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Topic: Centralised state

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	Federation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states is constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of the central government.
		The difference between a federation and this kind of unitary state is that in a unitary state the autonomous status of self-governing regions exists at the sufferance of the central government, and may be unilaterally revoked.
		While it is common for a federation to be brought into being by agreement between a number of formally independent states, in a unitary state self-governing regions are often created through a process of devolution, where a formerly centralised state agrees to grant autonomy to a region that was previously entirely subordinate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Federal_state (2742 words)

	Infoshop.org - An Anarchist FAQ - Appendix 4.4 - Appendix -- How did Bolshevik ideology contribute to the failure of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Later, he states that "the dictatorship of the proletariat" was "the organisation of the vanguard of the oppressed as the ruling class for the purpose of crushing the oppressors." [Op.
		Such a small body will require a centralised state system and, consequently, we have the creation of a hierarchical body around the new government which, as we discuss in section 7, will become the real master in society.
		Moreover, a centralised system by necessity is an imposed system (as it excludes by its very nature the participation of the mass of the people in determining their own fate).
	www.infoshop.org /faq/append44.html (17338 words)

	United Kingdom article - United Kingdom state Acts Union nations England Wales Scotland Ireland London - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In 1922, 26 of the counties of Ireland were formed into the Irish Free State (the other six Ulster counties remaining part of the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland) and the state became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the name being officially changed in 1927.
		The UK's current monarch and head of state is Queen Elizabeth II who acceded to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953.
		The United Kingdom is a centralised state, with London's Westminster Parliament holding responsibility for most of the UK's political power.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/United_Kingdom (1929 words)

	Essay - The Community State
		The state apparatus of a nation (or city) state is more than just its government, it includes the institutions of governance, the judiciary, police, education system, and it is the legal entity component of a modern nation (or city) state.
		A community state would be a sovereign entity but instead of the entity or political community being a nation or as in more ancient times a city, the political community would be a small, close nit body of people who “share many values and life experiences” (Robertson, 1993).
		The philosophy of the Community State is not one of isolationism; it is one of empowerment and thus responsibility.
	myweb.tiscali.co.uk /ijacobson/mnn/mnet-000023.html (1463 words)

	Features News The Rising Nepal (Daily)
		The crisis faced by the US economy showed that the state has an important role in economic development and in time of crisis it is the only agency that is looked upon as the deliverer.
		The state is perceived as the one institution that may comprehensively plan all aspects of development and implement those plans through its machinery, carrying out operations from the centralised level and assuming all types of executive functions.
		The private interest state view is premised on the fact that the state is not capable of objectively defining the public interest and politicians and bureaucrats will act primarily in their own interest.
	www.nepalnews.com /contents/englishdaily/trn/2002/oct/oct22/features.htm (2070 words)

	Observer \| Cook: Britain is most centralised state in Europe
		Cook: Britain is most centralised state in Europe
		Robin Cook claimed yesterday that Britain was the most centralized state in the EU, arguing that the government should push ahead with devolution to the English regions.
		Mr Cook also renewed his attack on the media and claimed that the coverage of the Paul Burrell trial was symptomatic of a media which focused on the wrong issues: "I'm very pleased than an innocent man has walked free but this cannot be said to be the most important story in Britain...
	observer.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4538552-102279,00.html (910 words)

	Infoshop.org - An Anarchist FAQ - H.1 Have anarchists always opposed state socialism?
		He also stressed that state ownership of the means of production was a danger to the liberty of the industrial worker and, moreover, the continuation of capitalism with the state as the new boss.
		The state will not "wither away" as Marxists claim simply because it excludes, by its very nature, the active participation of the bulk of the population and ensures a new class division in society: those in power (the party) and those subject to it (the working class).
		In place of a state anarchists' argue for a free federation of workers' organisations as the means of conducting a revolution (and the framework for its defence).
	www.infoshop.org /faq/secH1.html (14288 words)

