic schools (zaouias) of West Africa.
		Arabic, like other Semitic arabic numerals languages, is written from right to left.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_A_-_C/Arabic.html (2282 words)

	PACC
		Western Iran: Central and Southern Lorestan, Northern Khuzestan, Southern Hamadan Province, the southern edge of Markazi Province, some regions of Ilam, and possibly a small population in eastern Iraq.
		Esfahan Province: Nayin and Anarak, 100 km east of Esfahan; Khuri is spoken in Khur (Khvor) and Mehrjan, 250 km northeast of Esfahan.
		Northern Talyshi is centered around Astara and the Caspian littoral in Azerbaijan; Central Talyshi is centered in the Asalem-Hashtpar area along the Caspian littoral in Gilan Province; Southern Talyshi is centered around Shandermen, Masal, Masuleh, and surrounding mountainous areas in Gilan Province.
	ctr.usf.edu /pacc/Iran/Culture/Language.html (1839 words)

	Ethnologue: Iraq
		Central Najdi is spoken by bedouin in the western desert, North Najdi by bedouin in the south between the rivers up to the Syrian border.
		Subdialects of the Urmian group: Urmi, Sipurghan, Solduz; of the Northern Group: Salamas, Van, Jilu, Gavar, Qudshanis, Upper Barwari, Dez, Baz; of the Central Group: Mar Bishu, Nochiya (Shamezdin), Tergawar, Anhar; of the Western Group: Upper Tiari, Lower Tiari, Tkhuma, Lower Barwari, Tal, Lewin.
		Originally in central western and northern Iraqi Kurdistan and some in bordering Turkey.
	www.christusrex.org /www3/ethno/Iraq.html (1038 words)

	Web resources for Semitic (African) languages
		There are some 20 Semitic languages in Africa, including at least 5 different varieties of spoken Arabic.
		Central Semitic -- including 5-10 varieties of spoken Arabic, distributed across northern Africa, as well as the extinct Punic/Phoenecian language, at one point spoken in North Africa
		The Semitic languages of Ethiopia and their classification.
	goto.glocalnet.net /maho/webresources/semitic.html (510 words)

	Ithiopia Series-Amharic, the language of Ethiopia
		From the Central is the Arabo-Canaanite and the Aramaic (Language of Yahshua) From the Ethio-semitic North came Ge'ez and the Tigre Tigrinya.
		Based on "Cushomotic" syntax (i.e., verb-final) a Semitic lexicon was being used for communication in the ranks and among many of the Agew commoners of Amhara.
		In short, a complicated diglossic situation had been created, with the ruling elite speaking a slowly changing Semitic tongue out of old Aksum, the military ranks using a creole based on Semitic (plus use of their own native tongues) and the poorer using the creole and also Agew.
	alumbo.com /article/14552-Ithiopia-Series-Amharic-the-language-of-Et... (1374 words)

	Ethnologue report for Iraq
		Subdialects of the Urmian group: Urmi, Sipurghan, Solduz; of the Northern Group: Salamas, Van, Jilu, Gavar, Qudshanis, Upper Barwari, Dez, Baz; of the Central Group: Mar Bishu, Nochiya (Shamezdin), Tergawar, Anhar; of the Western Group: Tkhuma, Lower Barwari, Tal, Lewin.
		All dialects of Western, Northern, and Central Assyrian are spoken in Syria.
		Speech varieties, such as Surchi, sharing elements of both Northern and Central Kurdish, are spoken near the Great Zab River.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=IQ (853 words)

	Anthropology (Languages) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Assyrian separated denominationally from the Chaldean in the 16th century.
		East and west Azerbaijan, Zanjan, and part of central provinces.
		Northern Talyshi is centered around Astara and the Caspian littoral in Azerbaijan; Central Talyshi is centered around the Asalem-Hashtpar area along the Caspian littoral in northwestern Iran; Southern Talyshi is centered around Shandermen, Masal, Masule, and surrounding mountainous areas in Gilan Province.
	www.farhangsara.com /language.htm (1800 words)

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