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Topic: Cerebral oedema

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	Physiological Effects of Reduced Barometric Pressure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The incidence of cerebral oedema is unclear because it is difficult to differentiate a severe case of acute mountain sickness from a mild case of cerebral oedema.
		The pathogenesis of high-altitude cerebral oedema is an extension of the pathogenesis of acute mountain sickness; hypoventilation increases cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure progressing to cerebral oedema.
		Early symptoms of cerebral oedema are identical to symptoms of acute mountain sickness.
	www.ilo.org /encyclopedia/?print&nd=857100052 (3749 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Cerebral malaria is the major expression of Plasmodium falciparum infection.
		In conclusion, cerebral malaria is the result of a cascade of events including a red cell disease with a cytoadherence which conduct to sequestration, and an enhance cytokines secretion which is involved in visceral lesions.
		With the failure of immune therapy, treatment of cerebral malaria was still based on a good management: severe falciparum malaria should be early identified, effective antimalarials drugs should be early delivered with a high maintenance quinine regimen, complications should be early identified and treated, then harmful drugs corticosteroids, heparin....) should be avoided.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?ns98002 (1110 words)

	Resuscitation of acute liver failure
		Altered mental status, caused by cerebral oedema, is the main feature that defines outcome in the mixed types of ALF patients, irrespective of the cause or disease process.
		Cerebral oedema is frequent in severe encephalopathy and accounts for most deaths.
		Cerebral herniation in patients with acute liver failure is correlated with arterial ammonia concentration.
	www.euroanesthesia.org /education/rc_vienna/13rc2.HTM (2080 words)

	OEDEMA - a guide for patient's
		Oedema is swelling of any organ or tissue due to accumulation of excess lymph fluid, without an increase of the number of cells in the affected tissue.
		Oedema without a modifier usually refers to peripheral or dependent oedema, the accumulation of fluid in the parts of the body that are most affected by gravity.
		Oedema of specific organs (cerebral oedema, pulmonary oedema, macular oedema) may also occur, each with different specific causes to peripheral oedema, but all based on the same principles.
	www.medic8.com /healthguide/articles/oedema.html (627 words)

	Review of The New Medicine of the Discoveries of Dr. Ryke Geerd Hamer
		The oedema that develops around the focus ring in the brain becomes visible on X-rays or CT's and is usually misdiagnosed as a brain tumour.
		Cerebral directed conflicts (mesodermal organs directed by loci in the cerebrum and ectodermal organs directed by the cerebral cortex) show cell decrease in the CA phase (necroses, ulcers) or just impairment or interruption of function in the so-called cancer-equivalent diseases.
		Since the cerebral level is very expressive and revealing at the time of the examination, it is always useful, if possible, to conduct a brain CT in standard layers (duration four minutes, irradiation by X-rays minimal).
	www.newmedicine.ca /overview.php (5327 words)

	Surgical decompression for cerebral oedema in acute ischaemic stroke
		Surgical decompression for cerebral oedema in acute ischaemic stroke
		Oedema causes mass-effect with raised intracranial pressure and herniation.
		Decompressive surgical techniques that attempt to relieve high intracranial pressure due to oedema have been described, but their efficacy in reducing case fatality and disability is uncertain.
	www.cochrane.org /reviews/en/ab003435.html (568 words)

	CEREBRAL OEDEMA AFTER EXTENSIVE THERMAL INJURY: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Cerebral oedema has never been systematically investigated in burn patients, and burn encephalopathy remains a well-known but unexplained complication.
		It is concluded that the use of therapy for cerebral oedema combined with catecholamines may be useful in the limitation of cerebral perfusion after extensive burn injury.
		The explanation of cerebral oedema occurring at some distance from the burned areas is still unknown: the role of cytokines, which are involved in burn mortality, needs to be discussed,` particularly that of interleukin-6, which may considerably increase between days 2 and 4 post- injury.
	www.medbc.com /annals/review/vol_10/num_2/text/vol10n2p72.htm (3464 words)