	Notes on 'The Administrative State' by Suleiman, Ezra, in Politics, power and bureaucracy in France (1974) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The centralised French state owes more to Napoleon than the Louis; that the state first started by oppressing its own servants just as the Monarch had done but then relented, and that the administrative state is now coming under increased pressure.
		The Napoleonic state inherited from its Orleanist predecessor its monism.
		That is, the State replaced the Monarch, and serving the State was held to be just as idiosyncratic as serving the Monarch: “the state could justify the possession of arbitrary power on the grounds that public and private employment are wholly different”.
	users.ox.ac.uk /~sann2300/050302-ceg-bureaucracy-suleiman1.shtml (745 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The context of the reform programme is, by and large, derived from the initiated social and economic reforms in the mid1980s.
		This emerging new role of the state necessitated the need for a critical review of the operations of government machinery in order to streamline its activities, improve its capacity to meet and manage the new economic and political challenges, and improve the quantity and quality of social services provided to the people.
		However, their full involvement in a policy dialogue with the state is a recent phenomenon which can be associated with ongoing socioeconomic and political reforms.
	www.ids.ac.uk /ids/civsoc/final/tanzania/Tan4.doc (7311 words)

	Scottish Office: Summary of Devolved Parliaments in the European Union
		The result was a formally federal state but with a strong national parliament and government, and an extremely centralised allocation of powers.
		All major changes in the legal, political and financial situation of the states or local governments have to be negotiated, and cannot be carried out without their consent.
		The essence of the Belgium state structure is embodied in the first article of the Constitution which states: 'Belgium is a federal state made up of Communities and Regions'.
	www.scotland.gov.uk /government/devolution/sdpe-03.asp?textonly=FALSE (2615 words)

	ANC REGIONAL POLICY
		It is said that the choice before South Africa is between a highly centralised state directing a centrally planned economy, allegedly the ANC position, on the one hand, and a highly de-centralised state with a free economy on the other, said to be the South African government's position on the other.
		Many unitary states have federal features and many federal states have unitary ones; the Federal Republic of Germany thus has a more centralised state system than the United States of America, despite their different names.
		They would be independent of the state and their right to exist would not be dependent on the authorisation of the state.
	www.anc.org.za /ancdocs/policy/regpol.htm (8931 words)

	Governance Resource Centre (GRC) Exchange - Information Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The article argues that an effective, centralised state, with a clear monopoly of violence, is necessary.
		Underlying issues of structural change and capital accumulation are often neglected, although war is the most common form of contemporary capital accumulation: a centralised state is required to protect the poor and structurally transform this primitive form of accumulation.
		A minimal liberal state is an inappropriate model, as is the common compromise policy of promoting decentralised local governance structures.
	www.grc-exchange.org /info_data/record.cfm?id=842 (540 words)

	Towards a European Industrial Relations System? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		For example, in a state-run system the state may look strong and independent, but because its connections with labour market parties are weak it has, in fact, a weaker social basis.
		Important also is the central role the state has been playing in general: perhaps more than in any other region in Western Europe the state is the society in the Nordic countries.
		Secondly, in the centralised Nordic countries full employment has been a more important social objective than elsewhere and after the middle of the 1970's as unemployment soared in Western Europe the unemployment rate was relatively low in the Nordic countries (see Rowthorn 1992, 119).
	www.helsinki.fi /~arniemin/euro_ir.htm (6698 words)

	Society \| Duncan Smith attacks 'centralised welfare state'
		The Tory leader, Iain Duncan Smith, today promised to challenge the fundamental principles of the "centralised welfare state" by devolving power over councils, schools and hospitals to communities and frontline public servants.
		He told delegates at the Local Government Association's annual conference in Bournemouth: "The centralised welfare state which still dominates our public services may have been motivated by compassion, but it is not producing compassionate results.
		He said his party would re-examine the relationship between the state and the people it represents, and challenge every principle of the welfare state except one: "That people should be helped according to their needs."
	society.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4454479-108192,00.html (324 words)

