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Topic: Central vowel

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	Vowel at AllExperts
		The different vowel qualities are realized in acoustic analyses of vowels by the relative values of the formants, acoustic resonances of the vocal tract which show up as dark bands on a spectrogram.
		In tonal languages, in most cases the tone of a syllable is carried by the vowel, meaning that the relative pitch or the pitch contour that marks the tone is superimposed on the vowel.
		Vowels are especially important to the structures of words in languages that have very few consonants (like Polynesian languages such as Maori and Hawaiian), and in languages whose inventories of vowels are larger than their inventories of consonants.
	en.allexperts.com /e/v/vo/vowel.htm (3593 words)

	TRINPsite: Book of Symbols: The Choice of Vowel(s) and Consonant(s)
		In phonetics cardinal vowels are often plotted on a diagram with the sound ï (pronounced as in technique), or a similar but shorter one, at the extreme left.
		But what traditionally has been called "the neutral vowel" is the schwa (as in abut) because this is a central vowel produced with the tongue in the position it has when at rest and with the lips 'neutral' or spread.
		So far as vowels are concerned we conclude therefore that on the symbolistic view words denoting and/or connoting centrality or neutrality, central or neutral things, or things in the same associative field, should have ä as a vowel, or as the most important or central vowel.
	www.trinp.org /MNI/BoS/2/3/2.HTM (1631 words)

	[No title]
		The sound of a vowel is determined by three factors: whether or not the lips are rounded, the shape of the tongue, and the position of the tongue.
		A 'close' vowel is one where the hump of the tongue is held high in the mouth, and an 'open' vowel is one where the hump of the tongue is held low in the mouth.
		The ninth vowel, the one in the middle of the chart, is made by tensing the middle of the tongue and positioning it exactly half-way between the roof and the floor of the mouth.
	www.poptel.org.uk /derek/vowels.htm (2042 words)

	Near-open central vowel - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The near-open central vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages.
		Its vowel height is near-open, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but slightly more constricted.
		Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Near-open_central_vowel (115 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned mid-way between an open vowel and a close vowel.
		The only mid vowel with a dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is the mid central vowel, a symbol which is also used for the vowel schwa.
		The IPA divides the vowel space into thirds, with the close-mid vowels such as or and the open-mid vowels such as or equidistant in formant space between open [6] and close [7] or [8].
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=mid_vowel (238 words)

	Phonetic symbols for vowels
		Vowel qualities are classified according to tongue position (high/mid/low, closed/open and front/central/back) and rounding of the lips.
		The vowel symbols presented here are based on those used by linguists in the Americas (rather than those of the International Phonetic Alphabet), partly because this is the dominant practice for describing languages of Mexico, and partly because the Americanist symbols are easier to represent in web pages.
		Most of the materials published in indigenous languages of Mexico are not published in phonetic transcription but in a practical orthography, which, besides reflecting the sound system of the language, must also take into account the practical requirements of typewriters, the preferences of native speakers, and other factors.
	www.sil.org /mexico/ling/glosario/E005ei-VowelsChart.htm (448 words)

	Mambila Fricative Vowels
		Vowels involving friction and syllabic fricatives are relatively rare among the languages of the world, but despite this are geographically fairly widespread.
		This vowel is also found to co-occur with post alveolar fricatives/affricates as opposed to alveolar fricatives/affricates, however unlike the ostensible palatalized labial, the postalveolar fricatives/affricates are not restricted to co-occurring with the fricative vowel.
		It is not inconceivable, though, that the fricative component of the vowel, characterized earlier as a secondary articulation, is the reflex or remnant of an earlier consonant, and that earlier CVCV (or even CVC) structures have, through various reductive processes, resulted in the present forms exhibiting fricative vowels.
	lucy.ukc.ac.uk /dz/ACAL28/ACAL28paper.html (3724 words)

	Question about IPA: Is [a] a front vowel? \| Antimoon Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Such is more a matter of the mapping of the traditional logical vowel space to the actual physical points of articulation, due to the shape of the actual physical vowel space versus the logical notions of frontness and height/closedness.
		IPA should be very precise when it comes to the narrow transcription of vowels, and I wonder why there isn't a universally agreed symbol exactly for the low central vowel, which is much more common than the front one.
		Vowel [a] can be found in most monosyllabic words written with "o", such as: Hot, Pop, pot, Tom, Cottage and some others wirtten with "a" like father, car and park.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/t4922-0.htm (1342 words)

