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Topic: Ceratosauria

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Theropod

	Ceratosauria Classification @ PLanet Dinosaur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Ceratosauria represent the earliest theropod dinosaurs and indeed may include the ancestor to all later theropods.
		Ceratosauria first are seen in the fossil record in the late Triassic period, some 225 million years ago.
		Currently, Ceratosauria is considered to be the sister group to the Tetanurae, which are a more diverse group of later theropods.
	planetdinosaur.com /dinosaurs/classification/ceratosauria.htm (171 words)

	Ceratosauria - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ceratosauria is among the most fascinating and enigmatic of theropod clades, if for no other reason than their astonishing similarities (in some regards) to ornithurine birds.
		Holophyly of Ceratosauria has been questioned by several researchers, see Rauhut (1998), Carrano and Sampson (1999), Britt et al (2000) and Paul (2002).
		While these studies raise valid points, it is the opinion of the author that the characters underwriting ceratosaur holophyly remain compelling.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Ceratosauria (174 words)

	Ceratosauria
		The Coelophysoidea, Ceratosauroidea/Neoceratosauria, and, usually, the the Abelisaurs, are together considered as the Ceratosauria, the most primitive taxon of "neotheropods" (conventional or non-herrasaur theropods).
		They are united by a number of features, including a hand with four fingers (the fourth digit is present, although strongly reduced, in ceratosaurs, but absent in all more advanced theropods), the lightly-built jaw support bones and roof of the mouth, and the robust central metatarsal, and a number of more specialised features.
		Surely it is much more logical to have the Ceratosauria evolve from Herrerasauria ancestors, and then, several million years later, in turn give rise to Megalosaurian proto-tetanurae.
	www.kheper.net /evolution/dinosauria/Ceratosauria.html (961 words)

	Ceratosaurian Theropods
		The Ceratosauria represent the earliest theropod dinosaurs (and indeed may include the ancestor to all later theropods, which would make them a paraphyletic group, i.e., invalid, although this has not ever been established).
		Another example of the Ceratosauria is Dilophosaurus wetherilli, another large (about 20 feet long and fairly slender) ceratosaur discovered in Arizona by the UCMP's own Sam Welles.
		Its closest relative within Ceratosauria seems to be Syntarsus, another, smaller dinosaur known from excellent remains found in South Africa and Arizona.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /diapsids/saurischia/ceratosauria.html (642 words)

	ceratosauria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Indeed, recent evidence is suggesting that this reduced Ceratosauria may be paraphyletic, with Ceratosaurus and the abelisauroids as basal relatives to the tetanurans.
		Ceratosaurians, while not as diverse as the tetanurans, produced many interesting taxa, including the bizarre carnotaurine abelisaurids and the small, large-clawed (at least in some cases) noasaurids.
		Ceratosauria and Ceratosauridae: Sereno, Wilson, and Conrad (2004)'s new analysis puts Ceratosaurus as more derived than Elaphrosaurus, but a fair amount of other analyses have suggested Ceratosaurus or the abelisauroids to be closer to the tetanurans, so I'm not going to put one or the other of these genera closer to the abelisauroids yet.
	personal2.stthomas.edu /jstweet/ceratosauria.htm (1665 words)

	The Protoavis controversy - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The acquisition of avian apomorphies within Ceratosauria is astounding, and were it not for an even greater body of data to suggest the maniraptoran affinity of Aves, ceratosaurs would surely be linked with birds (Gauthier and Rowe in Dodson et al 1990).
		A list of synapomorphies convergent with Ornithurae observed in Ceratosauria includes such quintessential traits as: a) synsacrum present, b) pubis, ilium, ischium fused, c) astragalus and calcaneum fused, and confluent with tibia, d) tarsometatarsus present (Gilmore 1920, Rowe 1989, Gauthier 1984, 1986, Gauthier and Rowe 1990).
		The earliest known Ceratosauria date from the Carnian horizon of the Triassic, and are fairly derived, indicating an extensive evolutionary history throughout the Upper Triassic and perhaps into the Lower Triassic.
	www.evowiki.org /index.php/Protoavis_disproves_avian_phylogenetics (4219 words)