	How did Bolshevik ideology contribute to the failure of the Revolution?
		State ownership, one-man management, and so on where originally advocated and implemented by Lenin and Trotsky.
		Rather than be the product of terrible objective circumstances as his followers suggest, the Bolshevik state capitalist economic system was at the heart of their vision of what socialism was.
		Long before the revolution, Lenin had argued that within the party it was a case of "the transformation of the power of ideas into the power of authority, the subordination of lower Party bodies to higher ones." [Collected Works, vol.
	anarchism.ws /faq/append44.html (18327 words)

	Putin Says A Super-Centralized State is Part of Russian "Genetic Code" [Free Republic]
		Acting President Vladimir Putin regards the instinct for a highly centralised state as an unchangeable part of the Russian nature and thinks it might even lead some day to a revival of the monarchy.
		Putin's musings, available to reporters on Monday even though their sale in book form was blocked, offer the most detailed look so far at the political thinking of former KGB spy who is runaway favourite in the March 26 presidential election.
		The only super centralized state the Russians have ever known was the all powerful police state of the Soviet Union- a state that had 1000 times the effect over the every day lives of Russians than the old monarchy ever did.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a38cd7ea31a2f.htm (943 words)

	BBC News \| TALKING POINT \| Is Europe heading for a super-state?
		It will not be a centralised state, but a state which is federalised to high degree.
		The idea of a "United" or "Federal" States of Europe is abhorrent to all with a degree of nationalistic pride.
		We only have to look at the United States to see the benefits of a "United States of Europe." While such a move would not solve all our problems overnight, a European government would be able to compete and lead the world in a way that the European Commission never could.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/low/talking_point/1308616.stm (6692 words)

	Louis XIV of France Details, Meaning Louis XIV of France Article and Explanation Guide
		He worked successfully to create an absolutist and centralised state; he is often cited as an example of an enlightened despot.
		The coalition included the Holy Roman Emperor and several of the German states that were part of the Empire—most notably the Palatinate, Bavaria and Brandenburg.
		Both the Louisiana Territory and the State of Louisiana in the United States were formed from Louisiane.
	www.e-paranoids.com /l/lo/louis_xiv_of_france.html (4308 words)

	Pravda.RU France: Adieu to the Jacobine centralised state (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Jacobine France breathes its last breath as a centralised state as Article 1 of the French Constitution is changed from “undividable, lay, democratic and social state” to include the phrase “with a decentralised organisation”.
		Deputies of the State Duma have adopted the bill on licensing some kinds of activities on the first reading today.
		State Duma Speaker Gennady Seleznyov speaks in favor of keeping the 5% threshold for parties at the forthcoming 2003 elections to the State Duma (Lower House), the Speaker said answering the questions of the press.
	english.pravda.ru /politics/2002/10/18/38379.html (1890 words)

	ipedia.com: United Kingdom Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The UK was formed by a series of Acts of Union which united the formerly self-governing nations of England, Scotland and Wales together with the province of Northern Ireland, a region on the island of Ireland (the rest of Ireland left the United Kingdom in 1922).
		The British Isles is a geographical name of an archipelago of islands including Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, Isle of Wight, Orkney, the Hebrides, Shetland Isles, Channel Islands and others.
		The United Kingdom is a very centralised state, with London's Westminster Parliament holding responsibility for most of the UK's political power.
	www.ipedia.com /united_kingdom.html (2281 words)

	Social welfare and the failure of the state. centralised social services and participatory alternatives - HADLEY, ROGER ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Social welfare and the failure of the state.
		centralised social services and participatory alternatives - HADLEY, ROGER & HATCH, STEPHEN
		Title: Social welfare and the failure of the state.
	www.intertextuality.com /si/40218.html (37 words)

	Library Bulletin 2001-07-20 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Crow, S. Back to the all-powerful centralised state?
		Professor Crow discusses the Law Lords' landmark judgement on the test cases concerning the Human Rights Act and the Secretary of State's powers to make planning decisions.
		This page last updated on 21 December 2004.
	www.hants.gov.uk /TC/lgibabstracts/2001-07-20-12.html (81 words)

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