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	OpenP2P.com -- Distributed Systems Topologies: Part 1
		Centralized systems are the most familiar form of topology, typically seen as the client/server pattern used by databases, web servers, and other simple distributed systems.
		The server system itself is a ring, but the system as a whole (including the clients) is a hybrid: a centralized system where the server is itself a ring.
		By looking at systems in terms of their topology, it is possible to examine a wide spectrum of systems we have on the Internet today, from centralized to decentralized and with architectures in between.
	www.openp2p.com /pub/a/p2p/2001/12/14/topologies_one.html (1406 words)

	Decentralized Concept Of Wastewater Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Centralization causes large flows to be concentrated through one pipe or lift station or treatment plant.
		Typically a large majority of the total cost of a conventional, centralized system is spent merely to move the pollution from one point to another.
		The system can be designed and installed in a manner which is "growth-neutral", whereas centralized systems often spur growth, even requiring it to be fiscally viable in many cases.
	septictankinfo.com /Venh_Decentralized_WW.html (2351 words)

	O'Reilly Network -- Distributed Systems Topologies: Part 2
		Systems with hybrid toplogies often seem to demonstrate the advantages of the various constituent designs that comprise their makeup.
		Centralized systems are also relatively easy to secure: there is only one host that needs to be protected.
		Systems that have a ring as their central server often enjoy the best of the simplicity of centralization with the redundancy of a ring.
	www.openp2p.com /pub/a/p2p/2002/01/08/p2p_topologies_pt2.html (2688 words)

	Learning in the Large Enterprise: Centralized vs. Decentralized
		The centralized system is perceived to be too slow to react to problems in the field or to issues within a particular company department or division.
		In order to reap the benefits of a strong centralized learning management and human capital development system as well as the advantages of localized learning, two challenges must be addressed: the technical infrastructure of the system and the execution of the plan.
		Centralized systems tend to force dialogues, or the sharing of similar data, in regard to skills, competencies and certifications.
	www.clomedia.com /content/templates/clo_feature.asp?articleid=128&zoneid=30 (1745 words)

	Surpass Centriva: Centralized Library Automation
		While it's true that in any centralized system the goal is to have a single, unique MARC record for each unique book title, Centriva uses local holdings fields to allow for library-specific needs.
		A: At Surpass, we don't believe that having a centralized automation system means you should be forced into "centralized support." Our training is provided to all librarians and their staff, and our support is also offered to all users at all libraries.
		A centralized system like Centriva, on the other hand, replaces the individual databases and systems that would otherwise be running at each individual location with a single system and database operating from a central location.
	www.surpasssoftware.com /centriva_qa.htm (1626 words)

	The great debate: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The other side maintains that a centralized system frees up operations managers from basic, mundane accounting and allows them to be more creative and formulate broader strategies.
		Partially centralized, with billing, receivables and collections done locally, its general ledger and accounts payable were made accessible to local financial managers two years ago through the internet.
		Hill says another advantage to centralization is that the regulatory burden of property and income tax audits is taken from the stations and placed on the corporation.
	www.bcfm.com /financial_manager/reportsyson00.htm (1870 words)

	Equaris - a less expensive and safer environmental alternative to septic systems
		The costs of the system would be close to what individual homeowners would pay for a centralized system -- about $10,000.
		The system utilizes a special toilet that uses from a tablespoon to only a cup of water to flush, reducing a home's water use by 40 pencent to 70 percent.
		He said the systems can be financed and are very affordable, especialy because the system does not have to be pumped every year, as is recommended for sepcic systems.
	www.equaris.com /default.asp?page=Testimonials&Item=SimpleSewage (1562 words)

	City of Austin - Alternative Wastewater Management Project
		A conventional system is composed of a septic tank for pretreatment and a drainfield used for disposal of the wastewater.
		This cost effectiveness over a centralized system is due to the fact that with fewer customers connected to a centralized system, per length of pipe, there would need to be higher user charges and capital recovery fees to pay for the system.
		The proper maintenance and care of onsite wastewater systems is essential to their successful long-term operation, and for preventing adverse health or environmental impacts or the development of nuisances.
	www.ci.austin.tx.us /wri/faq.htm (1429 words)

	Centralized System Management - Sequoia Broadband
		Centralized operation eliminates the need for personnel at remote locations to operate receivers or handle content, which reduces costs, improves compliance and thereby increases user participation or the viewers (the audience), and allows for greater management control over the system.
		Centralized management also enables highly efficient “one-to-many” multicasting, which helps lower the cost and reduce the time required to send the same files to many locations.
		Additionally, centralized management allows you to leverage the strengths of Sequoia’s autonomic computing technologies while maintaining visibility of the network on which your applications may run, including those, such as for video playout, that may be unattended.
	www.sequoiabroadband.com /technology_centralized.html (194 words)

	INTEGRATED PLANNING USING ON-SITE WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
		A septic system (one of the most basic form of an on-site system) is widely accepted as a conventional, "low tech", and inexpensive wastewater treatment and disposal system for areas that are not served by sewer.
		Large scale centralized wastewater treatment plants are operated by adequately trained and licensed operators, who monitor the performance of the treatment system on a continuous basis and perform necessary scheduled and emergency maintenance on the systems.
		Under the current regulatory system in most of the states, once the system is installed, a life-long permanent operating permit is issued that allows the owner to use the system without having to worry about adequate operation and maintenance of the system.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /plymouth/septic/98jantra.html (4759 words)