	MJA: Parr et al., Hyponatraemia and death after "ecstasy" ingestion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The cerebral oedema is unlikely to have resulted from hypoxia after the respiratory arrest, as it would then usually be accompanied by bradycardia or asystole, neither of which was present.
		The contribution of intravenous therapy to the hyponatraemia, fluid overload and cerebral and pulmonary oedema is unclear.
		Cerebral oedema as a result of hyponatraemia is well recognised and may result in tentorial herniation, respiratory arrest and cerebral hypoxia.
	www.mja.com.au /public/issues/feb3/parr/parr.html (1556 words)

	Krane: DKA and Cerebral Edema (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Cerebral edema complicating DKA is generally an unpredictable phenomenon that occurs in children who seem to be metabolically returning to normal, generally 3-12 hours after the initiation of therapy ( 4 - 6) (Figure 2).
		We therefore recognize that cerebral edema is a common subclinical complication of DKA in children, and that in a very few unfortunate children the cerebral edema becomes clinically manifest, usually with devastating consequences.
		The one common denominator of children who develop cerebral edema complicating DKA is therapy with insulin, and insulin has been experimentally shown in more than one study to be associated with the accumulation of cations and complex carbohydrates in the brain, and the development of cerebral edema during correction of hyperglycemia in laboratory animals.
	pedsccm.wustl.edu /FILE-CABINET/Metab/DKA-CEdema.html (3935 words)

	Guidelines for treatment of diabetic hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis (DKA) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Cerebral oedema will in typical cases give symptoms 4-16 hours after admission in the form of a rapid deterioration in the level of consciousness and other signs of increased intracranial pressure, such as papillary oedema and restlessness.
		The risk of cerebral oedema is increased at the onset of diabetes and in young children.
		Cerebral oedema can develop rapidly and the emergency treatment is an immediate supply of mannitol (1g/kg body weight) which must be initiated within 10 minutes after the onset of symptoms.
	www.ispad.org /dka/dka-swe.htm (3330 words)

	Mountain Sickness
		Less common are the complaints of pulmonary and cerebral oedema.
		Oedema (the build up of fluid in various parts of the body) is thought to be caused by a rapid ascent to altitude without allowing the body to acclimatise.
		High Altitude Cerebral Oedema (HACE) is the gathering of fluid on the brain.
	www.maranguhotel.com /ie4/800x600/mtsick.html (588 words)

	STROKE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Cerebral infarction results in Ê necrosis of neurones, glia and blood vessels and is caused by local arrest or reduction in cerebral blood flow.
		Ê There is a large amount of oedema with complete obliteration of the ventricle on the side of the infarct and herniation across the midline (note that midline structures have bulged across to the other side ö the midline is shown by the dotted line).
		Asymptomatic stenosis: ie stenosis discovered at clinical examination but without a preceding cerebral ischaemic event, are not associated with a sufficiently high risk of stroke to justify surgery.
	www.med.monash.edu.au /medicine/mmc/mind/ivyearstrokenotes/stroke.htm (5237 words)

	CPSP - Recognition and Treatment of Cerebral Edema Complicating Diabetic Ketoacidosis
		Cerebral edema (CE) is the leading cause (30–62%) of these DKA-related deaths.
		Early warning signs of cerebral edema include headache (especially new onset of headache during treatment), irritability or altered behaviour.
		Franklin B, Lui J, Ginsberg-Fellner F. Cerebral edema and ophthalmoplegia reversed by mannitol in a new case of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
	www.cps.ca /English/Surveillance/CPSP/Resources/Rcerebraledema.htm (793 words)

	neurological problems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Cerebral oedema is an important underlying cause in many cases of raised intracranial pressure, and this may be triggered by neoplasms (tumours), cerebral haemorrhage (intra- or extra-cerebral), cerebral vascular events such as thrombosis and embolism, head injuries, or poisoning.
		Uncorrected cerebral oedema leads to compression of the third cranial nerve, first on one side and then on the other.
		Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticosteroid used in the treatment of cerebral oedema because it has anti-inflammatory effects and thus helps to reduce the raised pressure within the cranial cavity.
	www.nurseminerva.co.uk /neurolog.htm (2068 words)

