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Topic: Cervical spine

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	NeurosurgeryToday.org \| What is Neurosurgery \| Patient Education Materials \| cervical spine
		Pressure on the spinal cord in the neck (cervical) region can be a very serious problem because virtually all of the nerves to the rest of the body have to pass through the neck to reach their final destination (arms, chest, abdomen, legs); therefore, the function of many important organs is potentially at risk.
		Initially, the symptoms of cervical disc disease may be limited to neck pain and later arm pain; weakness or numbness may also occur along with difficulty walking or incoordination of the legs.
		Other risks possible with anterior cervical discectomy include: stroke; injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which causes hoarseness and may or may not be permanent; and injury to the involved nerve root(s) or the spinal cord, both of which can cause varying types and degrees of paralysis.
	www.neurosurgerytoday.org /what/patient_e/cervical.asp (2753 words)

	Cervical Spine Fractures
		Most injuries that involve the neck or cervical spine are the result of a violent collision that compresses the cervical spine against the shoulders.
		Cervical spine injuries may also occur during motor vehicle accidents when the head is violently jerked either backwards or forwards.
		Cervical spine fractures and other neck injuries occur less frequently because people are more educated about how fractures occur and about how to prevent them.
	www.hughston.com /hha/a.cspine.htm (574 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Cervical spine complications in rheumatoid arthritis patients
		Cervical spine complications in rheumatoid arthritis patients: awareness is the key to averting serious consequences.
		In the rheumatoid arthritis patient with cervical spine involvement, treatment should be aimed at pain relief, establishment of spinal stability, and decompression of the neural elements.
		As in upper cervical spine instability, cervical traction is used initially in an attempt to establish normal spinal alignment.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/2000/01_00/alberstone.htm (2086 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Atlas The 1st cervical vertebra articulates superiorly with the occiput and inferiorly with the axis, (the 2nd cervical vertebrae).
		Structure of a typical Cervical vertebra A typical vertebra is composed of an anterior body and a posterior arch Vertebral body Roughly cylindrical superior surface is concave transversely and convex antero posterioly and on each side are prominent elevations known as the uncinate processes.
		Apophyseal joints The paired cervical apophsyeal joints are plane joints formed by the articulation of the inferior facets of one cervical vertebrae with the superior facets of the subjacent vertebra.
	www.sohp.soton.ac.uk /aaanatomy/lectnotes/lect7'98.doc (1865 words)

	Degenerative Cervical Spine Disorders
		Cervical disk herniations are more characteristic in the young (less than forty-years old), while cervical spondylosis (spon-dee-low-sis) and stenosis (sten-oh-sis) are typically found in older patients.
		Degenerative disease of the spine refers to a breakdown of the normal architecture of the various components of the cervical spine.
		The function of the spine is to protect the spinal cord from injury during motion and activity.
	www.spineuniverse.com /displayarticle.php/article201.html (1157 words)

	The Physician and Sportsmedicine: An Occult Cervical Spine Fracture
		Most sports-related fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine occur in the lower cervical segment, C-4 to C-7, and most of the severe injuries involve fractures of the vertebral body with varying degrees of compression or comminution (5).
		The general rule in every cervical spine trauma case is to obtain two x-rays at 90° angles to one another (10), because perpendicular views minimize the chance of missing fractures present in just one plane.
		Cervical spine trauma is a fairly common consequence of motor vehicle accidents, falls, and sports-related activities.
	www.physsportsmed.com /issues/1997/12dec/khosla.htm (1718 words)

	Cervical Spine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The 1st cervical vertebra articulates superiorly with the occiput and inferiorly with the axis, (the 2nd cervical vertebrae).
		Stability of the craniovertebral region is dependent upon the integrity of the ligts of the upper cervical spine.
		The paired cervical apophsyeal joints are plane joints formed by the articulation of the inferior facets of one cervical vertebrae with the superior facets of the subjacent vertebra.
	www.sohp.soton.ac.uk /aaanatomy/cervical.htm (2064 words)

