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	Vacuole - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vacuoles and their contents are considered to be distinct from the cytoplasm, and are classified as ergastic according to some authors (Esau, 1965).
		Aside from storage, the main role of the central vacuole is to maintain turgor pressure against the cell wall.
		Another function of a central vacuole is that it pushes all contents of the cell's cytoplasm against the cellular membrane, and thus keeps the chloroplasts closer to light.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Central_vacuole (747 words)

	Vacuole
		Vacuoles are large membrane-bound compartments within some eukaryotic cells and can serve different purposes, such as capturing food materials or unwanted structural debris surrounding the cell, sequestering materials that might be toxic to cells, maintaining fluid balance within the cell, exporting unwanted substances from the cell, and even determining relative cell size.
		Some protists and macrophages use food vacuoles in phagocytosis, which is the intake of large molecules, or even other cells, by the cell for digestion.
		A contractile vacuole is used to pump excess water out of the cell to reduce osmotic pressure and keep the cell from bursting apart.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/va/Vacuole.html (195 words)

	Vacuole
		As an organelle of the cell, the vacuole is where food materials are captured and stored and where unwanted and sometimes toxic substances can be sequestered for decomposition and removal.
		The primary functions that vacuoles perform are maintaining fluid balance (or internal hydrostatic pressure), acting as cellular pumps; exporting unwanted substances; maintaining an acidic internal pH for the cell; and determining relative cell size and even shape, as they can help the cell elongate rapidly.
		The size and number of these vacuoles may change according to type of plant, life stage, and even season; that's partly because the central vacuole also performs the function of maintaining cell pressure through water storage.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Vacuole (305 words)

	15cell9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This simple space-filling function of the vacuole is of great importance to plants, which capture energy from the sun rather than move to capture food.
		NB The large vacuole in such cells means that mature plant cells have a large ratio of surface to cytoplasmic volume.
		Vacuoles can store many types of molecules, in particular essential substances that are potentially harmful if present in bulk in the cytoplasm.
	io.uwinnipeg.ca /~simmons/15cell9.htm (478 words)

	Cell Organelles: Vacuole
		Vacuoles tend to be large in plant cells and play a role in turgor pressure.
		When a plant is well-watered, water collects in cell vacuoles producing rigidity in the plant.
		Without sufficient water, pressure in the vacuole is reduced and the plant wilts.
	www.cellsalive.com /cells/vacuole.htm (72 words)

	Vacuoles
		A vacuole is membrane bound sac found in plant and animal cells that is used for storage.
		The vacuole is where the water collects in the plant cells, as the water in the vacuole increases so does the pressure in the cell.
		A vacuole is very important to its cell as it has many important functions, each varied and necessary for the survival of a cell.
	sun.menloschool.org /~cweaver/cells/c/vacuole (345 words)

	Vacuole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that are enclosed by a single membrane.
		One type of vacuole is the food vacuole, which is a temporary vacuole containing food that is obtained through phagocytosis ("cell eating").
		Contractile vacuoles, which are found in most freshwater protists, control the amount of water in the plant cell by a repeated process.
	sun.menloschool.org /~birchler/cells/plants/vacuole (270 words)

	The Plant Cell Vacuole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The central vacuole is usually the largest compartment in a plant cell, comprising 80% or more of a mature cell.
		The cytoplasm is generally confined to a narrow zone between the vacuole and the plasma membrane.
		The membrane enclosing the the vacuole, the tonoplast, separates the cytosol from the solution inside the vacuole, which is called cell sap.
	www.heathwood.org /science/apb07jhm/tsld049.htm (89 words)

	Rha1, an Arabidopsis Rab5 Homolog, Plays a Critical Role in the Vacuolar Trafficking of Soluble Cargo Proteins -- Sohn ...
		of soluble cargoes from the prevacuolar compartment to the central
		inhibits vacuolar trafficking of Spo:GFP to the central vacuole.
		Spo:GFP Accumulates at the PVC or at the Tonoplast of the Central Vacuole in the Presence of Rha1[S24N]
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/15/5/1057 (7614 words)

	American Journal of Botany, 13, 6, June, 1926 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The ground substance or stroma of the chloroplast is in the form of a hollow, flattened, prolate spheroid surrounding a large central "vacuole." The granular appearance of this stroma is due to numerous pores which connect the central vacuole with the cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast.
		This grain has merely bulged out from the central Vacuole and is in contact with the everted inner surface of the hollow stroma, not with the external surface.
		The frequently observed swelling of chloroplasts when extruded into water is believed to be due to the imbibition of water by the contents of the central vacuole which remains separated from the outer water by a surface film.
	www.botany.org /ajb/00029122_di001243.html (1466 words)

	Historical origin of wrong concept of cells as watery solutions
		Of all the unusual features mature plant cells have, its possession of a gigantic central cavity or vacuole is the most striking--- occupying often close to the entire volume of the cell.
		This central vacuole is filled with a liquid hard to distinguish from ordinary water.
		Surrounding this central vacuole is a thin layer of gelatinous material later known as protoplasm.
	www.gilbertling.org /lp6.htm (887 words)

	zoospores and saponins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		There is also a conspicuous water-expulsion vacuole (WEV), consisting of a large central vacuole and smaller surrounding vacuoles (one marked by 's').
		At regular intervals (7-10 sec) the central vacuole expels its contents and disappears; then the surrounding vacuoles coalesce to produce a new central vacuole.
		The water-expulsion vacuole has an irregular, convoluted appearance, because the surrounding vacuoles have fused with the central vacuole.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/saponins.htm (1085 words)

