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	History of Europe
		The empire brought peace, civilization and an efficient centralized government to the subject territories, but in the 3rd century a series of civil wars undermined its economic and social strength.
		What became the split between Catholicism and Protestantism was particularly pronounced in England (where the king Henry VIII severed ties with Rome and proclaimed himself head of the church), and in Germany (where the Reformation united the various Protestant princes against the Catholic Hapsburg emperors).
		Despite the defeat of Russia in 1917 (the war was one of the major causes of the Russian Revolution, leading to the formation of the communist Soviet Union), the Entente finally prevailed in the autumn of 1918.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/h/hi/history_of_europe.html (2896 words)

	Learn more about History of Europe in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Roman Empire had its centre in the Mediterranean Sea, controlling all the countries on its shores; the northern border was marked by the Rhine and Danube rivers; under emperor Trajan (2nd century A.D.) the empire reached its maximum expansion, including Britain, Romania and parts of Mesopotamia.
		The empire brought peace, civilization and an efficient centralized government to the subject territories, but in the 3rd century A.D. a series of civil wars undermined its economic and social strength.
		On one side were Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey (the Central Powers), while on the other side stood Serbia and the Triple Entente - the loose coalition of France, Britain and Russia, which were joined by Italy in 1915 and by the United States in 1917.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /h/hi/history_of_europe.html (2378 words)

	Cecil Textbook of Medicine : />
		Tolerance is antigen specific; its induction requires the recognition of antigen by lymphocytes in a defined setting.
		Not all self-reactive T cells are centrally purged from the repertoire; certain antigens are not encountered at sufficient densities in the thymus.
		Tolerance mechanisms of anergy or clonal ignorance also can fail if foreign antigen is sufficiently different from self-antigen to initiate an immune response, but it is sufficiently similar for activated T cells to elicit T-cell and B-cell effector functions (molecular mimicry).
	www.merckmedicus.com /ppdocs/us/common/cecils/chapters/041_025.htm (909 words)

	Surgery Synopsis - Volume 12, Issue 2 - UW Department of Surgery
		Research in the field of transplantation currently centers on “tolerance,” that state in which the transplanted organ is accepted without compromise to the overall immune system.
		There are two types of tolerance: “central” and “peripheral.” Central tolerance occurs when immature lymphocytes encounter antigens and are deleted.
		In addition, tolerance itself is multi-faceted: induction of tolerance and maintenance of tolerance are probably two different processes, and each can be initiated through various means.
	depts.washington.edu /surgery/synopsis/archive/vol12issue2/p4.html (642 words)

	Induction of Central Tolerance by Mature T Cells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Induction of immunological tolerance is highly desirable for the treatment and prevention of autoimmunity, allergy, and organ transplant rejection.
		Adoptive transfer of MHC class I disparate mature T cells at the time of reconstitution of mice with syngeneic bone marrow resulted in specific tolerance to allogeneic skin grafts that were matched to the T cell donor strain.
		Thus, mature allogeneic T cells are able to mediate central deletion of alloreactive cells and induce transplantation tolerance without the requirement for any other alloantigen-expressing cell type.
	www.immunetolerance.org /news/articles/pub_alerts/article_828.html (153 words)

	CD25+ Immunoregulatory CD4 T Cells Mediate Acquired Central Transplantation Tolerance -- Trani et al. 170 (1): 279 -- ...
		Induction of tolerance by intrathymic inoculation of alloantigen.
		Induction of transplantation tolerance to rat cardiac allografts by intrathymic inoculation of allogeneic soluble peptides.
		Induction of donor-specific tolerance to rat islet allografts by intrathymic inoculation of solubilized spleen cell membrane antigens.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/170/1/279 (5562 words)

