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Topic: Cerebral circulation

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	Cerebral circulation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cerebral circulation refers to the movement of blood through the network of blood vessels supplying the brain.
		The amount of blood that the cerebral circulation carries is known as cerebral blood flow.
		Within the cerebral vault, which houses the brain, the two vertebral arteries fuse into the basilar artery, which is located underneath, and primarily supplies, the brainstem.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cerebral_circulation (540 words)

	Pathophysiology of the Cerebral Circulation
		The cerebral circulation is regulated by four primary factors: metabolic stimuli, chemical stimuli, perfusion pressure, and neural stimuli.
		Cerebral metabolic regulation (sometimes called metabolic autoregulation) is the mechanism of adaptation of CBF to the metabolic demands of the brain [2].
		The response of the cerebral vessels to CO is used by anaesthesiologists and intensivists to decrease CBF; and therefore reduce cerebral blood volume and ICP.
	www.euroanesthesia.org /education/rc_vienna/07rc1.HTM (2001 words)

	Brain Circulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The smallest branch of the internal carotid is the posterior communicating artery, a slender vessel that connects to the posterior cerebral artery.
		and the ophthalmic branch of the internal carotid or the anterior cerebral a.
		Circulating blood volume at any instant is about 750 ml, and this is essentially constant, although regional perfusion volume within the brain will change with mental activity.
	sky.bsd.uchicago.edu /lcy_ref/synap/brainblood.html (3917 words)

	Improved cerebral circulation with trepanation
		Among these are questions regarding blood movement in the cerebral blood vessels, the presence and character of cerebral pulsation and the transmission of pulse waves within the hermetical cavity of the skull.
		Among the basic questions of dynamics of cerebral blood circulation that have not as yet been clarified are the methods of compensation for the variations in the blood volume within the hermetical cavity of the skull.
		In view of all the facts, we can conclude that one of the basic characteristics of the hemodynamics of the cerebral circulation is the uninterrupted fluctuating shifts of CSF which appear to serve as an active mechanism to assure the necessary level of cerebral circulation.
	www.trepanationguide.com /better_cerebral_circulation.htm (5335 words)

	Diagnose-Me: Condition: Poor Cerebral Circulation
		Circulating blood volume within the brain at any instant is about 750ml and remains essentially constant, although regional variations occur within the brain with change in mental activity.
		Blockage of circulation leads to tissue softening and death, and to congestion of flow and edema in adjacent areas.
		Most arise from the middle cerebral artery or the internal carotid, and if expansion is slow enough, there may be extensive erosion of bone.
	www.diagnose-me.com /cond/C231918.html (1439 words)

	Cerebral blood flow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cerebral blood flow in excess of 55 to 60 ml per 100 g per minute, called hyperemia, is more than the brain needs and can contribute to an increase in intracranial pressure.
		Cerebral blood flow is determined by a number of factors, such as viscosity of blood, how dilated blood vessels are, and the net pressure of the flow of blood into the brain, known as cerebral perfusion pressure, which is determined by the body's blood pressure and intracranial pressure.
		Cerebral blood vessels are able to change the flow of blood through them by altering their diameters in a process called autoregulation; they constrict when systemic blood pressure is raised and dilate when it is lowered (Kandel, 2000 p.1305).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cerebral_blood_flow (486 words)

	Cerebral Circulation Information on Healthline
		Understanding how the brain is supplied with blood is important because a significant number of neurological disorders that result in hospital admissions are due to problems with cerebral vascular disease.
		In the embryo, the components of the circle of Willis develop from the embryonic dorsal aortae and the embryonic intersegmental arteries.
		The cerebral arteries provide blood to the brain, but a sufficient arterial blood pressure is required to provide an adequate supply of blood to all brain tissue.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/cerebral-circulation (1025 words)

	Laboratory of pathology of cerebral circulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Laboratory of Pathology of Cerebral Circulation (LPCC) was organized in 1971 on the initiative of Director of the Institute, Honored Science Worker of the Russian Federation, Prof.
		It allows to estimate a state of major cerebral vessels and an effect of various antispasmodics when linear blood flow velocity in spamodic cerebral arteries of patients in an acute period of rupture of intracranial aneurysm is monitored.
		New prospective methods in the field of pathophysiology of cerebral circulation are being developed in cooperation with German colleagues led by Mihel I., DM and a physiologist from the Institute of Medical Informatics of Charite Clinic of Humboldt Berlin University.
	www.neuro.neva.ru /English/Issues/Articles_2_2001/brainblood.htm (735 words)

	Marilyn J. Cipolla (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Research in the Cipolla lab is focused at understanding the function of the cerebral circulation under normal conditions and during pathologic states.
		The ability of the cerebral circulation to function and supply oxygen and nutrients to the brain after stroke defines the extent of reperfusion and ultimately determines stroke outcome.
		Cerebral arteries and parenchymal arterioles are dissected and studied in vitro in a specialized arteriograph chamber that allows control of intravascular pressure and measurement of lumen diameter.
	www.uvm.edu /~annb/faculty/cipolla (957 words)

