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	Irene Santamarta 2002 3106
		The genes encoding cephamycin C and clavulanic acid biosynthesis are clustered in the genome forming the so-called ß-lactam supercluster (37).
		The regulation of expression of genes for cephamycin C and clavulanic acid biosynthesis is still poorly understood.
		The effect on cephamycin production was more drastic (the cephamycin level was 10 to 20% of that produced by the control strain in TSB medium), but clavulanic acid production was also affected (40 to 60% production in relation to that produced by the control strain in TSB medium).
	www.bionewsonline.com /v/e/irene_santamarta_2002_3106.htm (5166 words)

	Process for the production of antibiotic Cephamycin C - Patent 4332891
		OFR 1022 in a culture medium to accumulate therein Cephamycin C and recovering said Cephamycin C. The process of claim 1 wherein said microorganism is cultivated at a temperrature of 15.degree.
		The Cephamycin C is mainly present in a liquid portion of the culture solution because it is well soluble in water.
		The antimicrobial spectra to various microorganisms of the Cephamycin C produced by the process of this invention are shown as minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in Table 4.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4332891.html (2346 words)

	Cephamycin resistance in Clinical isolates and laboratory-derived strains of Escherichia coil, Nova Scotia, ...
		Cephamycin resistance in Clinical isolates and laboratory-derived strains of Escherichia coil, Nova Scotia, Canada.(Research) - Encyclopedia.com
		Cephamycin resistance in Clinical isolates and laboratory-derived strains of Escherichia coil, Nova Scotia, Canada.(Research)
		The emergence of E. coli strains resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins should be a cause of concern to clinicians managing infections in both the community and institutional setting.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-109905440.html (3219 words)

	[No title]
		Cefminox displayed an earlier onset and a higher rate of bactericidal action than the other cephamycins against the test organisms, although the minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefminox were similar to or higher than those of the other drugs.
		The activities of the cephamycins were associated with spheroplast formation and bacteriolysis at concentrations close to the MIC, whereas the other agents induced the formation of filaments or, in the case of imipenem, rounded cells.
		The clinical investigation on a new cephamycin, MT-141, for the treatment of respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia, acute mucopurulent bronchitis and acutely exacerbated chronic bronchitis was done.
	www.yungjin.co.kr /product/product.asp?posit=group&GS=B&pno=GB001&prd_tab=essay (1809 words)

	Cephamycins Terms and Definitions at www.MedicalGlossary.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Cefmetazole - A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.
		Cefotetan - A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly.
		Cefoxitin - A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.
	www.medicalglossary.org /cephalosporins_cephamycins_definitions.html (223 words)

	CDC - Cephamycin Resistance in Clinical Isolates and Laboratory-derived Strains of Escherichia coli, Nova Scotia, Canada
		CDC - Cephamycin Resistance in Clinical Isolates and Laboratory-derived Strains of Escherichia coli, Nova Scotia, Canada
		Cephamycin Resistance in Clinical Isolates and Laboratory-derived Strains of Escherichia coli, Nova Scotia, Canada
		The number of strains with these mutations is indicated on the left.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/Eid/vol9no10/03-0093-G1.htm (95 words)

	The pcd Gene Encoding Piperideine-6-Carboxylate Dehydrogenase Involved in Biosynthesis of alpha -Aminoadipic Acid Is ...
		The pcd Gene Encoding Piperideine-6-Carboxylate Dehydrogenase Involved in Biosynthesis of alpha -Aminoadipic Acid Is Located in the Cephamycin Cluster of Streptomyces clavuligerus -- Pérez-Llarena et al.
		Hernando-Rico, V., Martin, J. F., Santamarta, I., Liras, P. Structure of the ask-asd operon and formation of aspartokinase subunits in the cephamycin producer 'Amycolatopsis lactamdurans'.
		Leitão, A. L., Enguita, F. J., Luis De La Fuente, J., Liras, P., Martin, J. Inducing Effect of Diamines on Transcription of the Cephamycin C Genes from the lat and pcbAB Promoters in Nocardia lactamdurans.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/180/17/4753 (404 words)

	Population-based laboratory surveillance for AmpC [beta]-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli, ...
		Methods for detecting E. coli AmpC hyperproducers or isolates that produce plasmid-mediated cephalosporinases are technically demanding for clinical laboratories.
		Although nonsusceptibility to the cephamycins suggests increased production of AmpC [beta]-lactamases, organisms that produce these types of enzymes often go undetected and have been responsible for several nosocomial outbreaks (2, 7).
		Cephamycin resistance in clinical isolates and laboratory-derived strains of Escherichia coli, Nova Scotia, Canada.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-161011308.html (3461 words)

	Cephamycin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins.
		Together with cephalosporins the form a sub-group of antibiotics called cephems.
		Cephamycins are originally produced by Streptomyces, but synthetic ones have been produced as well.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/c/ce/cephamycin.html (57 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		(sef-met´ə-zōl) [USP] a cephamycin antibiotic derived from cephamycin C and generally classified with the second-generation cephalosporins, having activity and uses similar to those of cefoxitin.
		(sef´o-te”tən) [USP] a semisynthetic cephamycin derived from cephamycin C and generally classified with the second-generation cephalosporins, effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
		(sə-fok´sĭ-tin) a cephamycin antibiotic derived from cephamycin C and generally classified with the second-generation cephalosporins, effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, with strong resistance to β-lactamases.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_c_17zPzhtm (1680 words)