	ceratosauria
		As I said before, I don't support the idea that the "neoceratosaurians" and the coelophysoids form a natural group, Ceratosauria.
		Indeed, some workers are suggesting that this reduced Ceratosauria may be paraphyletic, with Ceratosaurus and the abelisauroids as basal relatives to the tetanurans.
		The toe proportions have led some to suggest it may have fed like a chicken, through scratching at the ground.
	www.users.qwest.net /~jstweet1/ceratosauria.htm (1687 words)

	Taxon Search : View Taxon Details
		The taxon Ceratosauria was coined by Marsh (1884) in a paper on dinosaur classification in Nature (31:68-69).
		Tykoski and Rowe (2004) further complicated the defitional history of this taxon by attributing a stem-based version of the definition to Rowe (1989), whose definition was incomplete.
		Given the emerging consensus that Ceratosauria as originally conceived by Gauthier (1986) is paraphyletic, use of Coelophysis as a specifier is not recommended.
	www.taxonsearch.org /dev/taxon_edit.php?Action=View&tax_id=85 (415 words)

	Theropoda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These sucessful animals continued from the Late Carnian (early Late Triassic) through to the Toarcian (late Early Jurassic).
		Although in the early cladistic classifications they were included under the Ceratosauria and considered a side-branch of more advanced theropods (e.g.
		The somewhat more advanced true Ceratosauria (including Ceratosaurus and Carnotaurus) appear during the Early Jurassic, and continued through to the Late Jurassic in Laurasia, competing quite well alongside their more advanced tetanuran relatives, and - in the form of the abelisaur lineage - the end of the Cretaceous in Gondwana
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Theropod (783 words)

	Ceratosauria (from dinosaur) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ceratosauria includes Ceratosaurus and all theropods more closely related to it than to birds.
		It may also include the abelisaurids of South America and elsewhere, but this is not certain.
		More results on "Ceratosauria (from dinosaur)" when you join.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-225956 (764 words)

	neotheropoda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is not certain what the source is (and it certainly could be different in different cases), but if protofeathers were the source, it would push the beginning of feather evolution both farther back in time and further down the theropod family tree.
		I'm going to retain a separate Coelophysoidea, although it may just as likely turn out to be paired with Ceratosauria.
		Ceratosauria: I separate the old "neoceratosaurians" from Coelophysoidea because I don't believe Coelophysoidea and "Neoceratosauria" form a natural group.
	personal2.stthomas.edu /jstweet/neotheropoda.htm (1768 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 340.100 Theropoda: Basal Theropods
		They seem to have become extinct during the end Jurassic in Laurasia, although if abelisaurs are Ceratosaurs (and this is generally stated but still not certain), than these animals survived in Gondwanaland right up to the end of the age of dinosaurs.
		A 1994 analysis by Holtz has coelophysoids and neoceratosaurs forming a clade (Ceratosauria), and together forming the outgroup to Tetanurae.
		The Fernleaf: Karen Carr; Ceratosaurian Theropods; Ceratosauria (Mikko's Phylogeny); Ceratosauria (Dutch -- brief introduction and chart); A BASAL ABELISAURIA NOVAS, 1992 (THEROPODA- CERATOSAURIA) FROM...
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/340Theropoda/340.100.html (1856 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Ceratosauria
		According to one theory, Ceratosauria includes the Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous theropods Ceratosaurus, Elaphrosaurus, and Abelisaurus, found primarily (though not exclusively) in the southern hemisphere.
		Traditionally, Ceratosauria included the above dinosaurs plus the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic Coelophysoidea (Coelophysis, Dilophosaurus, etc.), implying a much earlier divergence of ceratosaurs from other theropods.
		However, most recent studies have shown that coelophysoids do not form a clade with other ceratosaurs, and should be excluded from this group.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Ceratosauria (177 words)