	Inaugural Article: Avoiding horror autotoxicus: The importance of dendritic cells in peripheral T cell tolerance -- ...
		In the thymus (central tolerance) and in other parts of the body (peripheral tolerance), self-reactive T cells can either be eliminated (deleted) or regulated (suppressed) by other T cells.
		So-called central tolerance is the best-known pathway to silencing self-reactive lymphocytes.
		The tolerized T cells can either be self-reactive lymphocytes that have escaped central tolerance or T cells reactive to innocuous proteins in the environment.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/1/351 (6272 words)

	European history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Roman Empire had its centre in the Mediterranean Sea, controlling all the countries on its shores; the northern border was marked by the Rhine and Danube rivers; under emperor Trajan (2nd century A.D.) the empirereached its maximum expansion, including Britain, Romania and parts of Mesopotamia.
		The empire broughtpeace, civilization and an efficient centralized government to the subject territories, but in the 3rd century A.D. a series of civil wars undermined itseconomic and social strength.
		The map of Europe was redrawn at the Yalta Conference and divided as it became the principal zone of contentionin the Cold War between the two newly emergent world powers, the capitalistic United States and the communist Soviet Union.
	www.therfcc.org /european-history-173.html (2871 words)

	CD4 T Cell Tolerance to Human C-reactive Protein, an Inducible Serum Protein, Is Mediated by Medullary Thymic ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Central Tolerance Is Due to Ectopic Expression of hCRP in the Thymus.
		with the prenatal onset of tolerance induction, hCRP mRNA was
		Tolerance induction in the absence of a thymic antigen
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/188/1/5 (7272 words)

	Abstract
		Treg, in general, ultimately require to be maturated in thymus, leading to a concept of central tolerance.
		However, UV-induced tolerance was not observed in athymic mice, suggesting requirement of thymus in this process.
		Collectively, the present study demonstrates the involvement of thymus in UV-induced tolerance and thereby suggests that UV-induced tolerance is acquired central (thymic) tolerance.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /esdr2004/abstract.asp?id=18695 (238 words)

	Initiation of Autoimmunity by a Reactive Metabolite of a Lupus-Inducing Drug in the Thymus
		T cells are generated in the thymus and are normally tolerant to self because differentiation and development of T cells in the thymus is linked with a process that prevents autoreactivity--central T-cell tolerance.
		The possibility that failure of central T-cell tolerance might initiate drug-induced lupus has been generally ignored because it is widely assumed that the bulk of the T-cell repertoire is created before birth or soon thereafter.
		Therefore, the machinery for preserving T-cell tolerance by this central immune organ must be maintained throughout life, and interference with this process by drugs could result in autoimmunity.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/1999/suppl-5/803-806rubin/rubin-full.html (3492 words)

	Immune evasion and immunotolerance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		peripheral tolerance : every time we make an immune respnse, the likelihood is that we are activating T cells that have the potential to crossreact with one of our numerous self-proteins.
		Tolerance to tissue-specific antigens might be maintained less stringently than tolerance to more ubiquitous self-antigens.
		T cells determines whether tolerance or immunity develops to an antigen expressed in the liver.
	focosi.altervista.org /immunotolerance.html (2584 words)

	TSRI - News and Publications
		Mature T cells respond vigorously to foreign antigens but, through central tolerance (negative selection), are largely devoid of cells with overt autoreactivity.
		Impaired central tolerance in NOD mice is most prominent in a population of semimature thymocytes found in the medulla of the thymus.
		For Fas-dependent apoptosis, defective tolerance of NOD thymocytes correlated with strong T-cell receptor-mediated upregulation of cFLIP, an inhibitor of Fas-mediated apoptosis.
	www.scripps.edu /news/sr/sr2002/imm34.html (690 words)

	TSRI - News and Publications
		Tolerance to tissue-specific antigens expressed in the brain, muscle, and so forth is thought to be controlled largely by peripheral tolerance mechanisms, although minor expression of tissue-specific antigens in the thymus may induce some degree of central tolerance (negative selection) to these antigens.
		Onset of disease in NOD mice is usually attributed to defects in peripheral tolerance mechanisms.
		Kishimoto, H., Sprent, J. A defect in central tolerance in NOD mice.
	www.scripps.edu /news/sr/sr2001/imm34.html (785 words)