	SAM-e - 57 \| AHD International, LLC
		Cephamycin C-producing microorganisms use two enzymes to convert cephalosporins to their 7alpha-methoxy derivatives.
		The results suggest CmcI is a methyltransferase, and its most likely function is to catalyse the transfer of a methyl group from SAM to the 7alpha-hydroxy cephalosporin in the second catalytic reaction of cephamycin formation.
		Based on the docking of the putative substrate, 7alpha-hydroxy-O-carbamoyldeacetylcephalosporin C, to the structure of the ternary CmcI-Mg2+-SAM complex, we propose a model for substrate binding and catalysis.
	www.ahdintl.com /SAM-e/SAM-e_57.html (404 words)

	Preparation of 3-hydroxymethyl-7.beta.-aminoadipoyl-7.alpha.-methoxy-3-cephem-4-carboxy lic acid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A discussion of the structural determination of these compounds, also known as cephamycin A and cephamycin B (R is sulfo-oxy or hydroxy, respectively) is found in Tetrahedron Letters, No. 29, pages 2911-2914, (1972).
		A fermentation broth prepared by fermentation of S. griseus, containing a mixture of cephamycin A and B is subjected to preliminary purification by cooling to 10.degree.
		The resin, which contains the impure cephamycins A and B, is slurried with 3 bed volumes of water, and adjusted to pH 5.5 by addition of dilute sodium hydroxide.
	www.sacnewsmonthly.com /invent/pack-forming/preparation_3-hydroxymethyl-7_beta_-aminoadipoyl-7_alpha_-methoxy-3-cephem-4-carboxy.html (868 words)

	Structure of the ask-asd operon and formation of aspartokinase subunits in the cephamycin producer 'Amycolatopsis ...
		Galán, J. E., Nakayama, K. and Curtiss, R. Cloning and characterization of the asd gene of Salmonella typhimurium: use in stable maintenance of recombinant plasmids in Salmonella vaccine strains.
		Kumar, C. V., Coque, J. and Martín, J. Efficient transformation of the cephamycin C producer Nocardia lactamdurans and development of shuttle and promoter-probe cloning vectors.
		Mendelovitz, S. and Aharonowitz, Y. Regulation of cephamycin C synthesis, aspartokinase, dihydrodipicolinic acid synthetase, and homoserine dehydrogenase by aspartic acid family amino acids in Streptomyces clavuligerus.
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/147/6/1547 (3622 words)

	CEPHALOSPORINS
		Compared to the 1st generation agents, the cephamycins are less active against gram-positive cocci.
		Anaerobes: Cephamycins are active against most anaerobes found in the mouth as well as colon (eg: Bacteroides species, including Bacteroides fragilis).
		The cephamycin group is useful for mixed aerobic/anaerobic infections of the skin and soft tissues, intra-abdominal, and gynecologic infections, and surgical prophylaxis.
	www.uic.edu /pharmacy/courses/pmpr342/itokazu/cephalosporins.html (1701 words)

	Untitled Document
		Using known enzyme kinetic data and physiological information we constructed a kinetic model for biosynthesis of cephamycin C. By performing control strength analysis we identified ACV synthetase and lysine e-aminotransferase (LAT), the first enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of cephamycin C, as the rate-limiting steps in cephamycin production.
		A combined experimental and kinetic modeling approach was used to examine the regulation of flux in the cephamycin biosynthetic pathway in S.
		This suggests that lysine and a-ketoglutarate play a key role in regulating the flux of cephamycin biosynthesis ensuring that the flux through LAT will not be a diversion of resources needed for primary metabolism.
	hugroup.cems.umn.edu /Research/MetabolicEngineering/metabol.html (1117 words)

	cephamycin - OneLook Dictionary Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		We found 3 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word cephamycin:
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "cephamycin" is defined.
		cephamycin : Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=cephamycin (76 words)

	RxMed: Pharmaceutical Information - MEFOXIN
		In vitro studies demonstrate that the bactericidal action of cefoxitin, a cephamycin derived from cephamycin C, results from the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
		Evidence suggests that the methoxy group in the 7a position is responsible for the resistance of cefoxitin to degradation by bacterial beta-lactamases.
		There is some clinical and laboratory evidence of partial cross-allergenicity between cephamycins and the other beta-lactam antibiotics, penicillins and cephalosporins.
	www.rxmed.com /b.main/b2.pharmaceutical/b2.1.monographs/CPS-%20Monographs/CPS-%20(General%20Monographs-%20M)/MEFOXIN.html (3026 words)

	Cefotetan (8:12.07.12) - 386015
		The optimal parenteral cephalosporin or cephamycin for this outpatient regimen is unclear; however, cefoxitin or ceftriaxone usually is preferred.
		Cefotetan is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to the drug or to cephalosporins and should be used with caution in patients hypersensitive to penicillins.
		Although cefotetan is a cephamycin antibiotic, some clinicians classify the drug as a third generation cephalosporin based on its spectrum of activity.
	www.ashp.org /mngrphs/ahfs/a386015.htm (6486 words)