	M. A. Raath - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Raath, an expert on Ceratosauria and principal defender of ceratosaur holophyly.
		Raath has also previously argued that Avialae is derived from within Ceratosauria (Raath 1985), a view which has generally met with skepticism (Gauthier and Rowe in Dodson et al 1990, Sereno 1997, 1998, Chatterjee 1997, Paul 2002).
		It is interesting to note, however, that Raath's hypothesis would require further examination if the material referred to Protoavis texensis (Chatterjee 1991, 1997), is in fact both conspecific and ornithothoracine.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/M._A._Raath (106 words)

	Theropoda Classification @ PLanet Dinosaur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		They had usually three long curving claws that finished in a sharp point, perfect for grasping their prey.
		Ceratosauria: are a diverse group which includes animals with odd cranial morphology.
		Examples include the twin-crested Dilophosaurus of Jurassic Park the movie and Ceratosaurus which had bony nodules on its nose and over each eye.
	planetdinosaur.com /dinosaurs/classification/theropoda.htm (287 words)

	DLESE description of Meet the Ceratosauria: The "Horned Reptile" Theropod Dinosaurs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Meet the Ceratosauria: The "Horned Reptile" Theropod Dinosaurs
		The Ceratosauria represent the earliest theropod dinosaurs and indeed may include the ancestor to all later theropods.
		All materials appearing on the UCMP Web Servers may not be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system without prior written permission of the publisher and in no case for profit.
	www.dlese.org:8080 /dds/catalog_DLESE-000-000-004-968.htm (119 words)

	neotheropoda
		It is not certain what the source is (and it certainly could be different in different cases), but if protofeathers were the source, it would push the beginning of feather evolution both farther back in time and further down the theropod family tree.
		I'm going to retain a separate Coelophysoidea, although it may just as likely turn out to be paired with Ceratosauria.
		Ceratosauria: I separate the old "neoceratosaurians" from Coelophysoidea because I don't believe Coelophysoidea and "Neoceratosauria" form a natural group.
	www.users.qwest.net /~jstweet1/neotheropoda.htm (2084 words)

	Digimorph - Syntarsus kayentakatae (theropod dinosaur)
		Syntarsus kayentakatae belongs to a lineage of theropods called Ceratosauria.
		Analyses by the author and others support the hypothesis that Ceratosauria is a natural monophyletic group, although a few recent studies argue that Ceratosauria is not monophyletic.
		Ceratosauria does not include the theropod lineage that leads to birds.
	www.digimorph.org /specimens/Syntarsus_kayentakatae (1410 words)

	Dinosaur Tracks on farm Otjihaenamaperero - Namibia-1on1 the information site
		It is known that an early family of Bi-Pedal Dinosaurs named Ceratosauria evolved and lived during the geological period of time in which the tracks were formed.
		The Otjihaenamaperero dinosaur tracks are comparable with sets of tracks found in the USA that are known to have been made by Ceratosauria and are referred to as being thus further on this page.
		Below right can be seen a photograph of the most complete Ceratosauria skeleton ever found.
	www.namibia-1on1.com /Namibia-Northern/Dinosaur-Tracks.html (1204 words)

	Lec 12 The Meat Eaters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This is a shared derived character for the Ceratosauria, named after the Late Jurassic genus Ceratosaurus, which we will discuss in a later lecture.
		In fact, for many years there was no distinction between Ceratosauria and Tentanurae and all theropods were classified as belonging to Carnosauria (the large-bodied theropods) and Coelurosauria (the small-bodied theropods).
		Padian, et al (1999) have proposed the term Neotheropoda for the clade including the common ancestor of Ceratosauria and Tetanurae and all descendents of that common ancestor.
	www.wvup.edu /ecrisp/lec12themeateaters.html (3501 words)