	European history Article, Europeanhistory Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Neolithic reached Central Europe in the 6th millennium BC and parts of Northern Europe in the 5th and 4th millennium BC.
		The Roman Empire had its centre in the Mediterranean Sea, controlling all the countries on its shores; thenorthern border was marked by the Rhine and Danube rivers; under emperor Trajan (2nd century AD) the empire reached its maximum expansion, including Britain, Romania and parts of Mesopotamia.
		The empire brought peace, civilization and an efficient centralized government to the subjectterritories, but in the 3rd century a series of civil wars undermined its economic and social strength.
	www.anoca.org /europe/century/european_history.html (3289 words)

	Immunological Tolerance
		Immunological tolerance is the failure to mount an immune response to an antigen.
		Immunological tolerance is not simply a failure to recognize an antigen; it is an active response to a particular epitope and is just as specific as an immune response.
		Nevertheless, B cells become tolerized to self components and, like T cells, this occurs both in the bone marrow (central tolerance) and elsewhere in the body (peripheral tolerance).
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Tolerance.html (1713 words)

	Drug Tolerance Responds To Learned Cues
		Drug tolerance makes people need more and more drug to get the same effect, whether pain relief or a "high." Its newly discovered psychological aspect -- in which a drug-predictive cue primes the body to react "as if" the drug effect is imminent -- might be used to treat addiction more effectively.
		In short, if drug tolerance can be learned, there is a chance it can be unlearned, reducing or eliminating the tolerance-related cravings and other withdrawal symptoms that can lead addicts to relapse.
		Researchers had already shown that the drug tolerance of rats getting morphine infusions depended on the presence of environmental cues (sights or sounds paired with drugs).
	www.apa.org /releases/drug_tolerance.html (1107 words)

	CBF2/DREB1C is a negative regulator of CBF1/DREB1B and CBF3/DREB1A expression and plays a central role in stress ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Freezing tolerance was estimated as the percentage of plants surviving each specific temperature after 7 days of recovery under unstressed conditions.
		Tolerance was estimated as the percentage of initial FW that remains after transferring plants to a dry filter paper and allowing them to develop for 2 days without watering.
		Tolerance was estimated by determining the root elongation and FW of plants transferred to a medium containing 100 mM NaCl for 7 days.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/11/3985 (4139 words)

	Race Matters - Bradley: Racial tolerance 'central' to America's future (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Bradley: Racial tolerance 'central' to America's future - April 20, :
		Bradley: Racial tolerance 'central' to America's future - April 20,
		...Bradley: Racial tolerance 'central' to America's future April 20, 1999...
	www.racematters.org /res116.htm (70 words)

	Rusmir Mahmutcehajic, Bosnia the Giid: Tolerance and Tradition, Central European University Press, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Thus the author analyzes with commendable clarity the central place of the Quran as the word of God on the one hand, and the extreme importance of its not only legal and linguistic but also metaphysical and philosophical interpretation for the future of Islamic civilization on the other.
		The rest of the essays is devoted to the further exposition of these two main themes that the author endeavors to analyze within the context of traditional Islamic thought and contemporary Islamic world with special reference to Bosnia -- a touch of balance Karic gracefully maintains throughout his intellectual discourse.
		Once this is done, religious identity is easily subjugated to the categories of ethnicity, and the entire ground for a veritable religious dialogue and harmony is destroyed once and for all.
	www.holycross.edu /departments/religiousstudies/ikalin/Reviews/In-the-Land.htm (3483 words)