	Fluid restriction for term infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia
		Animal studies of hypoxia-ischaemia also do not support the view that cerebral oedema is a primary injury causing further cerebral insult, but is rather a consequence of the ischaemic damage in the immature animal (De Haan 1997, Mujsce 1990, Stonestreet 1992).
		Supporting this observation, pharmacological manipulation of oedema has not been shown in animal studies to affect neuropathological outcome, despite decreasing the level of cerebral oedema by up to 70% (Vannucci 1993).
		However, one has to keep in mind that even if reduction of cerebral oedema may not affect neurological outcome, an increase in cerebral oedema to a degree that the compliant mechanisms of a neonatal skull are exhausted will result in an increase of the intracranial pressure and potentially contribute to cerebral damage.
	www.nichd.nih.gov /cochrane/Kecskes2/KECSKES.HTM (3140 words)

	Acute physiological derangement is associated with early radiographic cerebral infarction after subarachnoid ...
		Global cerebral oedema (OR 4.3, 95% CI 1.5 to 12.5, p = 0.007) predicted cerebral infarction.
		Cerebral infarction occurred in 29 of 103 (28%) patients.
		to correlate cerebral infarction with a standardised neurological
	jnnp.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/77/12/1340?rss=1 (3051 words)

	Irish Medical News
		Acute management focuses on the gradual correction of the metabolic abnormalities, bearing in mind the small risk of lethal cerebral oedema.
		Cerebral oedema occurs in approximately one per cent of cases of DKA and has a mortality of over 30 per cent.
		Though there is no “fail-safe” method of avoiding cerebral oedema, current guidelines emphasise the importance of gradual (over 48 hours) correction of dehydration, hyperglycaemia, acidosis, and electrolyte disturbances and the avoidance of sodium bicarbonate administration.
	www.irishmedicalnews.ie /articles.asp?Category=clinfoc&ArticleID=14626 (1740 words)

	Surgical decompression for cerebral oedema in acute ischaemic stroke (Cochrane Review)
		Oedema causes mass-effect with raised intracranial pressure and herniation.
		Decompressive surgical techniques that attempt to relieve high intracranial pressure due to oedema have been described, but their efficacy in reducing case fatality and disability is uncertain.
		Surgical decompression for cerebral oedema in acute ischaemic stroke.
	www.update-software.com /abstracts/ab003435.htm (467 words)

	Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 6245 : Successful treatment of refractory cerebral oedema in ecstasy/cocaine-induced ...
		If complicated by cerebral oedema, orthotopic liver transplantation is the only established treatment.
		Cerebral oedema was greatly reduced by day 4 and hepatic function gradually recovered.
		In conclusion, efficient extracorporeal detoxification may be an option for reversal of hyperammonaemia and refractory cerebral oedema in ecstasy/cocaine-induced acute liver failure.
	www.erowid.org /references/refs_view.php?ID=6245 (228 words)

	Neurological problems may arise de novo in pregnancy or existing neurological problems... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Cerebral vasculitis or vasospastic process is implicated.21 Tubercular and syphilitic vasculitis has been observed in some cases.22 Peripartum cardiomyopathy occurs within the first five months after delivery in older multiparous women without preexisting heart disease and lead to systemic or cerebral embolism.
		In cerebral aneurysms the risk of bleeding increases throughout pregnancy and early into the postpartum period and is maximum (55%) in the third trimester.
		Cerebral venous thrombosis during pregnancy and puerperium is a common entity in India.
	www.indegene.com /Gyn/FeatArt/indGynFeatArt15.html (3647 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		In a neuroimaging analysis of 12 patients with TTP, six presented with cerebral oedema associated with hypertension and renal failure.
		Only one of the twelve had cerebral oedema with normal creatinine and a maximum blood pressure of 140/85.
		The symptoms are highly variable[9] and may largely be dependent on the extent of cerebral vasogenic oedema.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?jp04065 (1358 words)

