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Topic: Ceratopsians

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	Introduction to the Ceratopsians
		The huge, heavy "frill" of ceratopsians such as Triceratops may have served as armor against the attacks of saurischian predators like Tyrannosaurus, which lived in the same time and place as Triceratops.
		Ceratopsians probably traveled in herds; there are "bone beds" in the western United States that contain the bones of hundreds of individuals of the same species of ceratopsian.
		In terms of animals living today, it may be best to think of ceratopsians — at least the larger ones — as analogues of elephants or rhinos: large herbivores in herds that relied on horns and attitude to protect themselves.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /diapsids/ornithischia/ceratopsia.html (350 words)

	Cretaceous Dinosaurs
		The Ceratopsians are the horned and frilled Ornithischian dinosaurs.
		Ceratopsian horn and frill sizes are thought to be gender-specific.
		Ceratopsians could possibly chew their food and had cheeks pouches to catch food particles.
	www.catnapin.com /Fossil/Vertebrate/ffCretaceousDinosaur.htm (3858 words)

	[No title]
		Some ceratopsian activist groups, such as the “Brothers Against Horn Hunting” and “Confederates for Monoclonius Protection,” are calling for stricter laws to protect the dinosaurs, but their efforts have had little effect, forcing these groups to resort to guerrilla tactics to prevent ceratopsian hunting.
		Whenever a ceratopsian was killed for its meat, the horns would also be harvested and sold on the fl market as a secondary source of revenue.
		The dangerous part of the mission is that the ceratopsians have to be quietly be evacuated before the arrival of a large horn hunting safari preparing to come wipe the tribe out in a matter of days.
	www.goodman-games.com /CeratopsianHunting.doc (1352 words)

	Freeman-Lynde GEOL3350 Chapters 6 to 10 Questions
		Ceratopsians are noted for a sharp, parrotlike beak, formed by the rostral bone at the tip of the snout.
		A genus of Ceratopsian that was bipedal is ____________________________________________.
		Ceratopsians and Ornithopods were particularly good at _______________________________ plant matter, as indicated by their impressive dental batteries.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~rfreeman/GEOL3350_Chap_6to10_quest.html (3809 words)

	California Academy of Sciences - Dinosaurs:Ancient Fossils, New Discoveries
		But these dinosaurs, called ceratopsians, were slow-moving plant eaters that probably lived together in large herds—hardly the kind of animals you'd associate with deadly conflict.
		Ceratopsian horns probably served the same purpose, with adult males locking horns in battles for females.
		One reason ceratopsian heads were so enormous is that the skulls had bony collars, known as frills, covering the neck.
	www.calacademy.org /exhibits/dinos/skulls.php (609 words)

	Interesting Facts: Ceratopsians
		• "Ceratopsian" means "horn-face," after the long horns on their snouts, eyebrows, or foreheads.
		• Most ceratopsians had a neck shield or frill that swept sideways and up from the back of the head to cover the upper neck and shoulders.
		Torosaurus had the longest skull of any land animal ever, at about 8.2 ft (2.5m) from the front of the snout to the rear of the neck frill.
	www.interesting.vaty.net /2006/10/ceratopsians.html (175 words)

	Dinosaur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		It was a member of the suborder Marginocephalia, and of the family of large, horned, frilled, herding herbivores, the ceratopsians.
		The ceratopsians were one of the last major groups of dinosaurs to evolve, and include Psittacosaurus, Leptoceratops, Pachyrhinosaurus, Montanoceratops, Chasmosaurus, Centrosaurus, Triceratops, Styracosaurus, Protoceratops, and others.
		It was a Ceratopsian (a suborder of frilled, herding herbivores, that include Triceratops, Styracosaurus, etc.), and a Protoceratopsid (an early ceratopsian, which included Montanoceratops, Leptoceratops, and others).
	www.cge.rcs.k12.tn.us /TLP/dinosaur.htm (2081 words)

	Ceratopsians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Ceratopsians had a bony frill extending from the back of their skull and typically had one or more horns on their skull.
		Ceratopsians comprise the suborder Ceratopsia within the ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaurs.
		Centrosaurus was a short frilled ceratopsian with a bumpy frill and two hooking horns at the top of the frill.
	my.execpc.com /95/BA/dschaeff/Ceratops.htm (269 words)