	(Print Version) Cerebral Vascular Disease Page 1
		Collateral circulation in the cerebrum is impaired by hypertension.
		In middle cerebral arteries precontracted with potassium, 5-hydroxytryptamine, prostaglandin Fsub 2(alpha), or with mechanically raised tone, DMSO at concentrations of 10sup -sup 1sup 0 to 10sup -sup 2 M had no significant effects; at concentrations greater than 10sup -sup 2 M, DMSO consistently relaxed the arteries, probably because of the hyperosmolarity of the bathing solution.
		These results suggest that the cerebrally selective CA effects of vinpocetine are at most only partly responsible for the effects of this compound in the in vivo models of cerebral ischemia.
	www.lef.org /protocols/abstracts/abstr-txt/t-abstr-031.html (3301 words)

	NPEL: Vascular Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The circle of Willis is composed principally of the anterior communicating artery that joins the two anterior cerebral arteries, and the two posterior communicating arteries, each of which joins a posterior cerebral artery with an ipsilateral carotid artery.
		Cerebral vascular disease causes 10% of all deaths annually, and is the third leading cause of death behind heart disease and cancer.
		Stroke is the general clinical term that is used to describe cerebral vascular disease (i.e., if a person suffers a pathologic lesion related to cerebral vascular disease and manifests clinical signs and symptoms, the individual is said to have suffered a stroke), but the term stroke does not define the underlying vascular lesion.
	www.uvm.edu /~jkessler/NP/neuvascd.htm (1908 words)

	Regulation of the Cerebral Circulation: Role of Endothelium and Potassium Channels -- FARACI and HEISTAD 78 (1): 53 -- ...
		Nitric oxide is a potent vasodilator that produces relaxation of cerebral blood vessels both in vitro and in vivo (84, 363, 484, 845).
		Endothelin-1 produces potent and long-lasting contraction of cerebral vessels both in vivo and in vitro (1, 2, 14, 31, 152, 185, 212, 217, 219, 265, 338, 390, 600, 625, 632, 680, 697, 698, 701, 757, 820).
		cerebral endothelium (57-59, 375, 561, 562, 616), cerebral vascular
	physrev.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/78/1/53 (8367 words)

	eMedicine - Cerebral Palsy : Article Excerpt by: Boosara Ratanawongsa, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cerebral ischemia before the 20th week of gestation can result in a neuronal migration deficit; between the 26th and 34th weeks, periventricular leukomalacia; and between the 34th and 40th weeks, focal or multifocal cerebral injury.
		Prior to term, the distribution of fetal circulation to the brain results in the tendency for hypoperfusion to the periventricular white matter.
		At term, when circulation to the brain most resembles adult cerebral circulation, hypoperfusion mostly targets injury to the watershed areas of the cortex (eg, end zones of the major cerebral arteries), resulting in a spastic quadriplegic phenotype.
	www.emedicine.com /neuro/byname/cerebral-palsy.htm (616 words)

	Effect of Lovastatin on Cerebral Circulation in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats -- Régrigny et al. 35 (5): 1105 ...
		Cerebral blood flow in rats with renal and spontaneous hypertension: resetting of the lower limit of autoregulation.
		Responses of cerebral arteries and arterioles to acute hypotension and hypertension.
		Mechanics and composition of cerebral arterioles in renal and spontaneously hypertensive rats.
	hyper.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/35/5/1105 (3131 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Cerebral infarction and transient ischemic attacks
		Is the ischemia in the anterior (ie, carotid, middle cerebral, or anterior cerebral artery) or posterior (ie, vertebrobasilar) circulation?
		Cerebral infarction or TIA should be localized to the applicable circulation.
		Carotid disease is responsible for 30% of cerebral infarctions or TIAs in the anterior circulation (10).
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/2000/05_00/flemming.htm (4399 words)

	Brain Blood Circulation Tutorial 4
		The cerebral circulation involves arteries, carrying blood to and veins that take blood away from the brain.
		There are four cerebral arteries travel through the neck: two carotid arteries that reach the brain through two openings in the base of the skull in the front.
		The cerebral veins converge on a central vein under the top and center of the skull that divides to form the two jugular veins that descend in the neck to the right atrium of the heart.
	www.nutramed.com /artery/brain_circulation4.htm (249 words)

	Weill Cornell Research
		We are interested in the mechanisms that regulate the cerebral circulation during neural activity and in the neurobiological basis of functional imaging signals.
		Cerebral Ischemia produces a profound change in the pattern of gene expression in brain.
		We are also studying the effects of cerebral ischemia on neurogenesis in the central nervous system, and the mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning, a therapeutically-important phenomenon by which a mild ischemic insult protects the brain from a subsequent more damaging insult.
	www.med.cornell.edu /research/iadecola (259 words)

	Vessels
		Blood flow entering the brain is supplied by two pair of arteries:the left and right internal carotid supply the anterior circulation; the left and right vertebral arteries.
		Together the anterior communicating, anterior cerebral, internal carotid, posterior communicating and posterior cerebral arteries form the vascular network, known as the Circle of Willis.
		Cerebral Angiogram - a procedure in which a contrast medium or dye is injected into the brain to visualize the cerebral circulation.
	www.transonic.com /vessels.html (387 words)