	Malaria Journal \| Full text \| Scanning electron microscopy of the neuropathology of murine cerebral malaria
		Cerebral oedema was evidenced by enlargement of perivascular spaces.
		Loosening of tight junctions contributing to brain oedema was confirmed by this method [10].
		HandE staining of brains of animals with CM showed parenchymal microhaemorrhages and subarachnoid bleedings, disruption of vessel walls and cerebral oedema as indicated by enlargement of perivascular spaces and adherence of blood leukocytes to brain vessels as previously reported [15].
	www.malariajournal.com /content/5/1/116 (2561 words)

	HIGH ALTITUDE CEREBRAL OEDEMA
		Cerebral mountain sickness is a rare varient of acute mountain sickness (AMS).
		In contrast, the development of papilloedema is strong evidence for HACO and Dickinson (1981) found it in 23 of 44 cases in the highly selected group of very ill patients with pure or mixed AMS sent down from high altitude for urgent treatment (quoted in ref. 1).
		Cerebral mountain sickness (CMS) is often associated with HAPO and probably shares a similar pathophysiology
	www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk /studentwebs/session1/group74/haco.htm (540 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Cerebral oedema represents the main aggravating factor to be predicted in various forms of brain ailments.
		Oedema is initially produced at a threshold of cerebral blood flow (CBF) lower than 20 ml/100 gr/min., so an early stage of cytotoxic oedema is followed by a vasogenic-oedema stage coincident with reperfusion.
		And precisely where the phenomenon of blood redistribution from non-ischemic areas to tissues around the lesions is to be taken into account, which is affected by the vasoconstriction effect to which unharmed areas are notoriously more susceptible, with evident result lowering, "stealing" and intracranial pressure and raising tissue oxygen flow.
	www.unipa.it /~ccare/hbo/eubs2.htm (1144 words)

	eBMJ -- Grant and Andrews 319 (7202): 110
		cerebral perfusion pressure and the presence of cerebral vessel
		cerebral tissue have been shown to correlate with outcome.
		Physiological regulation of blood flow in the spinal cord is the same as for cerebral blood flow.
	www.ufpe.br /utihc/artigo3.htm (1500 words)

	cerebral oedema - General Practice Notebook
		Cerebral oedema may complicate a variety of conditions, for example:
		High altitude cerebral oedema may result from an abrupt increase in cerebral blood flow at 3500 - 4000 m upwards.
		Cerebral oedema appears as a hypodense area on CT scans.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /simplepage.cfm?ID=-1952841725 (860 words)

	cerebral oedema, water retention in woman, your health
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	www.steviaslimmingaid.fsnet.co.uk /fluids/health_supplements1.html (657 words)

	Arachidonic acid increases cerebral microvascular permeability by free radicals in single pial microvessels of the ...
		It was concluded that the permeability response to arachidonic acid depends on the formation of free radicals and subsequent lipid peroxidation.
		This study shows that arachidonic acid increases permeability acutely in single cerebral microvessels by generation of oxygen free radicals in the course of its metabolism via the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways.
		Evidence that arachidonic acid disruption of blood-brain barrier is mediated by free radicals in the anaesthetized rat.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/507/2/541 (4073 words)

	Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome -- Garg 77 (903): 24 -- Postgraduate Medical Journal
		On the next day she had a single episode of generalised tonic-clonic convulsions, after which she became confused and was transferred for further care.
		Her blood pressure was 190/104 mm Hg, she was afebrile, there was no pedal oedema, and fundus examination was normal.
		Imaging studies reveal bilateral oedema predominantly in the white matter in the posterior parietal and occipital lobes of the brain.
	pmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/77/903/24 (2383 words)

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