	BHI/Fossils & Minerals/Dinosaurs and Birds/Ceratopsians
		Ceratopsians (Suborder Ceratopsia) are an extinct group of ornithischian dinosaurs that lived from the Early Cretaceous (135 MYBP) to the end of the Late Cretaceous (65 MYBP).
		Ceratopsians are distinguished by the backward extension of the bones at the rear of the skull (the squamosals and parietals).
		Ceratopsians possess a unique bone on the front of the upper beak, called the “rostrum”.
	www.bhigr.com /pages/info/info_tric.htm (414 words)

	The Book of THoTH (Leaves of Wisdom) - Ceratopsia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		It has been noted by several nomenclaturists that the name Ceratopsia is actually incorrect linguistically, and that it should be "Ceratopia." However, this spelling, while technically correct, has been used only rarely in the scientific literature and the vast majority of paleontologists continue to use Ceratopsia.
		This triangular appearance is accentuated in later ceratopsians by the rearwards extension of the parietal and squamosal bones of the skull roof to form the neck frill.
		Ceratopsian skulls are the most commonly preserved elements of the skeleton, and several species are known only from skulls.
	www.book-of-thoth.com /thebook/index.php/Ceratopsia (1436 words)

	Pyramid: The Tyrants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The Ceratopsians ("horn-faces") were large, short-necked, strictly quadrupedal herbivores, distinguished by the huge bony frills that adorned their heads and anchored their neck and jaw muscles.
		Though ceratopsian skeletons have been found with wounds inflicted by jousting with other ceratopsians, the only fossil evidence of a fight between ceratopsians and carnivorous dinosaurs was a Velociraptor discovered grappling with a hornless Protoceratops.
		Ceratopsians traveled in herds, and are thought to have migrated great distances, especially when the weather began to cool in the late Cretaceous.
	www.sjgames.com /pyramid/sample.html?id=1412 (2037 words)

	Matt Martyniuk: Einiosaurus
		It had long been thought that the large frills and horns of the ceratopsians served as protection from predators.
		While this was probably true in some cases (tyrannosaur bones have been found with marks that may have made by ceratopsine horns), it seems likely that the main function of these structures was display.
		As the ceratopsian watches the dromaeosaurid sleep, it's almost poignant to realize that here, close to the end of the Mesozoic era, ornithischians will soon be extinct, leaving the Earth to their feathery sister group.
	www.azhdarcho.com /Art/Paleoart/einiosaurus.htm (340 words)

	Marginocephalia
		Ceratopsians with their narrow beaks were probably more choosy about the food they plucked than the hadrosaurs who probably just cropped indiscriminately with their wide bills.
		Because ceratopsians had such large and relatively robust skulls, they did not suffer from the usual dinosaurian malady of headlessness, rather they are often missing a considerable portion of their bodies, but as with hadrosaurs, ceratopsians are rather conservative postcranially and so this does not matter as much.
		As with ceratopsians, pachycephalosaurs are often only known from parts of skulls because these were the thickest and most robust parts of their skeletons.
	carbon.cudenver.edu /~jwright/Dinos/WebWhatDinos/Marginocephalia.htm (1332 words)

	Dinosauria: Dinosaurs
		Ceratopsians are a part of the ornithischian group.
		They were lots more types of ceratopsians to be found all over the world, yet we believe that we have found a many number.
		Ceratopsians are very alike to deer, when a female is near by and another male is also trying to get attention the males will fight.
	www.freewebs.com /superfunder94/allaboutdinosaurs.htm (594 words)

	Ceratopsia
		The earliest evidence we have of ceratopsians consists of Psittacosaur remains in Asia and neoceratopsian teeth in the eastern U.S., at roughly the same geological age.
		The ceratopsian head was huge and solidly built, and as a result, was enormously heavy.
		All ceratopsians have traditionally been considered herbivores (plant eaters), since their teeth are well shaped for chopping plants.
	alcor.concordia.ca /~grapa/ceratopsia.html (2025 words)

	Triceratops- Enchanted Learning Software
		Triceratops was a ceratopsian, whose intelligence (as measured by its relative brain to body weight, or EQ) was intermediate among the dinosaurs.
		It was a member of the suborder Marginocephalia, and the family of large, horned, herding herbivores, the Ceratopsians.
		The ceratopsians were one of the last major group of dinosaurs to evolve, and include Psittacosaurus, Leptoceratops, Pachyrhinosaurus, Montanoceratops, Chasmosaurus, Centrosaurus, Triceratops, Styracosaurus, Protoceratops, and others.
	www.zoomschool.com /subjects/dinosaurs/dinos/Triceratops.shtml (841 words)

