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Topic: Cerebral peduncle

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	IX. Neurology. 4b. The Mid-brain or Mesencephalon. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		Bechterew is of the opinion that the fibers from the motor area of the cerebral cortex form synapses with cells whose axons pass to the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and serve for the coördination of the muscles of mastication.
		The principal gray masses of the tegmentum are the red nucleus and the interpeduncular ganglion; of its fibers the chief longitudinal tracts are the superior peduncle, the medial longitudinal fasciculus, and the lemniscus.
		In the cerebral peduncle, a few of its fibers pass upward in the lateral part of the base of the peduncle, on the dorsal aspect of the temporopontine fibers, and reach the lentiform nucleus and the insula.
	www.bartleby.com /107/188.html (3293 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Cerebral peduncle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The cerebral peduncle, by most classifications, is everything in the mesencephalon except the tectum.
		In the cerebral peduncular loop fibers from motor areas of the brain project to the cerebral peduncle and then project to various thalamic nuclei.
		On the anterior surface the cerebral peduncles are prominent.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Cerebral-peduncle (391 words)

	Cerebral peduncle - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		There are numerous nerve tracts located within this section of the brainstem.Of note, in the cerebral peduncular loop fibers from motor areas of the brain project to the cerebral peduncle and then project to various thalamic nuclei.
		Inasmuch as the peduncles are an anatomic landmark, for details regarding the function of this area interested readers are referred to the individual referenced articles.
		cerebral peduncle: midbrain tegmentum (periaqueductal gray, ventral tegmentum, nucleus raphe dorsalis), pretectum, substantia nigra, red nucleus, pedunculopontine nucleus, medial longitudinal fasciculus, medial lemniscus, rubrospinal tract, lateral lemniscus
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Cerebral_peduncle (220 words)

	Neuro Lab 1
		The anterior cerebral arteries arise medially from the internal carotid arteries and course rostrally between the 2 frontal lobes.
		28) on the medial surface of the posterior portion of the cerebral hemisphere and the preoccipitalnotch (Fig.
		Observe the distribution of the branches of the anterior cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery on the medial aspect of the hemisphere (Fig.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/duong/Neuroscience/Schedule/NeuroLab1.html (2320 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		cerebella´ris ponti´nus middle cerebellar peduncle: a large bundle of projection fibers originating in the contralateral pontine nuclei and entering the cerebellum, conveying impulses from the cerebral cortex to the neocerebellum; it is continuous with the pons at the line of attachment of the trigeminal nerve.
		Each peduncle is divided into an anterior part, consisting of a bundle of nerve fiber tracts (basis pedunculi cerebri), and a posterior part, which is continuous across the median plane, forming the tegmentum of the mesencephalon; the parts are separated by the substantia nigra.
		floc´culi [TA] peduncle of flocculus: a narrow band of afferent and efferent nerve fibers that connects the nodulus of the cerebellum to the flocculus; its dorsal part is continuous with the anterolateral part of the caudal medullary velum, from which most of its fibers are derived.
	www.mercksource.com /ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/dmd_p_10.htm (3182 words)

	BrainTF23 -Cerebral Hemiatrophy, Encephalomalacia & Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis_Text
		HS at the center of the cerebral peduncle has a lesion in the paracentral gyrus, precentral gyrus, corona radiata or posterior limb of the internal capsule.
		HS at the lateral aspect of the cerebral peduncle has a lesion in the parietal or temporal lobes (which spares the corticospinal tract originating from the paracentral gyrus, precentral gyrus, corona radiata or posterior limb of the internal capsule).
		Hence HS at the center of the cerebral peduncle may be due to Wallerian degeneration of the corticospinal tract and an HS at the lateral side of the cerebral peduncle may be due to Wallerian degeneration of the corticopontine tract.
	www.mribhatia.com /braintf23/braintf23text.html (1124 words)

	Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. Page 653
		The basal vein passes backward around the cerebral peduncle, and ends in the internal cerebral vein (vein of Galen); it receives tributaries from the interpeduncular fossa, the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle, the hippocampal gyrus, and the mid-brain.
		cerebri internæ; veins of Galen; deep cerebral veins) drain the deep parts of the hemisphere and are two in number; each is formed near the interventricular foramen by the union of the terminal and choroid veins.
		565), formed by the union of the two internal cerebral veins, is a short median trunk which curves backward and upward around the splenium of the corpus callosum and ends in the anterior extremity of the straight sinus.
	www.bartleby.com /107/pages/page653.html (360 words)

	Lecture 27. Gross anatomy brain
		The cerebral and cerebellar cortices are layered arrangements of cell bodies on the surface of the cerebrum and cerebellum.
		The region ventral to the cerebral aqueduct is the tegmentum.
		The middle cerebellar peduncle carries input from the pontine nuclei and the superior cerebellar pedunclei carries mostly output from the cerebellar nuclei to the midbrain and thalamus.
	www.med.howard.edu /anatomy/gas/wk9/Lecture_27.htm (1808 words)

	Brain Herniation Syndromes: A Review
		Contralateral hemiparesis occurs with compression of the ipsilateral cerebral peduncle.
		The posterior cerebral artery becomes compressed as the ipsilateral uncus and parahippocampal gyrus compresses the artery against the ipsilateral cerebral peduncle.
		Notice the infarction at the distal anterior cerebral artery surrounding the compressed left atria of the lateral ventricle.
	rad.usuhs.mil /rad/herniation/herniation.html (2526 words)

	HyperBrain Syllabus Chapter 10
		The foot and lower limb are represented on the medial surface of the hemisphere and the trunk, upper limb, hand and face, on the lateral surface.
		The corticobulbar fibers accompany the corticospinal axons through the internal capsule (#6430) and cerebral peduncle (#6463) and then leave the corticospinal tract to enter the tegmentum of the pons and medulla.
		The internal capsule is the fibrous expressway that connects the cerebral cortex to the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem (motor nuclei, pontine nuclei and reticular formation) and spinal cord.
	www-medlib.med.utah.edu /kw/hyperbrain/syllabus/syllabus10.html (1938 words)

	Neuro course 2006 Dissection of the Sheep Brain
		The oculomotor nerves are large and flat, emerging from the cerebral peduncles, and running forward to supply four of the muscles of the eyeball.
		On the cerebral hemispheres identify the lateral fissure, the rhinal fissure and the suprasylvian fissure.
		Then continue the separation of the conjunctivum and middle peduncles for approximately one centimeter downward along the dorso-lateral border of the medulla as they cross the spinal V tract superficially to continue into the cord as the dorsal spino-cerebellar tract.
	starklab.slu.edu /neuro/Dissection.htm (2621 words)

	CEREBRAL
		Cerebral Cortex publishes papers on the development, organization, plasticity, and function of the cerebral cortex, including the hippocampus.
		In 30 percent of all cases of cerebral palsy, the spastic form is found...
		Spastic cerebral palsy is further classified by the region of the body affected.
	www.web-searchs.com /index.php?q=cerebral (150 words)

	Pathophysiology of intracranial hemorrhage, Case Reference Definitions - Datasets, Project TOUCH - Health Sciences ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		the uncus eventually exerts pressure on the ipsilateral cerebral peduncle of the midbrain.
		The cerebral peduncle is the most anterior and lateral component of the midbrain.
		The corticospinal fibers of the cerebral peduncle, which are considered "upper motor neurons (UMN's)", innervate contralateral ventral horn cells (decussation of the UMN's in the medullary pyramids), or "lower motor neurons (LMN's)".
	hsc.unm.edu /touch/datasets/datasets/definitions/patho.shtml (636 words)

	Neurological Exam: Cerebellum: Lesions: Vascular Lesions - Occlusion of the Superior Cerebellar Artery
		The strength and deep tendon reflexes of both arms and legs were noted to be generally normal yet there was weakness of the left arm as indicated by pronator drift.
		The unsteady gait and ataxia on the left are signs of left cerebellar hemisphere disease or the superior cerebellar peduncle from the left.
		The superior cerebellar artery wraps around the cerebral peduncle of the midbrain arching backwards to the superior surface of the cerebellum.
	isc.temple.edu /neuroanatomy/lab/lesions/35.htm (444 words)

