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	Cephalosporin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cephalosporin was first isolated from cultures of Cephalosporium acremonium from a sewer in Sardinia in 1948 by an italian scientist Giuseppe Brotzu.
		Cephalosporins work the same way as penicillins: they interfere with the peptidoglycan synthesis of the bacterial wall by inhibiting the final transpeptidation needed for the cross-links.
		Third generation cephalosporins have a broad spectrum of activity against enteric gram-negative rods and thus are particularly useful in treating hospital-acquired infections.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cephalosporin (352 words)

	Cephalosporins (Systemic)
		Cephalosporins (sef-a-loe-SPOR-ins) are used in the treatment of infections caused by bacteria.
		Cephalosporins are used to treat infections in many different parts of the body.
		Cephalosporins have been used in the elderly, and they are not expected to cause different side effects or problems in older people than they do in younger adults.
	allnutritionals.com /drugs/c/cephalosporins-systemic.shtml (3962 words)

	Cephalosporins (Keflex/Cephalexin)
		Cephalosporins are a group of antibiotics used to treat infections caused by gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
		Cephalosporins are most commonly used to treat respiratory, skeletal, urinary, skin and soft tissue infections.
		- Adverse effects with cephalosporins have a relatively low frequency and are usually not serious.
	www.cpvh.com /Pharmacy/ph10.html (364 words)

	Clinical Updates in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The cephalosporins resemble penicillins in that they have a b-lactam structure, but the five-member thiazolidine ring characteristic of the penicillins is replaced by a six-member dihydrothiazine ring.
		The cephalosporins are classified into generations based on their general features of antimicrobial activity (Table 1).
		The second- and third-generation cephalosporins, with the exception of cefixime and ceftibuten, are considered second-line alternatives for treating acute otitis media caused by S pneumoniae, H influenzae, M catarrhalis, and S pyogenes.
	www.nfid.org /publications/clinicalupdates/pediatric/cephalosporin.html (1548 words)

	CDC - Nursing Home Residents and Enterobacteriaceae Resistant to Third-Generation Cephalosporins
		Exposure to any cephalosporin (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 4.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2 to13.6) and log percentage of residents using gastrostomy tubes within the nursing home (adjusted OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.3 to 12.0) were associated with having a clinical isolate resistant to third-generation cephalosporins.
		Patients with infections resistant to third-generation cephalosporins have been reported to have had longer hospital stays, higher death rates, and greater hospital costs than patients whose infections are susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins (4).
		Cephalosporin treatment may have been given after fluoroquinolone resistance was detected, and this treatment may be linked to cephalosporin resistance found in their study.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol10no6/03-0662.htm (3281 words)

	Anti-Biotic.com: Antibacterials- Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Sulfa Drugs, Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Fluoroquinolones, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Cephalosporins are another widely used class of antibiotics.
		Cephalosporins act by disrupting the bacterial cell wall.
		Microorganisms that are resistant to cephalosporins have emerged.
	www.anti-biotic.com /antibact.html (1475 words)

	Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Cephalosporins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Cephalosporins are used to treat infections in different parts of the body -- the ears, nose, throat, lungs, sinuses, and skin, for example.
		Examples of cephalosporins are cefaclor (Ceclor), cefadroxil (Duricef), cefazolin (Ancef, Kefzol, Zolicef), cefixime, (Suprax), cefoxitin (Mefoxin), cefprozil (Cefzil), ceftazidime (Ceptaz, Fortaz, Tazicef, Tazideme), cefuroxime (Ceftin) and cephalexin (Keflex).
		Cephalosporins may increase the chance of bleeding in people with a history of bleeding problems.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0002/ai_2601000282 (1055 words)

	Cephalosporins \| AHealthyMe.com
		Cephalosporins are medicines that kill bacteria or prevent their growth.
		Cephalosporins are used to treat infections in different parts of the body--the ears, nose, throat, lungs, sinuses, and skin, for example.
		Anyone who takes cephalosporins should let the physician know all other medicines he or she is taking.
	www.ahealthyme.com /topic/topic100586591 (1023 words)

	Allergy & Asthma Disease Management Center: Ask the Expert: Drug Allergy
		A study was undertaken to evaluate the frequency of anaphylactic reactions to cephalosporins and penicillins and their cross-reactivity in a pediatric population.
		The frequency of immediate allergic reactions to cephalosporins is considerably lower compared to penicillins, and the degree of cross-reactivity between cephalosporins and penicillins depends on the generation of cephalosporins, being higher with earlier generation cephalosporins.
		The mechanism of SSLR to cephalosporins is not known, although there is evidence (at least for penicillins and cefaclor) to suggest it is not mediated by drug-specific antibodies or immune complex deposition (i.e., classic type III reaction).
	www.aaaai.org /aadmc/ate/drugallergy.html (17246 words)