	EPA Records - Centralized vs. Decentralized Filing
		One of the best ways to approach it is to review the advantages and disadvantages of each system and choose the one, or combination, that has the most advantages for your situation.
		Centralized control is established through a "records liaison" or "records manager" who is the centralized point of contact for records management in the office and who has responsibility for maintaining the office file plan and ensuring established procedures are followed.
		Those records which are maintained at individual work stations are also part of the organization's filing system and included in the office file plan so that everyone in the office knows where the records are located and who is responsible for maintaining them.
	www.epa.gov /records/tools/central.htm (439 words)

	Centralized ICM Setup
		Node is a term used in ICM system to refer to one of its basic components, such as Logger, Router, PG, AW, etc. Every Node is an executable and designed to run certain tasks of ICM and communicate with other Nodes at the same time.
		The tree shown in system tab panel lists all the systems in the ICM Setup Database, when the root of the tree is selected.
		An upgrade is generally done on a System basis, even when there are nodes that belong to a different Instance on that System.
	www.cisco.com /univercd/cc/td/doc/product/icm/icm46/core/inst461/inch9.htm (3837 words)

	Centralized Control System
		A centralized system can provide time scheduling functions by automating the time of day when lights are turned on and off - and even help with load shedding.
		Most systems will provide occupants with a "warning" (usually through blinking lights) to alert them that the central system will soon be shutting off lights.
		Centralized controls can be tied into the building automation system and provide monitoring capabilities that prove beneficial.
	www.buildingsmag.com /Articles/detail.asp?ArticleID=493 (497 words)

	What to know when choosing and planning a centralized backup system
		Rather than relying on users to perform the backups, a centralized backup solution, such as a tape library, puts you in control.
		Centralized backup is generally a good thing, but there is no one-size-fits-all solution.
		Centralized backup is so important today that most storage management companies, including Computer Associates International Inc., Veritas, and EMC Corp., and suppliers like Arkiea Corp. and CommVault Systems Inc., offer options for this process.
	searchstorage.techtarget.com /tip/1,289483,sid5_gci1099616,00.html (981 words)

	Lightwave - Ixia launches centralized management system for automated testing
		NOVEMBER 15, 2006 -- Ixia (search for Ixia) has unveiled its new Aptixia Test Conductor, which it claims is a comprehensive "command center" that centrally manages automation for multiple test applications using a single regression control console.
		"We are announcing an industry first--a centralized way to run all your testing applications for the accurate and reliable test results Ixia is known for," contends Errol Ginsberg, Ixia CEO.
		"A central test management tool is a great way to help automate and simplify the testing process in today's market where the need for integrated and complex regression testing is absolutely paramount to ensuring service quality and benefit from the lowest cost of ownership," explains Vanessa Alvarez, associate analyst for enabling technologies, Yankee Group.
	lw.pennnet.com /display_article/277316/13/ARTCL/TestI/none/Ixia_launches_centralized_management_system_for_automated_testing (576 words)

	Centralized ICM Setup
		The status of a System is the status of the last command executed on that system.
		The system does not have to be available when it is added to the database.
		You can only update a system if it has at least one node configured, and a scheduler is connected to the database.
	www.cisco.com /univercd/cc/td/doc/product/icm/icmentpr/icm46doc/coredoc/instl461/inch9.htm (3689 words)

	Oldrich Kyn: MARKET MECHANISM IN A SOCIALIST ECONOMY
		a centralized system of administrative management does not necessarily have to be linked with planning, if the orders given by the central agency to enterprises are not based on reliable projections of the long-term development of the economy.
		It is further true that the new economic system of the socialist countries came into existence in an environment which appeared to preclude successful functioning of the market mechanism.
		Before a proposal for a new system of planned management of the economy could be worked out, however, it was necessary first to reexamine without prejudice all the theoretical postulates.
	www.bu.edu /econ/faculty/kyn/newweb/okyn/OKpers/Plan_and_Market/Market_in_Soc/StAntony.htm (2370 words)

	Centralized Lubrication System operates in harsh environments., Farval Lubrication
		Called ExactoServe®, Farval's new centralized lubrication system utilizes positive displacement volumetric output injectors to deliver precise amounts of oil or grease to machinery friction points.
		Injector operation is straightforward; pressure build-up in the system distribution network creates preset delivery to connected machine lube point.
		Farval Lubricating Systems, an innovative designer and manufacturer of lubricating equipment for over 75 years, has sales/service and manufacturing facilities in North America, Europe, and Asia.
	news.thomasnet.com /fullstory/13988 (706 words)