	Cervical spine
		Consisting of seven vertebrae and six intervertebral discs, the cervical spine is the part of the spine that carries and moves the head.
		The herniation or prolapse of a disc of the cervical spine is caused by the degenerative weakening of the discâs peripheral annular ligament (anulus fibrosus).
		Compression of the spinal cord caused by degeneration of the cervical spine.
	www.hus.fi /?path=59,403,2252,5751,6671 (1032 words)

	Cervical Spine
		The reconstruction of cervical segments of the cervical spine by using the generated vertebras.
		It has been suggested in current literature that the rigid fixation of the cervical plates may be responsible for the elimination of the mechanical loads that are important in graft healing.
		Applications of a three-dimensional parametric model of the cervical spine: An evaluation of load-sharing and stiffness in fixed and dynamic plates during cervical spine fusion.
	www.uic.edu /labs/brl/cervical1.htm (670 words)

	NeurosurgeryToday.org \| What is Neurosurgery \| Patient Education Brochures \| A Patient's Guide to Neck Pain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The cervical spine consists of seven bones called vertebrae and a complex assembly of discs and nerve roots.
		Osteoarthritis and degenerative disc disease, often caused by aging and general wear and tear on the spine, are common in the cervical spine.
		Because neurosurgeons spend 70 percent of their time treating spine problems, and have been trained to treat diseases of the spine throughout their residencies, they are familiar with all treatment options and can determine which option will be most effective for each patient.
	www.neurosurgerytoday.org /what/patient/neck.asp (2823 words)

	AllRefer Health - Cervical Spinal Surgery (Cervical Spinal Surgery) - Surgery & Procedures
		Cervical spinal surgery is used to correct the part of the spine in the neck, including problems with the bones (vertebrae), disks, and nerves.
		The part of the spine in the neck is called the cervical spine and consists of 7 vertebrae and 8 pairs of spinal nerves (called C1 to C8 for cervical nerves 1 through 8).
		Again, if there is enough bone taken away that the cervical spine becomes unstable, it will be necessary to fuse the remaining bone together with bone and plates, rods, or metal cages.
	health.allrefer.com /health/spinal-surgery-cervical-info.html (814 words)

	Cervical Spine Surgery: An Overview
		The goal of cervical spine surgery is to relieve pain, numbness, tingling and weakness, restore nerve function and stop or prevent abnormal motion in the spine.
		Cervical spine surgery may be indicated for a variety of cervical spine problems.
		Patients with a deformity in their cervical spine, such as hyperlordosis or swan neck deformity, may benefit from surgery to straighten and stabilize the spine.
	www.spineuniverse.com /displayarticle.php/article1545.html (715 words)

	Cervical Spine - AskTheBrain.com
		The thoracic and cervical spines begin to straighten, resulting in an upward motion of the torso, which is enhanced by the ramping up of the torso against the seat back.
		The vertebrae in the lumbar spine area are the largest of the entire spine, so the lumbar spinal canal is larger than in the cervical or thoracic parts of the spine.
		When dealing with patients with both cervical and lumbar stenosis, the predominant symptoms and the degree of stenosis by imaging studies should be considered in deciding which area of the spine should be treated first.
	www.askthebrain.com /cervical_spine-.html (414 words)

	Cervical Spine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Cervical stenosis with resultant radicular and neurological complaints may be difficult to manage with both conventional allopathic and chiropractic treatment.
		Flexion-distraction manipulation performed to the cervical spine is a relatively new clinical procedure, which shows great promise for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy.
		Flexion distraction applied to the cervical spine might be an effective therapy in the treatment of cervical disk herniations.
	www.coxtechnic.com /cervicalspine.html (471 words)