	Cephamycin at AllExperts
		Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins.
		Together with cephalosporins the form a sub-group of antibiotics called cephems.
		Cephamycins are originally produced by Streptomyces, but synthetic ones have been produced as well.
	en.allexperts.com /e/c/ce/cephamycin.htm (110 words)

	Synergy and contingency as driving forces for the evolution of multiple secondary metabolite production by Streptomyces ...
		cephamycin is biosynthesized by a pathway that is mechanistically
		and is located within the cephamycin cluster (21, 22).
		The chromosomal linkage of the cephamycin and the clavulanic
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/suppl_2/14555 (4400 words)

	IngentaConnect Different proteins bind to the butyrolactone receptor protein ARE... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The binding is specific for the ARE sequence as shown by competition with a 34 nt unlabelled probe identical to the ARE sequence.
		clavuligerus Δbrp::neo1, produced 150–300% clavulanic acid and 120–220% cephamycin C as compared with the parental strain, suggesting that Brp exerts a repressor role in antibiotic biosynthesis.
		These results indicate that two different proteins bind specifically to the ARE sequence and modulate clavulanic acid and cephamycin biosynthesis by its action on ccaR gene expression.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/mole/2005/00000056/00000003/art00021 (312 words)

	Applications of Gene Replacement Technology to Streptomyces clavuligerus Strain Development for Clavulanic Acid ...
		As expected, all four of the lat::apr mutants failed to produce cephamycin C (Table 1).
		Early cephamycin biosynthetic genes are expressed from a polycistronic transcript in Streptomyces clavuligerus.
		Isolation and biochemical characterization of Streptomyces clavuligerus mutants in the biosynthesis of clavulanic acid and cephamycin C. Appl.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/5/2292 (3298 words)

	Molecular analysis of a beta-lactam resistance gene encoded within the cephamycin gene cluster of Streptomyces ...
		Molecular analysis of a beta-lactam resistance gene encoded within the cephamycin gene cluster of Streptomyces clavuligerus -- Paradkar et al.
		Pérez-Llarena, F. J., Rodríguez-García, A., Enguita, F. J., Martín, J. F., Liras, P. The pcd Gene Encoding Piperideine-6-Carboxylate Dehydrogenase Involved in Biosynthesis of alpha -Aminoadipic Acid Is Located in the Cephamycin Cluster of Streptomyces clavuligerus.
		Alexander, D. C., Jensen, S. Investigation of the Streptomyces clavuligerus Cephamycin C Gene Cluster and Its Regulation by the CcaR Protein.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/178/21/6266 (469 words)

	Strategies for manipulation of genes in microbes for production of b -lactam antibiotics*
		There are two other fermentation-based b -lactam products, namely, cephalosporin C and cephamycin C, which in turn are converted into the intermediates of 7-amino-cephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) and 7-amino-7-alpha-methoxy-3-carbamoyloxy methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxy-lic acid (7-a -methoxy ACA) respectively, and thereafter they are converted into finished bulk drugs.
		The common pathway for biosynthesis of penicillins, cephalosporins and cephamycins in bacteria and fungi.
		Because of the central importance of pcb C gene in the biosynthesis of penicillin, cephalosporin and cephamycin, this gene has been the major target for genetic manipulations (Figure 3) the world over.
	www.ias.ac.in /currsci/apr25/articles17.htm (6210 words)

	Antibiotics \| AHealthyMe.com
		CEPHALOSPORINS Cephalosporins and the closely related cephamycins and carbapenems, like the pencillins, contain a beta-lactam chemical structure.
		In addition, cefoxitin, a cephamycin, is highly active against anaerobic bacteria, which offers utility in treatment of abdominal infections.
		The 3rd generation drugs, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone and others, cross the blood-brain barrier and may be used to treat meningitis and encephalitis.
	www.paramisalud.com /topic/antibiotics (1315 words)

	Molecular Characterization of a Cephamycin-Hydrolyzing and Inhibitor-Resistant Class A {beta}-Lactamase, GES-4, ...
		molecular mechanism of cephamycin resistance observed in strain
		However, the obvious increases in the MICs of cephamycins and
		it maintains the capacity to hydrolyze cephamycins and carbapenems.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/48/8/2905 (3279 words)

	Cloning and Expression of a DNA Sequence Conferring Cephamycin C Production - Nature Biotechnology
		Cephamycin C, a member of the 7-methoxycephalosporin family of
		Introduction of the gene cluster into another cephamycin C-producing Streptomyces increased the production of cephamycin C. Malpartida, F. and Hopwood, D.A. Molecular cloning of the whole biosynthetic pathway of a Streptomyces antibiotic and its expression in a heterologous host.
		Stapley, E.O. and Birnbaum, J. Chemistry and microbiological properties of the cephamycins, p.
	www.nature.com /nbt/journal/v6/n10/abs/nbt1088-1222.html (578 words)

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