	Triceratops: Three Horned Face
		Be sure to read my article "Dinosaur Primer.") The Ceratopsians first appeared in the early Cretaceous Period (140 to 65 million years ago) in Asia, and they spread across Europe and into the Americas.
		Triceratops was one of the latest of the Ceratopsians to appear, in the late Cretaceous Period in North America.
		Triceratops was the most abundant of the Ceratopsian dinosaurs, and their remains have been found all over the United States and Canada.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/paleontology/63307 (345 words)

	Neoceratopsia
		Owing to the diversity of ceratopsian evolution since the end of the Cretaceous, most spec-taxonomic schemes regard the Ceratopsia as a superorder with a single extant order, the Cenoceratopsia.
		The lush woodlands which the ceratopsians favored appeared and vanished with the ebb and flow of the glaciers to the north.
		Unless in the mood for mating, adult brachioceratopsians are the most peaceful of all ceratopsians, lacking the jittery shyness of the smaller forms and the psychotic aggression of the large low-browsers.
	www.bowdoin.edu /~dbensen/Spec/Cenoceratopsia.html (2913 words)

	We See Tv ~ Enhanced Description
		All Ceratopsians have bony frills extending from the back of their skulls to protect their neck and to anchor muscles for their powerful jaws and parrot like beak.
		Ceratopsians were very much like the modern day rhinoceroses or cattle, eating the tough fibrous plants that were replacing ferns in the Cretaceous period.
		Due to her age, Eema walks splayed, with her legs out and her belly low to the ground, unlike the younger ceratopsians in the herd.
	www.weseetv.com /pages/enhanced.php (1307 words)

	Ceratopsians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The ceratopsians group is probably one of the most familiar group to people.
		There are three groups of ceratopsians, the protoceratopsians, the chasmosaurs, and the centrosaurs.
		Some did have the beginnings of a bump on their nose, but it was not the long horn of the other groups.
	www3.sympatico.ca /dinoguy/kceratops.html (548 words)

	GW News Center
		Yinlong is a ceratopsian, but it is very primitive and retains several features from the common ancestor ceratopsians shared with pachycephalosaurs, including features previously thought to be pachycephalosaur specializations.
		"Ceratopsians were long thought to be related to the pachycephalosaurs, but the evidence has been weak," said Clark.
		One of the features previously thought to tie the two groups together is the presence of a frill or shelf of bone at the back of their skull.
	www.gwu.edu /~media/pressrelease.cfm?ann_id=22171 (1315 words)

	National Museum of Natural History - Dinosaur Exhibits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		This is a group photograph of part of a new exhibit that opened in 2001.
		These are casts of three of the earliest ceratopsian (horned dinosaur) skulls.
		Note that these dinosaurs do not have the large eye or nasal horns that are present in all the larger ceratopsians.
	www.nmnh.si.edu /paleo/dino/protoceratops.htm (239 words)

	Dinosaur skeletons dinosaur anatomy history of dinosaurs dinosaur names dinosaur pictures dinosaur fossil dinosaur ...
		This hypothesis is supported by the decision of bone beds, large deposits of bones of the same species in an area, and large groups of nests.
		Notoceratops was a ceratopsian (a frilled, horned, quadrupedal, herbivorous dinosaur with a beak) known only from a late Cretaceous jaw bone.
		Notoceratops walked on four sturdy legs, had a large head, a bulky body, a parrot-like beak, cheek teeth, and a small frill on its head.Notoceratops lived in the late-Cretaceous period, about 83-73 million years ago, toward the end of the Mesozoic, the Age of Reptiles.
	www.rareresource.com /Marginocephalians.htm (900 words)

	Ceratopia Classification @ PLanet Dinosaur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The Ceratopsians lived for 20 million years before they went extinct at the end of the Mesozoic Era.
		There were 15 different types of Ceratopsians that all very in shape and size.
		The ceratopsians were the last group of ornithischian dinosaurs.
	planetdinosaur.com /dinosaurs/classification/ceratopia.htm (160 words)