	THE FAILURES OF THE AUTOCRATIC CENTRALIZED POLITICAL SYSTEM IN BELIZE! , Belize News
		The centralized government politics and bureaucracy is a parasitic system, riding the backs of the public masses without any corresponding responsibility to supply services to those same citizens.
		However, the refusal by the Cabinet Minister, on the spot, under the centralized operated system at the confrontation at the Orange Walk bridge with the bus operators and irate public customers, was obviously dereliction of duty and a criminal act on the part of the Minister of Transportation.
		It was compounded, because under the same system there is no separation of powers and the police could not arrest him for dereliction of duty, as they also were under the jurisdiction of him and his friends in the centralized dictatorial political party Cabinet.
	ambergriscaye.com /BzLibrary/trust415.html (1080 words)

	Filnet \| Clients \| Case Studies: DC Centralized Closures System
		In 2003, the DC Office of the Chief Technology Officer (OCTO) determined that the District government, schools and street closures needed to be dynamically published on a centralized system by the respective agency.
		The new system also enabled information to be cross posted to multiple city sites, which increased the value of the information to citizens, reduced redundancies and increased the work efficiency of District employees.
		The Closure System developed by Filnet enhanced District Agency capability to communicate to constituents through a centralized posting system and through rapid web and email-based delivery of closure information to District citizens, employees, businesses and tourists.
	www.filnetinc.com /clients/case_studies_dc_ccs.php (453 words)

	Bluesocket: Wireless LAN Security and Management Solutions for Your Enterprise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Bluesocket is the only vendor that provides a centralized sensor architecture, which greatly reduces the cost and complexity of RF IPS deployments.
		BlueSecure Centralized IPS scans for these suspicious activities across your entire enterprise alerting you to attacks in real time so you can respond before damage is done.
		The BlueSecure Centralized Sensor consists of 8 RF panels, much like a “mini-cell tower” with 6 panels in the horizontal plane and two in the vertical plane giving exceptional RF coverage from a single location.
	www.bluesocket.com /products/centralized_intrusion.html (643 words)

	E-Rulemaking goes for central system
		The project’s executive committee had been weighing a central system against a decentralized approach that would have connected agencies’ existing systems to a front-end portal, said Kim Nelson, CIO for the Environmental Protection Agency, the lead agency for the Quicksilver project.
		The project team estimated that the cost for the decentralized approach was about $80 million, while the cost for the centralized approach would be about $20 million, she said.
		The next step is to test a governmentwide system in the fall that will let users get information and comment on proposed rules and regulations from four or five participating agencies.
	www.gcn.com /print/23_8/25610-1.html (410 words)

	freshmeat.net: Editorials - The Case for Centralized Computing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As the only operating system which provides an excellent solution for both high-volume servers and thin clients, Linux has the potential to make inroads in the business and educational markets where centralized systems are increasingly common.
		A centralized system is generally a computer system in which a single server provides most or all of the disk space, memory, and processor time that the users use.
		The cost of maintenance, the cost of hardware, the cost of setting up the system, and, for the Microsoft and Sun systems, the cost of software must all be factored into the total cost of purchasing a centralized computing system.
	freshmeat.net /articles/view/194 (4274 words)

	InfoVía: From a Centralized Access System to a Parallel Internet
		Spain was the first country in the world to have a centralized Internet access system that allows anybody in the country to access the Internet through a local phone call.
		It is much more expensive to create a structure in each city than to carry user telephone traffic to a few central points (unless there is a very large amount of traffic in a given city).
		It is easy to see that the spirit of InfoVía is different from that of the original Internet, centralizing resources instead of decentralizing them in preparation for problems (such as nuclear war) that may affect some of the nodes of the Net.
	www.isoc.org /inet97/proceedings/B3/B3_1.HTM (3923 words)

	TheStreet.com: Securities Firms Argue for Centralized Trading System
		The debate, which emerged after the SEC's recent request for feedback regarding the current trading system, could develop into a long and protracted battle as each side tries to prove that the method it favors is more transparent to investors and competitive.
		The structure of the trading system could also spill into the political arena should legislators decide that any changes would be anticompetitive.
		Harvey Pitt, a Washington lawyer, who represented the five firms in a position paper submitted to the SEC, said they had cooperated in a joint effort to share their knowledge about the market and about how it might be revamped to best serve the present trading environment.
	www.thestreet.com /brknews/banks/891950.html (596 words)

	CENTRALIZED HAZARDOUS MATERIAL/HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
		This approach, including a centralized system responsible for procurement, management and tracking of hazardous material inventories, has helped DoD face the challenge of achieving control over the acquisition and management of hazardous materials and disposal of hazardous wastes.
		A delivery system was also established to respond to work order requests and pick up any unused materials.
		Implementation of a centralized hazardous materials program allows facilities to control their acquisition and inventory, which reduces the generation and disposal of excess, expired and unserviceable hazardous materials and waste.
	p2library.nfesc.navy.mil /P2_Opportunity_Handbook/2_1_A_3.html (1077 words)

	E-Rulemaking will use a centralized docket system
		The project team will test the system with four or five agencies to prepare for a full system launch in early 2005.
		EPA is awaiting approval for the centralized approach from the Office of Management and Budget, which Nelson expects soon.
		She said OMB supported the approach during the period when EPA was evaluating various strategies for the system.
	www.gcn.com /online/vol1_no1/25467-1.html (248 words)

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