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	Cesare Borgia - LoveToKnow 1911
		CESARE BORGIA, duke of Valentinois and Romagna (1476-1507), was the son of Pope Alexander VI.
		Cesare's position was greatly shaken, and when he tried to browbeat the cardinals by means of Don Michelotto and his bravos, they refused to be intimidated; he had to leave Rome in September, trusting that the Spanish cardinals would elect a candidate friendly to his house.
		Cesare Borgia was a type of the adventurers with which the Italy of the Renaissance swarmed, but he was cleverer and more unscrupulous than his rivals.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Cesare_Borgia (1655 words)

	Cesare Borgia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cesare Borgia (September 18, 1475 – March 12, 1507), Duke of Valentinois, and Romagna, Prince of Andria and Venafri, Count of Dyois, Lord of Piombino, Camerino and Urbino, Gonfalonier and Captain-General of Holy Church the son of Rodrigo Borgia, the future Pope Alexander VI and Vannozza dei Cattani.
		Cesare's father, Rodrigo Borgia, was an important cardinal and nephew of Pope Calixtus III.
		Cesare was initially groomed by his father for a career in the church as was customary in those days to save a religious career for the youngest male child.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cesare_Borgia (779 words)

	Cesare Borgia Summary
		Cesare now saw the possibility of being dispensed from his clerical duties and of assuming his brother's secular titles, wealth, and position as military leader of the Borgias and the papacy.
		Cesare Borgia (September 13, 1475 – March 12, 1507), Duke of Valentinois, and Romagna, Prince of Andria and Venafro, Count of Dyois, Lord of Piombino, Camerino and Urbino, Gonfalonier and Captain-General of Holy Church, was a Spanish-Italian condottiero, lord and cardinal.
		Cesare's father, Rodrigo Borgia, was an important cardinal and nephew of Pope Calixtus III.
	www.bookrags.com /Cesare_Borgia (1971 words)

	CESARE BORGIA - LoveToKnow Article on CESARE BORGIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Cesare wished to marry Carlotta, the daughter of the king of Naples, but both she and her father resolutely refused an alliance with a priest, the bastard of a priest.
		Cesares position was greatly shaken, and when he tried to browbeat the cardinals by means of Don Michelotto and his bravos, they refused to be intimidated; he had to leave Rome in September, trusting that the Spanish cardinals would elect a candidate friendly to his house.
		Cesare, who could still count on the Spanish cardinals, wished to prevent the election of Giuliano della Rovere, the enemy of his house, but the latters chances were so greatly improved that it was necessary to come to terms with him.
	22.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BO/BORGIA_CESARE.htm (1842 words)

	Borgia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Their sister, Lucrezia Borgia, married the Duke of Ferrara and was a patron of learning and art.
		However, a later member of this family through the murdered brother, Giovanni, was Francis Borgia, who was canonized as a saint.
		Although the Borgia family is closely associated with the Italian Renaissance, the family name is of Catalan origin; the family used the Valencian language among themselves, for privacy, even in Italy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Borgia (288 words)

	Cesare Borgia: bio and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Lucrezia borgia (or "lucrecia borgia") (april 14 or april 18, 1480 - june 24, 1519) was the daughter of rodrigo borgia, the powerful renaissance...
		Borgia planned to use the forces of the papacy to further his own family.
		Cesare was initially groomed by his father for a Church career and was elevated by his father to the rank of Cardinal[Follow this hyperlink for a summary of this subject] by the age of 22.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ce/cesare_borgia.htm (1658 words)

	Cesare Borgia
		Cesare was initially groomed for a Church career and was elevated by his father to the rank of Cardinal by the age of 22.
		Cesare recovered and started maneuvering to make sure that the election of a new Pope would at least not be contrary to him.
		In the meantime Cesare Borgia was arrested twice, in Rome and in Naples, and in August of 1506 he went to Spain, but is again arrested.Finally on October 25 Cesare succeeded to escape and went to Pamplona finding refuge at the court of his brother-in-law, the king of Navarre.
	www.gicas.net /sinigallia/cesare.html (759 words)

	Notorious sinner Cesare Borgia died 500 years ago 12 March 2007
		The illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI, Cesare was born in 1476 during a tumultuous era in which Popes led armies and the wealthy city-states of Italy fell regularly to foreign powers.
		Cesare's cruelty, complete want of scruples and the advantages that came with being the son of a militarily powerful pope made him a terror to all Italy.
		Cesare could almost be recast as a saint in comparison to his father, Rodrigo, who became Pope Alexander IV in 1492.
	www.newsahead.com /PREVIEW07/Borgia_death_anniversary_Mar_07.htm (454 words)