	eMedicine - Fractures, Cervical Spine : Article by Emilio Belaval, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Physical: Clinical evaluation of the cervical spine in a patient with blunt trauma is unreliable.
		Extension of the cervical spine, causing buckling of the ligamentum flavum into the spinal cord, is believed to cause central spinal cord syndrome.
		O'Malley KF, Ross SE: The incidence of injury to the cervical spine in patients with craniocerebral injury.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic189.htm (6595 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Determination of the stability of the cervical spine is a common problem encountered by those charged with the responsibility for the acute care of trauma patients.
		If the cervical spine radiographs are normal but the patient complains of significant neck pain, cervical spine radiographs with the patient actively positioning their neck in extreme flexion and extension positions should be obtained.
		The few available studies that have focused on the incidence of cervical spine injury in comatose trauma patients suggest that traumatic brain injury is a risk factor for spine injury, and may increase the incidence to nearly 7%.
	www.east.org /tpg/chap3body.html (1852 words)

	Cervical Spine Surgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Arnold JG Jr: The clinical manifestations of spondylochondrosis (spondylosis) of the cervical spine.
		Bailey RW, Bagdley SK: Stabilization of the cervical spine by an anterior fusion.
		Stookey B: Compression of spinal cord and nerve roots by herniation of the nucleus pulposus in the cervical region.
	www.cervicalspinesurgery.com /paper7.html (554 words)

	CERVICAL STENOSIS & MYELOPATHY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The cervical spine (neck) is made up of a series of connected bones called vertebrae.
		Cervical stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal) and myelopathy can occur at one level or many levels of the spine and MRI is useful for looking at several levels at one time.
		The stabilizing of the spine, called a fusion, places a bone graft (implant) between cervical segments to support the spine and compensate for the bone and discs that have been removed.
	www.spine.org /articles/cervicalstenosis.cfm (2068 words)

	Up C Spine - Evidence - Cervical Spine Biomechanics
		Understanding of cervical spine biomechanics is important in understanding the mechanism of any injury to the upper cervical spine.
		We are all accustomed to the disastrous consequences for someone who breaks their neck (cervical spine) or who sustains a dislocation of fracture of cervical vertebrae.
		A biomechanically stable spine is characterised by a head sitting vertical to the cervical spine and the eyes, jaw, shoulders and pelvis, which are level with the horizon.
	www.upcspine.com /anatomy3.htm (1555 words)

	Cervical disc herniation
		As in the lumbar spine, the first line or treatment is generally a couple days of rest and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID’s).
		Anterior surgical approach for a cervical disc herniation – may be favored if there is any disc space collapse, as the approach allows the surgeon to "jack open" the disc space and place a bone graft to keep it open.
		Posterior surgical approach for a cervical disc herniation– may be favored for a large soft disc that is lateral (to the side of) the canal
	www.spine-health.com /topics/cd/overview/cervical/cerv01.html (637 words)

	All About Back & Neck Pain: Articles
		The cervical spine is made up of the first seven vertebrae in the spine.
		Unlike the rest of the spine, there are special openings in each vertebra in the cervical spine for arteries (blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart).
		The cervical spine is very flexible, but it is also very much at risk for injury from strong, sudden movements, such as whiplash-type injuries.
	www.allaboutbackandneckpain.com /html/spinesub.asp?id=45 (2623 words)

	EMedHome.com Archives of Featured Articles, Clinical Cases, Clinical Pearls, and MultiMedia Cases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Cervical spine fractures are classified by mechanism through the Allen and Ferguson classification system (12).
		This injury is seen in up to 11% of cervical blunt trauma populations and presents as an expanding cervical hematoma, a bruit in patients under 50 years of age, an infarct seen on CT, significant facial hemorrhage from ears, nose or face, or symptoms consistent with a posterior circulation stroke (13, 14).
		Utility of Flexion and Extension Radiographs of the Cervical Spine in the Acute Evaluation in Blunt Trauma.
	www.emedhome.com /features_archive-detail.cfm?FID=1331 (6536 words)