	CEPHALOSPORINS
		I. Cephalosporins are beta-lactam compounds in which the beta-lactam ring is fused to a 6-membered dihydrothiazine ring, thus forming the cephem nucleus.
		The earlier generation cephalosporins are commonly used for community-acquired infections, while the later generation agents, with their better spectrum of activity against gram-negative bacteria make them useful for hospital-acquired infections or complicated community-acquired infections.
		Cephalosporins may be tried with caution in patients with delayed or mild reactions to penicillin.
	www.uic.edu /pharmacy/courses/pmpr342/itokazu/cephalosporins.html (1701 words)

	Case Based Pediatrics Chapter
		Cephalosporins are structurally similar to penicillins with a similar mechanism of action.
		Cephalosporins also cover many gram negative organisms such as E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, etc. Cephalosporins also cover staph aureus, but only to a similar degree as the anti-staph aureus penicillins (i.e., MRSA is cephalosporin resistant as well).
		Two generalizations that usually hold true are: 1) lower generations of cephalosporins cover staph and strep better than the higher generation cephalosporins (but staph and strep coverage with high generation cephalosporins is still generally adequate), and 2) higher generations of cephalosporins have extended coverage of gram negative organisms.
	www.hawaii.edu /medicine/pediatrics/pedtext/s06c05.html (4421 words)

	Cephalosporins for pneumonia - [Medication] - Quest Diagnostics Patient Health Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Doctors use cephalosporins to treat pneumonia, especially in people who are severely ill and in the hospital, are older than 60, and who have other long-lasting (chronic) illnesses (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]).
		Cephalosporins are effective against many types of bacteria that cause lower respiratory tract
		Cephalosporins and amoxicillin combined with clavulanate (Augmentin) often are good choices for treating older people, especially those with long-lasting (chronic) lung diseases, such as COPD.
	www.questdiagnostics.com /kbase/topic/detail/drug/hw59565/detail.htm (270 words)

	How to Take Your Medicine: Cephalosporins (March 1991)
		Allergic reactions to cephalosporins are infrequent, but range from a skin rash that may be itchy, red or swollen to life-threatening reactions such as severe difficulty breathing and shock.
		Although the effects of cephalosporins during pregnancy have not been studied in humans, they appear to be relatively safe to use during pregnancy.
		Cephalosporins pass into breast milk in small amounts, though this is usually not a problem.
	www.fda.gov /bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00017.html (1161 words)

	Drug Information: Cephalosporins (Systemic) (Print Version)
		Children—Many cephalosporins have been tested in children and, in effective doses, have not been shown to cause different side effects or problems than they do in adults.
		Alcohol or alcohol-containing medicine (cefamandole, cefoperazone, and cefotetan only)—Using alcohol and these cephalosporins together may cause abdominal or stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness or light-headedness, shortness of breath, sweating, or facial flushing; this reaction usually begins within 15 to 30 minutes after alcohol is consumed and usually goes away over several hours
		Kidney disease—Some cephalosporins need to be given at a lower dose to people with kidney disease.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/print/druginfo/uspdi/202119.html (4035 words)

	Antibiotics, Bacteria and (not) Viruses
		The vast majority of antibiotics are either penicillins or cephalosporins; chemical changes have been made to the molecules over the years to improve their bacteria-fighting abilities and to help them overcome breakdown and "immunity" of resistant bacteria.
		Now, because we have used penicillins and cephalosporins so often (and, in many cases, when we really shouldn't have), there are many bacteria that can't be killed any more by plain penicillin or even by the "super-penicillins" and "super-cephalosporins".
		Because of this, we use the erythromycins for several diseases, including bacterial bronchitis, chlamydia, and whooping cough, that penicillins and cephalosporins can't touch.
	www.drreddy.com /antibx.html (3240 words)

	Medication Guide: Cephalosporins
		There are many cephalosporins that are different classes, and which vary in their spectrum of activity, but all of the so called “true” cephalosporins derive from cephalosporin C produced by Cephalosporium acremonium.
		The cephalosporins can be effective, but those that are taken orally are not in most cases the drug of choice in systemic infections.
		Cephalosporins have wide distribution to tissues, bone, pleural fluid, pericardial and synovial fluid, but do not penetrate prostatic tissue or aqueous humor well.
	ratguide.com /meds/antimicrobial_agents/cephalosporins.php (449 words)

	UIC College of Pharmacy Drug Information Center
		Manufacturers of all cephalosporins explicitly state in their product labeling that patients with previous hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins should be given cephalosporins cautiously as serious acute allergic reactions may occur.
		This concept of increased probability of cross sensitivity between penicillins and cephalosporins arose from the fact that both classes share a common beta-lactam ring and have a similar spectrum of allergic reactions.
		The authors concluded that the risk of an allergic reaction to a cephalosporin was up to eight times higher in patients with a history of penicillin allergy versus non-allergic patients.
	www.uic.edu /pharmacy/services/di/crossens.htm (999 words)