	Cesare Borgia - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		Borgia, Cesare, 1476-1507, Italian soldier and politician, younger son of Pope Alexander VI and an outstanding figure of the Italian Renaissance.
		The chapel of the courtesan and the quarrel of the Magdalens.
		Patricide and the plot of 'The Prince': Cesare Borgia and Machiavelli's Italy.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Borgia-C.html (757 words)

	Borgia, Cesare. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Archbishop of Valencia and a cardinal by 1493, Cesare resigned the dignity after the death (1498) of his elder brother, the duke of Gandia, in whose murder he was probably involved.
		By killing his enemies, packing the college of cardinals, pushing his conquests as fast as possible, and buying the loyalty of the Roman gentry, he had hoped to make his position independent of the papacy, or at least to insure that the election of any future pope would be to his liking.
		Returning to Naples, Cesare was soon arrested by the Spanish governor there as the result of collusion between Julius II and the Spanish rulers, Ferdinand and Isabella.
	www.bartleby.com /65/bo/Borgia-C.html (467 words)

	Cesare Borgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Cesare Borgia, il Duca di Valentino (Duc de Valentinois), an illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia).
		Cesare Borgia was the military leader of the campaign to unite the warring states of Italy under papal hegemony.
		After Alexander's death in 1503, Cesare was imprisoned and later exiled to Spain, where he died in 1507 at the seige of Viana.
	mapage.noos.fr /matushansky/cesare.html (183 words)

	BORGIA FAMILY
		The Borgias were a group of talented men and women whose spectacular rise in Renaissance Italy aroused much envy and hatred among their contemporaries.
		Rodrigo Borgia was born on Xafiva in Spain in 1431.
		Cesare pillaged the Dukedom of Urbino and took four large cartloads of art treasures which contained tapestries, silver and paintings from the ducal palace.
	www.yesnet.yk.ca /schools/projects/renaissance/borgia.html (376 words)

	The Life of Cesare Borgia
		One man knew Cesare Borgia better, perhaps, than did any other contemporary, of the many who have left more or less valuable records; for the mind of that man was the acutest of its age, one of the acutest Italy and the world have ever known.
		Giovanni Borgia was in Spain, whither he had gone on the death of his brother Pedro Luis, to take posession of the Duchy of Gandia, which the power of his father's wealth and vast influence at the Valencian Court had obtained for that same Pedro Luis.
		The former allude to Borgia as "the Bull," from the majesty and might of the animal that was displayed upon their shield; the latter render it the subject of much scurrilous invective, to which it lends itself as readily.
	englishatheist.org /bb/borgia.shtml (17947 words)

	Cesare Borgia
		Cesare Borgia (English: Caesar Borgia) (1476 - March 12, 1507), Duke of Valencia, was the illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI and brother to Lucrezia Borgia.
		Initially, he followed his father into a Church career and was elevated by his father to the rank of Cardinal by the age of 22.
		Some scholars, however, have argued that Machiavelli's praise for Borgia was a parody, to cover up the actual anti-hero of the work, Ferdinand II of Aragon.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ce/Cesaer_borgia.html (221 words)

	Cesare Borgia
		Cesare Borgia, duke of Valentinois and Romagna (1476 1507), was the son of Pope Alexander VI by Vanozza dei Cattanei.
		Cesare was Alexander's favorite son, and it was for him that the pope's notorious nepotism was most extensively practiced.
		Cesare made Cesena his headquarters, and with an army consisting of 300 French lances, 4000 Gascons and Swiss, besides Italian troops, he attacked Imola, which surrendered at once, and then besieged Forlì;, held by Caterina Sforza, the widow of Girolamo Riario.
	www.nndb.com /people/172/000092893 (1586 words)

	Lucrezia Borgia, by Sarah Bradford
		Cesare arranged for her to be called out of the room, and then had his brother-in-law suffocated by a henchman.
		Bradford, returning to the Borgias after biographical forays into the dynasties of the Windsors and Kennedys, makes it clear that Lucrezia, while aware of her father and brother's infamy, was brought up in a world where male dominance was taken for granted.
		Borgia, touchingly, ran from window to window at the Vatican to catch a last glimpse of his beloved daughter as she rode away.
	www.arlindo-correia.com /100305.html (8123 words)

	The rehabilitation of Cesare Borgia \| International News \| News \| Telegraph
		Five hundred years after he was killed in battle, the remains of Cesare Borgia, the notorious inspiration for Machiavelli's The Prince, are to be moved into a Spanish church.
		Borgia was the illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI, and was made a cardinal by his father at the age of 17.
		The tomb was demolished and Cesare Borgia was re-buried in unconsecrated ground, where his body would be "trampled on by men and beasts", according to the bishop.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/01/23/wborgia23.xml (587 words)