	Unit 5, 2000: Vasculature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The posterior cerebral arteries are the terminal branches of the basilar artery.
		For instance, the posterior cerebral artery is a major branch of the internal carotid, instead of the basilar artery, in approximately one-third of the population.
		One anterior cerebral artery may be unusually small in its proximal portion, in which case the caliber of the anterior communicating artery is larger than usual.
	www.med.uiuc.edu /m1/neurosci/Web_Neuro_2001/protected/curriculum/Unit_06_01_Vasculature/Vasculature.htm (3139 words)

	Answers for CLINICAL PROBLEM SOLVING: BRAINSTEM
		Corticospinal tract axons originating from the right hemisphere; the lesion could be anywhere along the pathway from cortex through the internal capsule, cerebral peduncle, ventral brainstem on the right to dorsolateral funiculus of the upper spinal cord on the left.
		These pathways are adjacent to each other in the internal capsule and cerebral peduncle and also in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord.
		The lesion is located in the ventral region of the midbrain on the right side and involves the cerebral peduncle (containing the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts), the IIIrd neve, and the optic tract.
	www2.umdnj.edu /~neuro/neuro04/problems/bstem1a.htm (1073 words)

	Neuroanatomy
		Subsequently, the auditory signal is sent via the peduncle of the inferior colliculus to the medial geniculate nucleus of the dorsal thalamus.
		The fibers that compose the most medial and most lateral areas of the cerebral peduncle originate in other motor areas of the cerebral cortex and ultimately synapse on the neurons of the pontine nuclei.
		The crescent-shaped bands of fibers that lie between the cerebral peduncles and the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles contain fibers of the medial lemnisci, the spinothalamic tracts, and the lateral lemnisci.
	webteach.mccs.uky.edu /COM/DLOTW_cd/na_images_fr_2b.html (1191 words)

	Oculomotor nucleus - Psychology Wiki - A Wikia wiki
		The fibers of the oculomotor nerve arise from a nucleus in the midbrain, which lies in the gray substance of the floor of the cerebral aqueduct and extends in front of the aqueduct for a short distance into the floor of the third ventricle.
		From this nucleus the fibers pass forward through the tegmentum, the red nucleus, and the medial part of the substantia nigra, forming a series of curves with a lateral convexity, and emerge from the oculomotor sulcus on the medial side of the cerebral peduncle.
		The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve does not consist of a continuous column of cells, but is broken up into a number of smaller nuclei, which are arranged in two groups, anterior and posterior.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Oculomotor_nucleus (349 words)

	Early American Manual Therapy
		Arterial circle (circle of Willis)—An arterial anastomosis composed of the posterior communicating arteries, the anterior cerebral arteries, and the anterior communicating arteries, all derived from the basilar and the internal carotid arteries.
		Basis pedunculi—The crusts of the cerebral peduncle, the part of the peduncle ventral to the substantia nigra.
		The first ventricle is found within the right cerebral hemisphere; the second, within the left hemisphere; the third, between the hemispheres; the fourth, between the pons and medulla and the cerebellum; the fifth, between the folds of the septum pelucidum; the sixth, the canal of the spinal cord.
	www.meridianinstitute.com /eamt/files/burns2/bur2glos.html (3667 words)

	MR Imaging of Normal Perivascular Space Expansion at Midbrain -- Saeki et al. 26 (3): 566 -- American Journal of ...
		Multiple ovoid and round PV spaces are visible between the cerebral peduncle and substantia nigra and in the cerebral peduncle.
		Ovoid and linear PV spaces are visible between the cerebral peduncle and substantia nigra and in the cerebral peduncle.
		the cerebral peduncle and substantia nigra in the axial plane
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/26/3/566 (2663 words)