	Hematopoietic chimerism and central tolerance created by peripheral-tolerance induction without myeloablative ...
		of central tolerance in the absence of GVHD.
		Rossini, A.A., Greiner, D.L., and Mordes, J.P. Induction of immunological tolerance for transplantation.
		Prolonged islet graft survival in NOD mice by blockade of the CD40-CD154 pathway of T-cell costimulation.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/112/5/795 (7709 words)

	Tolerating the Nervous System: A Delicate Balance -- Huseby and Goverman 191 (5): 757 -- The Journal of Experimental ...
		central and peripheral mechanisms of tolerance are incomplete
		The differential tolerance to MBP epitopes in B10.PL mice correlates
		Autoreactive T cells that are not eliminated or rendered unresponsive by tolerance mechanisms normally remain quiescent in the periphery.
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/191/5/757 (2928 words)

	Science, medicine, and the future: Tolerance and autoimmunity -- Mackay 321 (7253): 93 -- BMJ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Figure 1 illustrates how tolerance is established and maintained and how it fails with ensuing autoimmunity.
		Generation of immune repertoires in central lymphoid organs, thymus, and bone marrow is accompanied by deletion of self reactive lymphocytes by apoptosis.
		Tolerance fails because of the interaction of a wrong environment with the wrong genes, resulting in autoimmune disease.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/321/7253/93 (2456 words)

	spiked-central \| Letter \| Intolerant tolerance
		The trouble is that these days, those who claim to be defenders of tolerance and freedom are usually the ones who are trying to suppress and curb our freedoms (The age of intolerant tolerance, 19 August).
		After all, the Americans gave us the very model for intolerant toleration, via their building of the land of the free upon a very narrow and unforgiving form of Christianity.
		Mick Hume's article is excellent (The age of intolerant tolerance, 19 August).
	www.spiked-online.co.uk /Printable/0000000CAD16.htm (994 words)

	Induction of Central Tolerance by Intrathymic Inoculation of Adenoviral Antigens into the Host Thymus Permits Long-term ...
		central tolerance to the antigens present in the recombinant adenovirus
		Two tolerized rats from each of groups A and D were injected with wild type adenovirus type 2, on days 133 and 149 after the
		James (1995) Induction of peripheral tolerance by intrathymic inoculation of soluble alloantigens: Evidence for the role of host antigen presenting cells and suppressor cell mechanism.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/98/11/2640 (5338 words)

	History of Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Etruscans inhabited central Italy and Lombardy, where they were displaced by the Celts, who mingled with earlier residents of Iberia to produce a unique Celtiberian culture.
		Thus, the attack on the Soviet Union which had partitioned central Europe together with Germany in 1939-1940, was not pressed with sufficient strength.
		As of 2005, the European Union is in the process of ratifying a new constitution, inducting additional member states (most of them in central Europe) and to consolidate various treaties.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/H/History-of-Europe.htm (4765 words)

	Central Rubber, Color molded rubber....in close-tolerance
		Not only is Central Rubber a "color house", it's a high technology colorhouse, which is even more of a rarity in the rubber industry.
		As an example of what we can do, a major data processing equipment manufacturer recently was looking for a production source for a thin, flexible rubber "bumper" for the controls of their high-speed printing machine.
		The bumper had to be composed of two 14-inch long strips of different rubber compounds, one fl and the other red, molded together within +.002", -.001" uniform tolerance along it's entire length.
	www.jemerson.com /central/tolerance.html (324 words)

	City of Hope Graduate School of Biological Sciences
		T-cell immune tolerance is defined as unresponsiveness to antigen that is induced by prior exposure to that antigen.
		Tolerization of the developing thymocytes in the thymus is referred to as central tolerance, and tolerization of mature T-cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues is called peripheral tolerance.
		We are also applying this novel regimen to the treatment of type 1 diabetes, induction of islet cell transplantation tolerance, and separation of graft versus leukemia from graft versus host disease.
	www.cityofhope.org /Gradschool/faculty/dzeng.asp (729 words)

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