	Lucrezia Borgia
		On April 18, 1480, Lucrezia Borgia was born to the mistress of Rodrigo Borgia, Vannozza de Cattanei.
		In 1507, Cesare Borgia died at the siege of Viana at the age of thirty-one, and although he was a bloody and heartless man yet cultured man and the murder of her second husband, Lucrezia grieved deeply.
		Lucrezia, Cesare, and Alexander's lives circulated around them all and although the family did complete much in their lives, today they all live on as sinners, and Lucrezia as a murder and a jezebel.
	royalwomen.tripod.com /id30.html (2200 words)

	Borgias
		Cesare, no longer a Cardinal, was designated Duke of Valentinois and Peer of France, and he set off for Paris with the annulment for Louis XII and with a dispensation for Louis to marry Queen Anne, the widow of his deceased cousin and predecessor, Charles VIII.
		Cesare, although still pining for Carlotta of Naples, found a bride in Paris, Charlotte D'Albret, a niece of Louis XII, who was also a sister of the King of Navarre.
		Cesare also had a bad case of the fever and was in no condition and had no position from which to influence the next papal election.
	www.mmdtkw.org /VBorgias.html (3854 words)

	The Life of Cesare Borgia by Rafael Sabatini : Arthur's Classic Novels
		One man knew Cesare Borgia better, perhaps, than did any other contemporary, of the many who have left more or less valuable records; for the mind of that man was the acutest of its age, one of the acutest Italy and the world have ever known.
		Giovanni Borgia was in Spain, whither he had gone on the death of his brother Pedro Luis, to take posession of the Duchy of Gandia, which the power of his father's wealth and vast influence at the Valencian Court had obtained for that same Pedro Luis.
		The former allude to Borgia as "the Bull," from the majesty and might of the animal that was displayed upon their shield; the latter render it the subject of much scurrilous invective, to which it lends itself as readily.
	arthurwendover.com /arthurs/sabatini/lcbga10.html (17189 words)

	Borgia, Cesare - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Borgia, Cesare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		A portrait of the Italian general Cesare Borgia by Italian painter Altobello Meloni.
		Cesare Borgia was the older brother of the more infamous Lucrezia Borgia.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Borgia,+Cesare (184 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Cesare Borgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Borgias exemplified the excesses of the Renaissance.
		Cesare was the Papal tool as military commander in the expansion of the Romagna around 1500, and, although he was a reasonably competent tactician, he found himself squeezed between the far greater powers of France and Spain during the Italian Wars.....No strategist and politician.
		While you, Pikeshoot, say that Cesare wasn't any great condottiero, he was indeed a great statesman and commander, or at least he is regarded as such by many, always ignoring the moral issues, of course.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=4586&PN=1 (1006 words)

	COLIN FARRELL :: FANSITE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Poisoning, incest, intrigue, the Papacy - the rumours of scandal have surrounded the Borgias for centuries.
		Cesare was the illegitimate son of a Pope, made a Cardinal at the age of 22 and a contemporary of Machiavelli (who is said to have based his seminal work The Prince, on Cesare) and da Vinci.
		Lucrezia, meanwhile, had her marriage with her first husband annulled on the grounds of his impotence (although she was pregnant by someone when the annulment came through), saw her second husband strangled by Cesare and finally got it right third time around.
	www.colinfarrellfansite.com /filmborgia.htm (486 words)

	CESARE BORGIA - Online Information article about CESARE BORGIA
		The pope died on the 18th of August, while Cesare was still incapacitated, and this unfortunate coincidence proved his ruin; it was the one contingency for which he had not provided.
		Cesare Borgia was a type of the adventurers with which the Italy of the See also:
		Alvisi, Cesare Borgia, Duca di Romagna (Imola, 1878).
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /BLA_BOS/BORGIA_CESARE.html (2283 words)

	Illustrious People (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Son of Rodrigo Borgia and Vanozza Catanei, Cesare Borgia grew up to be a man of great charm and political skill, a soldier of ability, but also, while not the monster anti-Spanish propaganda made him out to be, capable of great cruelty.
		The sudden death of Pius III and the election of Julius II', a sworn enemy of the Borgias, spelt ruin for Cesare.
		Cesare was forced to resign his strongholds in the Papal State and it was soon clear that his life was in danger.
	www.wga.hu /database/glossary/illustri/borgia_c.html (665 words)

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