	Cephalosporins >>> Carbapenems
		Additionally, it is believed that it is the resultant Cephalosporins effect of excessive sensory input reaching the cerebral cortex that accounts for the associated visual hallucinations produced by this drug.Stimulants (psychomotor)`Central Cephalosporins nervous system stimulants can be grouped into three major categories: psychomotor Cephalosporins stimulants, e.g.
		This Cephalosporins drug should not be given to children less then 2 years of age.
		From the tropical rain and monsoon forests of the northwest, the area extends through the savanna and the dry tropical forests of Indochina Cephalosporins peninsula, returning to the tropical rain and monsoon forests Cephalosporins of the island bordering the South China Sea.
	medica.pisem.net /Cephalosporins.htm (179 words)

	FindArticles search for "Cephalosporins"
		We report the prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella strains resistant to ciprofloxacin and extended-spectrum cephalosporins in Taiwan from January...
		Cephalosporin, which is a beta-lactam antibiotic like penicillin,...
		Cefprozil, cefpodoxime and loracarbef are three new oral cephalosporins available for the treatment of common community-acquired infections.
	www.findarticles.com /p/search?tb=art&qt=Cephalosporins (749 words)

	cephalosporins and cephamycins - General Practice Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The cephalosporins are broad spectrum antibiotics which, like penicillin, are excreted by the kidney.
		The main side-effect is hypersensitivity and approximately 8% of patients hypersensitive to penicillin will also be hypersensitive to the cephalosporins.
		Oxbridge Solutions Ltd® is an independent company owned by the authors which does not receive income from any other organisation or individual.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /cache/-2113535997.htm (147 words)

	Cephalosporins, Ancef, Anspor, Azactam, Aztreonam, Ceclor, Cedax, Cefaclor, Cefadroxil, Cefamandole, Cefazolin, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Cephalosporins and related drugs are a family of antibiotics used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections occurring in the body.
		Each drug within the family kills specific bacteria; therefore, healthcare practitioners prescribe cephalosporins based on the individual’s current needs.
		There are interactions that are common to antibacterial drugs and interactions involving a specific cephalosporin or related medication.
	www.truestarhealth.com /Notes/1344006.html (915 words)

	Immediate Allergic Reactions to Cephalosporins: Cross-Reactivity and Selective Responses -- Banks and Arnold 110 (2): ...
		cephalosporins and penicillins in children and adults with histories
		to cephalosporins are sensitized to determinants specific for
		is one of reacting to an orally administered cephalosporin,
	pediatrics.aappublications.org /cgi/content/full/110/2/S1/439-b (413 words)

	Listserve For EmergencyMedical Practioners: [EMED-L] cephalospo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The purpose of this study was to assess the safety of
		To assess the clinical tolerance to cephalosporins, 41
		intradermal tests with all cephalosporins tested were negative.
	www.ucsf.edu /its/listserv/emed-l/5754.html (336 words)

	Cephalosporins - Drug Interactions and Warnings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Parenteral nutrition may affect the patient's vitamin K status.
		This imposes a risk when using drugs that interfere with the vitamin K-dependent clotting factor synthesis, such as N-methyl-thiotetrazole-containing cephalosporins.
		Hypoprothrombinemia is a serious adverse effect of antimicrobial therapy that occurs after administration of some second- and third-generation cephalosporins which contain the methyltetrazole-thiol group.
	www.personalhealthzone.com /drug_interactions/cephalosporins.html (161 words)

	Cephalosporins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The cephalosporin ring structure is derived from 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) while the penicillins are derived from 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA).
		Both structures contain the basic beta-lactam ring but the cephalosporin structure allows for more gram negative activity than the penicillins and aminocillins.
		Currently, three generations of cephalosporins are recognized and a fourth has been proposed.
	www.fhsu.edu /nursing/otitis/cephalosporins.html (207 words)

	CEPHALOSPORINS (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		For quick reference, the following cephalosporins are numbered to match the corresponding brand names.
		Other medical problems—The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of cephalosporins.
		Store the oral liquid form of most cephalosporins in the refrigerator because heat will cause this medicine to break down.
	www.medformation.com /ac/mm_usp.nsf/usp/202119b.htm (4044 words)

	Cephalosporins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Cephalosporins are used to treat infections caused by germs.
		Take only the amount your doctor has told you, at the times your doctor has told you.
		Ask your pharmacist or doctor if there is anything you do not understand about your medicine.
	www.um-jmh.org /body.cfm?id=1498 (554 words)

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