	Theropoda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Among the features linking theropods to birds are the three-toed foot, a wishbone, air-filled bones, and (in some cases) feathers and brooding of the eggs.
		Coelophysoids, including Coelophysis and Dilophosaurus are among the most primitive of theropods; Ceratosauria (including Ceratosaurus and Carnotaurus) are more closely related to birds.
		The Tetanurae is subdivided into Spinosauroidea and Avetheropoda.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/T/Theropoda.htm (250 words)

	Ceratosauria \| THG Lexikon
		Die Ceratosauria sind eine Untergruppe der fleischfressenden Dinosaurier (Theropoda).
		Zu den Ceratosauria gehören zwei Großgruppen, die Ceratosauriden und die Abelisauroiden (mit den beiden Familien Noasauridae und Abelisauridae).
		Ceratosauria sind meist recht ungewöhnliche Tiere, wie etwa der Ceratosauride Ceratosaurus, der ein Horn auf der Nase trug, der Noasauride Masiakasaurus, dessen vordere Unterkieferzähne nach vorne aus dem Kiefer ragten, oder der Abelisauride Carnotaurus, der einen kurzen, hohen Schädel mit zwei Hörnern über den Augen und geradezu lachhaft kurze Arme hatte.
	www.thgweb.de /lexikon/Ceratosauria (187 words)

	GEOL 104 Lecture 22: Theropoda I: Dinosaurs red in tooth and claw
		Coelophysoids were once considered part of Ceratosauria, but new detailed anatomy suggests that ceratosaurs are closer to tetanurines (in the group Neotheropoda).
		Once considered part of Ceratosauria, but new evidence suggests they are the sister taxon to ceratosaurs plus tetanurines
		Neotheropoda (ceratosaurs plus tetanurines) appears to be a clade united by several features, such as asymmetrical premaxillary teeth (not cone-shaped as in more primitive forms), fewer maxillary teeth than coelophysoids, modifications of the jaw joint, and a fenestra in the lacrimal leading to hollow chambers.
	www.geol.umd.edu /~tholtz/G104/10422ther.htm (626 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 340.000 Theropoda: Overview
		The term "Carnosaur" is now somewhat disfavored, although it is retained here as meaning the stem group consisting of everything more closely related to Allosaurus than to birds.
		Another, and deeper split in the theropod dinosaurs is the division between primitive forms (Ceratosauria), and more advanced and bird-like forms (
		This clasisfication may also be simplistic, for there are a number of forms, sometimes referred to as "Megalosaurs", which do not fit easily into one or the other of these camps.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/340Theropoda/340.000.html (1024 words)

	New Page 1
		Mas a grande maioria das análises dividem os Neotheropoda em Ceratosauria e Tetanurae, com os ceratossaurios divididos em 2 clades: coelofysoides e neoceratossaurios.
		Mas enquanto algumas análises filogenéticas colocam os coelofysoides e os neoceratossaurios como grupos irmão, outros estudos sugerem que os neoceratossaurios (como um clade ou como um grupo parafilético) estão relacionados mais de perto com os tetanuranos do que com os coelofysoides.
		Análise filogenética das interrelações de Ceratosauria, segundo Tykoski e Rowe (2004).
	oficina.cienciaviva.pt /~pw011/jazidas/interrelacoes_theropoda.html (1647 words)

	Theropoda
		This clear-cut distinction was upset in the 1960s and 70s by the discovery of unusual medium-sized theropod dinosaurs such as Deinonychus, and more recently several paleontologists pointed out that some coelurosaurs were more similar in structure, and hence more closely related to, certain carnosaurs than they were to other coelurosaurs, and vice- versa.
		They suggested that the coelurosaur- carnosaur distinction be scrapped, and in its stead theropod dinosaurs be divided into primitive forms (Ceratosauria), and more advanced and bird-like forms, (Tetanurae).
		Yet even this clasisfication is simplistic, for there are a number of forms, whcih I have refferred to as "Megalosaurs", which do not fit easily into one or the other of these camps, being in a real sense transitional between the two
	www.kheper.net /evolution/dinosauria/Theropoda.htm (2335 words)

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