	ICSLP 94 Abstract: Akagi et al. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Previous experiments had shown that dynamical aspects of stimuli and the relation between the central vowel and the adjacent anchors may induce overshoot or extrapolation during stimulus processing.
		The central vowels were always 5-formant synthesized vowels, whereas the surrounding steady state and the transitions were either single-formant type sounds or 5-formant type sounds.
		The experimental results suggest that: (1) central vowel extrapolation occurs with Q-type stimuli, in both single- and 5-formant conditions, whereas averaging effects are observed with A- and II-type stimuli for some of the subjects.
	www.isca-speech.org /archive/icslp_1994/i94_0503.html (324 words)

	Shwa and Central Vowels
		The problem is that the central vowel space in the mouth is not chopped up with anything close to the precision of the English front and back vowels: in general, front vowels, for instance, distinguish
		Sometimes this sounds a little like the vowel that's supposed to be there (most likely with /i/ and /u/), and sometimes -- especially when we're speaking rapidly, (i.e, naturally) -- it doesn't, as is almost always the case with /a/ and with the lax vowels, which mostly come out as normal shwa /@/.
		In the front or back of the mouth, you have to be very precise in pronouncing stressed vowels, but in the middle, you can roam through enormous phonological space for which the IPA has at least a dozen symbols and you'll still be understood, because there's nothing to contrast with.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~jlawler/aue/shwa.html (733 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In high vowels, such as and, the tongue is positioned high in the mouth, whereas in low vowels, such as, the tongue is positioned low in the mouth.
		English has all three types: the vowel sound in hit is a monophthong, the vowel sound in boy is in most dialects a diphthong, and the vowel sounds of, flower (BrE AmE) form a triphthong (disyllabic in the latter cases), although the particular qualities vary by dialect.
		The oldest form of Norse (before 1200) had nine vowels (a, e, i, o, u, y, Ã¦, Ã¸ and Ç«), and all these could be short oral vowels, long oral vowels or long nasal vowels for a total of 27 distinct monophthongs.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=vowel (3552 words)

	Linguistics 103 - Vowel Chart with Sound Files
		In particular, you can hear Peter Ladefoged's versions of the vowels here, and Ladefoged's renditions are compared with those of two other leading phoneticians here.
		In addition, the use of the IPA vowel symbols in the description of real languages can be seen scattered through the IPA Handbook Archive, as well as Peter Ladefoged's archive.
		The non-peripheral vowels are more problematic (see this spreadsheet for why), and I hope to record more accurate versions when I have the time.
	www.linguistics.ucla.edu /people/hayes/103/charts/VChart (545 words)

	Kurdish Grammar Course
		Long vowels are shortened when word-final and unstressed-the high ones additionally so when they occur before two consonants: enúm 'I sleep', but nustim 'I slept'.
		The short central vowel i never occurs in initial position except in Arabic loans.
		The vowel i is elided between a single consonant and a consonant + vowel sequence: an ' woman', jhinan.
	www.kurdishacademy.org /english/grammar/central/central.html (235 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A close vowel is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages.
		The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
		Close vowels are often referred to as high vowels, as in the Americanist phonetic tradition, because the tongue is positioned high in the mouth during the articulation of a close vowel.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=close_vowel (158 words)

	Hi Paul
		It is a very short neutral vowel sound, and like all vowels, its precise quality varies depending on the adjacent consonants.
		In the Dutch language, the vowel of the suffix -lijk, as in waarschijnlijk (probably) is pronounced as a schwa.
		The vowels in unstressed syllables often are diminished to a common extremely short mid lax vowel.
	www.foolswisdom.com /~sbett/shwa.htm (2802 words)

	Vowel Quadrilateral (Daniel Jones)
		Jones' vowel trapazoid is a semi iconic representation that positions vowels
		Vowel chart with 15 english vowel phonemes based on Daniel Jones' vowel quadrilateral.
		With a high front vowel, the tongue touches the roof of the mouth closer to the front.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /vangogh/555/Spell/vowelquad.htm (343 words)

	IPA and North American vowel charts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Phonologically, most languages don't make a difference between front and back low vowels -- whether their single low vowel [a] should be treated as front or central or back is not a pressing question.
		The cardinal vowel system hinges on the four corners of the vowel space, and the cardinal vowels are arranged around the well-defined edges.
		Schwa is used as a cover symbol for any unrounded mid central vowel when you don't want to get fussy over whether it's higher-mid or lower-mid, tense or lax.
	www.umanitoba.ca /linguistics/russell/138/sec5/ipavsna.htm (676 words)