	[No title]
		The epidemiology and pathogenic mechanisms of disorders due to cerebral ischemia are described and the therapeutic use of Vinca minor alkaloids is reviewed with reference to their indications in neuropsychiatry, otology and ophthalmology.
		In cerebral angiography attention was concentrated on width of the vascular lumen and visualization of Cavinton effect on vessels which on account of narrowing or spasm had not filled up with contrast medium prior to Cavinton.
		The effect of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH 4405, Cavinton) on the rheoencephalogram and memory functions was studied in 50 patients with ischaemic disturbances of cerebral circulation.
	www.lef.org /prod_hp/abstracts/vinpocetine.html (4722 words)

	VINPOCETINE by Carol Bond Health Foods
		Changes in cerebral vascular resistance were examined in patients with cerebral circulatory diseases by the Doppler ultrasonic technique after administration of a cerebral vasodilator, vinpocetine, for two months.
		An inverse correlation was noted between the rate of change of the CI (delta CI) and that of the PI (delta PI).
		The results suggest that measurement of the CI and PI by the Doppler ultrasonic technique is useful in investigating the effect of drugs on the cerebral circulation.
	www.carolbond.com /vin_cerebral.htm (164 words)

	Autonomic Neural Control of Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation in Humans -- Zhang et al. 106 (14): 1814 -- Circulation
		Cerebral vasoconstriction during head-upright tilt-induced vasovagal syncope: a paradoxic and unexpected response.
		Cerebral arterial diameters during changes in blood pressure and carbon dioxide during craniotomy.
		Assessment of blood flow velocity and diameter of the middle cerebral artery during the acetazolamide provocation test by use of transcranial Doppler sonography and MR imaging.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/106/14/1814 (4407 words)

	Compensatory role of NO in cerebral circulation of piglets chronically treated with indomethacin -- Zhang and Leffler ...
		EDRF in mediating the cerebral vasodilatory response to hypercapnia,
		Higher sensitivity of cerebral arteries isolated from premature and newborn baboons to adrenergic and cholinergic stimulation.
		The role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in regulation of cerebral blood flow in normocapnia and hypercapnia in rats.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/282/2/R400 (5862 words)

	Hypoxic regulation of the fetal cerebral circulation -- Pearce 100 (2): 731 -- Journal of Applied Physiology
		Hypoxic regulation of the fetal cerebral circulation -- Pearce 100 (2): 731 -- Journal of Applied Physiology
		different from those observed in the adult cerebral circulation.
		and chronic hypoxia are mediated in fetal cerebral arteries,
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/100/2/731 (293 words)

	Correlation of Angiographic Circulation Time and Cerebrovascular Reserve by Acetazolamide-Challenged Single Photon ...
		CONCLUSION: The angiographic CCT and the cerebral vasoreactivity
		Vorstrup S. Tomographic cerebral blood flow measurements in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease and evaluation of the vasodilatory capacity by the acetazolamide test.
		Circulation time determined by carotid angiography in patients with chronic internal carotid artery occlusion: comparison with cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism measured by PET [in Japanese].
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/25/2/242 (3094 words)

	VINPOCETINE invigorates and enhances circulation and cerebral metabolism. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Studies have shown that vinpocetine can enhance circulation by naturally expanding blood vessels, and that vinpocetine's effect may be particularly beneficial for invigorating cerebral metabolism.
		It enhances the blood flow, increases the rate at which brain cells produce ATP, and increases the utilization of glucose and oxygen in the brain.
		Recent research also suggests Vinpocetine may further support circulation through its ability to prevent or reverse the deposition of calcium, aluminum, and phosphorous in certain body tissues.
	www.vitalityweb.com /nutrition/vinpocetine.htm (241 words)

	Autonomic control of the cerebral circulation during normal and impaired peripheral circulatory control -- Cencetti et ...
		Autonomic control of the cerebral circulation during normal and impaired peripheral circulatory control -- Cencetti et al.
		Autonomic control of the cerebral circulation during normal and impaired peripheral circulatory control
		Circulation, October 1, 2002; 106(14): 1814 - 1820.
	heart.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/abstract/82/3/365 (689 words)

	Hemodynamics, cerebral circulation, and oxygen saturation in Cheyne-Stokes respiration -- Franklin et al. 83 (4): 1184 ...
		Hemodynamics, cerebral circulation, and oxygen saturation in Cheyne-Stokes respiration -- Franklin et al.
		Hemodynamics, cerebral circulation, and oxygen saturation in Cheyne-Stokes respiration
		Medications used by the subjects in the present study may have an effect on the baseline levels of cerebral blood flow.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/83/4/1184 (3665 words)

	Cerebral circulation - references - The Doctors Lounge(TM)
		Infra-optic course of the anterior cerebral artery and low bifurcation of internal carotid artery.
		Surgical anatomy of the proximal anterior cerebral artery.
		Distribution of the occipital branches of the posterior cerebral artery.
	www.thedoctorslounge.net /studlounge/articles/cerebcirc/references.htm (218 words)

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