	Medical Neurosciences
		The corticopontine fibers descend from cerebral cortex uncrossed to end upon the pontine grey nuclei.
		The first lies in the cortex; its axon (corticopontine) enters the internal capsule (along with corticospinal and corticobulbar axons), passes into the cerebral peduncle at midbrain levels, and enters the basilar pons where it terminates upon pontine grey nuclei.
		The pontocerebellar projection is the primary constituent of the middle cerebellar peduncle, which is also called the brachium pontis.
	www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu /virtualbrain/BrainStem/16Pontine.html (514 words)

	Anatomy Atlases: Atlas of Human Anatomy in Cross Section: Section 1. Head and Neck
		The interpeduncular fossa (3) lies on the ventral surface of the midbrain between the two cerebral peduncles (11).
		Close to the cerebral peduncles (11) is the optic tract (6).
		Branches of the middle cerebral artery (24) are seen in the lateral (sylvian) fissure (10).
	www.anatomyatlases.org /HumanAnatomy/1Section/11.shtml (574 words)

	Motor Systems
		The axons which will innervate the legs are located laterally within the cerebral peduncle.
		These axons then descend within the Genu of the internal capsule to the medial part of the cerebral peduncle.
		The ganglion then sends projections to the Superior and lateral vestibular nuclei which are located in the medulla adjacent to the floor of the fourth ventricle.
	pathology.mc.duke.edu /neuropath/nawr/motor-systems.html (1173 words)

	Brain and Related Vasculature
		ribbon-like nerve tract that courses from the olfactory bulb to the cerebral cortex; it courses in the olfactory sulcus
		posterior cerebral a.; anterior and posterior temporal brs.; medial occipital a.
		unnamed tributaries from the falx cerebri and cerebral hemispheres
	anatomy.uams.edu /anatomyhtml/brain.html (3969 words)

	eMedicine - Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke : Article by Christopher C Luzzio, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The inferior temporal, parietooccipital, calcarine, and posterior pericallosal arteries supply the undersurface of the temporal lobe, the posterior one third of the interhemispheric surface, occipital pole, visual cortex, and splenium of the corpus callosum.
		Internationally: Approximately 5-10% of cerebral infarcts occur in the PCA territory.
		The midbrain cerebral peduncle carries corticospinal tract fibers that decussate caudally in the brainstem.
	www.emedicine.com /pmr/topic116.htm (3253 words)

	Study Questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Explain why the cerebral cortex is “grey” while the cerebral peduncle is “white“.
		Explain why corresponding areas of cerebral cortex and (integument, skeletal muscle) are not proportional in size.
		Considering the bilateral nature of the cerebral hemispheres, why are the primary sensory and motor not considered redundant while the association areas are considered redundant.
	www.towson.edu /~smoes/Unit3questions213.htm (756 words)

	>Neuroscience: Neuroanatomy
		Cerebral Aqueduct: Connects the Third Ventricle to the Fourth Ventricle.
		All three of the Cerebral Arteries are given off in the Circle of Willis, while the Cerebellar Arteries are given off before the Circle of Willis.
		TERTIARY NEURON: VPM of Thalamus ------> Post-Central (Sensory) Cerebral Cortex.
	us.share.geocities.com /doctor_uae/neuro2.htm (6166 words)

	v414output07.html
		(superior) cerebellar peduncle in the tegmentum (aka, the the brachium conjunctivum); the cerebellum is served by three pairs of peduncles (big tract formations): inferior, middle and the superior, tagged here.
		The superior cerebellar peduncle carries the cerebellum's output to the thalamus and from there to the output part of the cerebral cortex (in the posterior part of the front lobe).
		gray is a cylinder of central gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct or iter (not labeled); post com., the posterior commissure is a bridge over the central gray matter used in pupillary reflexes; pre-text., the pretectal area(or nuclei), for which this plane of sectioning is named; br.
	www.indiana.edu /~pietsch/v414output07.html (1984 words)

	The Brainstem
		of the cerebral peduncles, the basal pons, and the pyramids of the medulla.
		This is a prominent structure that is responsible for the surface swelling of the
		This is near the floor of the fourth ventricle.
	www.videohelp.com /~vitualis/med/brainstem_1.htm (462 words)

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