	The Sounds of Standard American English
		Schwa is used to represent unstressed vowels, like those in the and of, as well as any like the second vowel of the word dated.
		The two vowels are 'merged' in Mid-western, western, and southern American English, as well as in Canadian English.
		A diphthong is a complex vowel, made of two components; a diphthong begins as one vowel and finishes as another.
	www.ic.arizona.edu /~lsp/IPA/SSAE.html (340 words)

	Short vowel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This lack of the latin had a cot central vowel from high to discriminate between two syllables.
		In tonal languages, vowels mostly serve to the horizontal dimension and silly sentences.
		Vowels short vowel in languages lax vowels and not work for beginning and a selection.
	vowel.fubarentertainment.com /short-vowel.html (619 words)

	Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English
		By contrast the vowel system of Zulu (Figure 2.), in common with those of the other indigenous South African languages, is considerably simpler: there are five simple vowels and, significantly, no central vowels or diphthongs.
		The central vowels found in WSAE are re-assigned to the five peripheral vowels in Zulu English.
		While vowel length is seldom the sole distinguishing feature between two WSAE phonemes, it plays a part in distinguishing the tense (long) and lax (short) vowels.
	www.und.ac.za /und/ling/archive/wade_ch4.html (9613 words)

	Fictional Linguistics: Lesson I.B: Vowels
		In some languages vowels contrast between “Long” and “Short” based on the amount of TIME spent on them; generally a Long vowel is pronounced twice as long as a Short vowel.
		In notation, long vowels can be differentiated from short vowels by doubling them (/aa/ for a long vowel, /a/ for a short vowel) or by writing a colon (:) after them (/i:/ for a long vowel, /i/ for a short vowel).
		Nasalization: Anytime a vowel is followed by a nasal consonant (n, m, N), it tends to change its sound a little.
	feminafelis.tripod.com /Lessons/1b.html (1113 words)

	Linguistics:: Phonology
		Teachers mis-speak when they refer to "long vowels" like "a" in "name" as opposed to "short vowels" like "a" in "hat." More precisely, according to phonologists, that "a" in "name" is a mid-frontal vowel without rounded lips, while the "a" in "hat" is a low, front-to-central vowel without rounded lips.
		A "long vowel" is, in fact, a vowel with the sound prolonged.
		English had genuine "long vowels" until the Great Vowel Shift between 1400 and 1600.
	www.think-ink.net /doh/sound.htm (791 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.3574: Neutral Vowels Across Langs
		One, that the default vowel is unrounded mid central.
		The same is true of the vowels in the positive 'uh-huh' and the negative 'uh-uh'.
		Eduardo Rivail Ribeiro: the neutral vowel of KarajÃ¡ occurs in unstressed syllables and is the epenthetic vowel breaking up consonant clusters in loanwords, for example.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/14/14-3574.html (378 words)

	[No title]
		This paper outlines a preliminary study made of the /o/ vowel in the English of Bradford, a city of approximately 300 000 inhabitants in West Yorkshire.
		The schwa is an unstressed central vowel and is the most common vowel to appear in English.
		It is one of the problems of English teaching that the most common vowel has no regular character to represent it; learners of English can have a very difficult time with weak vowels.
	www.lycos.com /info/vowel--bradford-english.html (229 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.3575: Neutral Vowels Across Langs Part 2
		Subject: Neutral vowels across languages, Part II [continuation of summary of replies to query (Linguist 14.3204)] = The label 'schwa' = There was general consensus over the point made in my posting that there is ambiguity in the use of the term 'schwa'.
		Because in European languages the epenthetical vowel is often the mid-central vowel, it later came to be used as a phonetic term for this vowel.
		MCF: since this vowel does occur in final position (the 'e' may not be so 'muet' after all) the issue stands of whether French is indeed an oxyton language, and ''syllable-timed''.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/14/14-3575.html (609 words)

	Central vowel - Definition, explanation
		A central vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages.
		The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
		The central vowels identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/c/ce/central_vowel.php (107 words)

	Symbols for American English Vowel Sounds
		In these latter dialects, the preceding vowel is usually lengthened and often glides toward the central schwa sound.
		These central vowels are very close; often the inverted V is used to distinguish a stressed central vowel from an unstressed one (for which inverted e --schwa--is used).
		Bear well in mind, however, that the Cardinal framework is for placing the vowels of all languages, not just English, and the matchup is approximate and incomplete.
	faculty.washington.edu /dillon/PhonResources/newstart.html (436 words)

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