	Answer 14.4 b (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The large central vacuole is thought to be formed by several smaller vacuoles fusing together.
		The exception to this is the fusiform cells of the vascular cambium which give rise to the elongated phloem and xylem cells.
		These fusiform cells are initially elongated and part of the elongated structure is to have an elongated central vacuole.
	www.mta.ca /~rthompso/Hopkins2/Chapt14H/answ14,4b.html (135 words)

	Plant Vacuoles -- Marty 11 (4): 587 -- THE PLANT CELL
		PSVs and secondary vacuoles are lytic organelles with acidic
		Distribution of mitotic provacuole clusters in vacuolating cells from the root meristem of horseradish.
		and glutathionated compounds from the cytoplasm to the vacuole.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/11/4/587 (6294 words)

	Cell Biology/Organelles - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks
		Vacuoles store water or cell wastes, they are basically little packages.
		The central vacuole (found only in plant cells) is filled with water and is bloated, pushing all the other organelles to the cell wall.
		In white blood cells, these are used to kill the bacteria or virus, while in tadpole-tail cells they burst, destroying the cell, and separating the tail from the tadpole.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Cell_biology:Organelles (534 words)

	Elodea
		Also, the central vacuole cannot be clearly distinguished from the cell cytoplasm.
		If you were to surround this group of plant cells with salt water then the water inside the plant would move from where there is more water (less salt) through the cell wall and membrane to the outside where there is less water (more salt).
		It is possible to roughly calculate the size of the vacuole by measuring the area of the space between the cell membrane and the cell wall.
	science.exeter.edu /jekstrom/WEB/CELLS/Elodea/Elodea.html (758 words)

	Regeneration of a Lytic Central Vacuole and of Neutral Peripheral Vacuoles Can Be Visualized by Green Fluorescent ...
		Bottom, The new peripheral neutral vacuoles fuse with a neutral CV, whereas the LVs remain peripheral.
		to a central LV (in 15%-20% of the protoplasts;
		Beevers L, Raikhel NV (1998) Transport to the vacuole: receptors and trans elements.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/126/1/78 (4961 words)

	Cell Biology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Filled tight with water, the vacuole pushes the cytoplasm into a thin strip adjacent to the membrane and pushes outwards like a water filled balloon.
		When a plant has been without water for a long time, the central vacuoles lose water, the cells lose shape, and the whole leaf wilts.
		Poisonous materials, that would harm the cytoplasm, are excreted into the vacuole, and these reservoirs of poisons also make the plant unattractive to herbivorous animals.
	www.brooklyn.cuny.edu /bc/ahp/CellBio/Depts/CB_vacuole.html (284 words)

	vacuole
		It may be a reservoir for fluids that the cell will secrete to the outside, or may be filled with excretory products or essential nutrients that the cell needs to store.
		Plant cells usually have a large central vacuole containing call sap (sugar and salts in solution) which serves both as a store of food and as a key factor in storing water and in maintaining turgor.
		Animal cells may only have small vacuoles, which are usually called vesicles.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0015140.html (302 words)

	Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function - Study Guide
		The central vacuole is used for additional storage in the plant cell – since plants can’t move to get food and water or get rid of wastes, they need a storage tank inside each cell.
		The biggest clues are the central vacuole and the chloroplast structures in the plant cell.
		These extra organelles include the central vacuole (for water, nutrient and waste storage), the cell wall and the chloroplast.
	www.bio101.net /notes/Chapter_4_notes.htm (1865 words)

	Plant Cell Characteristics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Plant cells have a cell wall and a large central vacuole.
		In the mature plant, the central vacuole may occupy 50-90% of the cell interior.
		The vacuole enlarges during growth and greatly increases the cell's outer surface area.
	trc.ucdavis.edu /biosci10v/bis10v/week2/plantcell.html (306 words)

	Direct Evidence of Active and Rapid Nuclear Degradation Triggered by Vacuole Rupture during Programmed Cell Death in ...
		The TE was highly vacuolated and its nucleus was tightly pressed against the plasma membrane.
		Because the timing of probenecid-induced vacuole rupture in non-TEs varied widely, non-TEs that had already undergone vacuole rupture and still exhibit intense nuclear SYTO16 fluorescence were chosen and analyzed (represented by non-TE 1-TE 5).
		The nucleus was pressed against the plasma membrane by the large central vacuole.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/125/2/615 (5035 words)

	Question 1.3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Plant - cells with a nucleus, large central vacuole, plastids and a cell wall (made of cellulose).
		Fungi - cells with a nucleus, cell wall (made of chitin) but no large central vacuole or plastids.
		Monera - cells without a nucleus, usually with a cell wall (made of chitin, cellulose or other complex compounds), no large central vacuole.
	www.mta.ca /~rthompso/exams/t2t01/quest1,3.html (106 words)

	Low Temperature-induced Modifications in Cell Ultrastructure and Localization of Phenolics in Winter Oilseed Rape ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Note the irregular shape of the central vacuole (V), numerous vesicles (ve) of different sizes at the border of the tonoplast (t) and cytoplasm, thick cell walls (cw), and phenolic aggregations in the cytoplasm (arrows).
		1D–F) and the central vacuoles became irregular in shape (Fig.
		A, General view of a palisade parenchyma cell showing large central vacuole (V), swollen chloroplasts (ch) with thylakoid-free part of the stroma, nucleus (N) with condensed chromatin, and numerous empty vesicles (ve) in the peripheral part of the central vacuole.
	aob.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/90/5/637 (4201 words)

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