	PACHYCEPHALOSAURS AND CERATOPSIANS (November 5)
		The oldest ceratopsian is Chaoyangsaurus of Middle or late Jurassic age (Bathonian on the basis of ostracods) from northeastern China (Zhao et al.
		Ceratopsian resemblances are seen in the shape of the jugals, overhanging parietal and posterior ventromedian alae of the predentary
		In the last 25 million years of the Cretaceous, ceratopsians grow to elephantine proportions; the were small creatures the size of large rodents during the previous 40 million years.
	www4.ncsu.edu /~rjpatchu/paleobiology/Dino_Osteology/lect9.html (1404 words)

	horneddinos.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Ceratopsians are the second most abundant group of dinosaurs from the late Cretaceous Period of North America.
		Ceratopsians were large, 3.5 to 8 meters long, and habitual quadruped ornithischians, i.e., bird-hipped lizards (Lucas, 1994).
		Triceratops is the most famous genus of the Ceratopsians, and consequently, it will be used as a model for the description of the typical ceratopsid.
	hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca /ceratopsid/horneddinos.html (121 words)

	Dinosaur names dinosaur pictures dinosaur fossil dinosaur extinction theories dinosaur skeletons dinosaur anatomy ...
		Liaoceratops is a newly discovered dinosaur supposed to be an early cousin to the horned ceratopsians.
		Long before the familiar Triceratops evolved in North America, the ceratopsian lineage split into two lines: the neoceratopsians, the main lineage that includes the familiar horned and frilled forms, and the psittacosaurids, a radiation of smaller, parrot-beaked dinosaurs.
		Also, it indicates that ceratopsians acquired some of their distinctive features previous and more rapidly than was previously recognized," Makovicky said.
	www.rareresource.com /liaoceratops.htm (417 words)

	Pocatello Idaho State Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The ceratopsians appeared in the latest Jurassic or earliest Cretaceous as a group of small, parrot-beaked animals called psittacosaurs, without horns or much of the skull shelf.
		The latest ceratopsians from the late Late Cretaceous are very large animals with the characteristic ceratopsian beak, huge frills that were extensions of the bone shelf on the skull, and well-developed horns.
		In between the psittacosaurs and these later ceratopsians are the basal neoceratopsians, such as Zuniceratops and Protoceratops, known from the Early and Late Cretaceous.
	www.journalnet.com /articles/2003/05/17/special_sections/dinosaur/special06.prt (1037 words)

	In Hand Museum - Protoceratops
		All ceratopsians and pachycephalosaurs have this trait to a greater or lesser degree.
		The ceratopsian dinosaurs split from the pachycephalosaurs at the next level of distinction.
		The Protoceratops skull illustrates some of the traits that set ceratopsians apart: a narrow beak; flaring cheeks; a vaulted palate at the front of their mouth; and extended jugals.
	www.inhandmuseum.com /Dinosauria/Ornithischia/Marginocephalia/Ceratopsia/Neoceratopsia/Protoceratopsidae/Protoceratops.html (484 words)

	Caenoceratopia
		The furciceratopids form the largest living group of ceratopsians, with perhaps a dozen species, ranging from small forest dwellers to the giant megahorns.
		The neck vertebrae have been greatly elongated and buttressed save for the first four which, as in other ceratopsians, are short and fused to assist in supporting the skull.
		Unless in the mood for mating, adult undaurs are the most peaceful of all ceratopsians, lacking the jittery shyness of the smaller forms and the psychotic aggression of the large low-browsers.
	www.unet.univie.ac.at /~a0000265/Spec/Caenoceratopia.html (2965 words)

	Dinosaurs - 5
		The infraorder is usually divided into three families: the primitive psittacosaurids, including the putative ceratopsian ancestor, Psittacosaurus; the protoceratopsids, including Protoceratops of Asia and Leptoceratops of North America; and the ceratopsids, encompassing all the advanced and better-known kinds such as Triceratops, Torosaurus, and Monoclonius, all from North America.
		The ceratopsian skull was disproportionately large for the rest of the animal, comprising about one-fifth of the total body length in Protoceratops and at least one-third in Torosaurus.
		There can be no doubt that ceratopsians used their head horns in an aggressive manner, but whether they used them as defense against possible predators or in rutting combat with other male ceratopsians, or both, is not so clear.
	www.crystalinks.com /dinos5.html (2465 words)

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