	Cervical Spine Injury
		Developmental narrowing of the cervical canal with one episode of cervical cord neuropraxia is a relative contraindication.
		An episode of cervical cord neuropraxia associated with MRI evidence of cord defect or cord edema is a relative/absolute contraindication.
		This is a clinical entity defined by Torg in a previous paper(2), marked by (a) developmental stenosis of the cervical canal, (b) straightening or reversal of the cervical lordotic curve, (c) preexisting posttraumatic x-ray abnormalities of the c spine, (d) documentation of having employed spear tackling techniques.
	www.drweitz.com /scientific/cervical.htm (568 words)

	Cervical Arthritis
		The cervical spine consists of seven distinct vertebral bodies that are separated by intervertebral discs.
		Cervical arthritis is caused when the cervical vertebrae in the neck deteriorate accompanied by the deterioration of the cartilage that provides shock absorption.
		Later, once the cervical vertebrae and their discs begin to degenerate, a minor injury to the spine may provoke the symptoms.
	www.biochemics.com /cervical.html (718 words)

	eMJA: Manipulation of the cervical spine: a systematic review of case reports of serious adverse events, 1995–2001
		As the incidence of these events is unknown, large and rigorous prospective studies of cervical spine manipulation are needed to accurately define the risks.
		The exact nature of the cervical spine manipulation was frequently not described in detail; when it was, rotation and tilting of the head were often involved.
		Cervical spine manipulation continues to be associated with vascular, neurological and other serious complications.
	www.mja.com.au /public/issues/176_08_150402/ern10520_fm.html (2220 words)

	Cervical Spine Textbook—NEW!!!
		Mechanical alterations of cervical spine anatomy with distraction adjusting.
		Cases of cervical disc herniation, spinal stenosis, congential and surgical fusion, split cord, etc., are presented by many authors.
		The increased difficulty factor of treating cervical spine stenosis because of the presence of the spinal cord, as opposed to the lumbar spine, is presented.
	www.chiromanis.com /cervicalbook.html (248 words)

	eMedicine - Cervical Strain : Article by Warren Magnus, DO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Pathophysiology: A cervical strain is chiefly the result of a stretch injury to the muscular and ligamentous elements of the cervical spine, although some compressive forces can be involved depending on the exact mechanism of injury.
		Reported range of motion of the cervical spine is important to diagnosis because patients who are able to voluntarily move their cervical spine can aid in clinically eliminating more significant cervical spine injuries.
		Flexion-extension views of the cervical spine should be considered if more advanced imaging techniques are unavailable and destabilizing cervical injury remains a clinical concern, although no prospective studies have validated their use.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic93.htm (2829 words)

	Cervical Spine Research Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Cervical Spine Research Society is a multidisciplinary organization that provides a forum for the exchange of ideas and promotes clinical and basic science research of the cervical spine.
		Tumors Involving the Cervical Spine, Introduction to the Cervical Spine, and Conservative Care for Cervical Spine Disorders.
		A new Patient Information Sheet on Cervical Fusion Materials is available.
	www.csrs.org (274 words)

	Cervical Spine Foundation - discussion about cervical spine injuries and diseases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Cervical Spine Foundation is for discussion about cervical spine injuries and diseases.
		Perhaps the most common cervical spine injury is "Whiplash Injury" resulting from a car accident.
		Cervical spine whiplash sometimes leads to hernated disks in the neck, which then leads to neck surgery.
	www.cervicalspinefoundation.org (195 words)

	Osteomyelitis of Cervical Spine
		Degenerative disc disease is visible in the mid and lower cervical spine ( arrows).
		Gallium scintigraphy shows increased uptake in the lower cervical region ( arrow), which is more intense than the uptake on the bone scan, indicating cervical spine osteomyelitis.
		Sagittal proton density and T2 images of the cervical spine show marked narrowing of C6-7 disc space with destruction of the cortices of the C6 and 7 vertebrae at the same level.
	brighamrad.harvard.edu /Cases/bwh/hcache/119/full.html (464 words)

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