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Topic: Cesium 137

	Träd- och torvbränslen
		från Tjernobylolyckan, och torvbränsle som innehåller cesium och naturligt förekommande ämnen som radium, kalium och torium, är problem som SSI har utrett.
		Nederbörd gör att radioaktivt cesium sköljs bort och hamnar i marken.
		cesium vid användning av biobränsle i stora anläggningar.
	www.ssi.se /biobransle/lank_symbol_biobransle.html?MenueType=1&Menu2=Trad (212 words)

	Cesium \| Radiation Protection \| US EPA (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cesium (chemical symbol Cs) is a metal that may be stable (nonradioactive) or unstable (radioactive).
		Cesium, as well as cesium-137, is a soft, malleable, silvery white metal.
		Cesium is one of only three metals that is a liquid near room temperature (83 °F).
	www.epa.gov /radiation/radionuclides/cesium.htm (1198 words)

	Cesium - MSN Encarta
		Cesium was discovered in 1860 by the German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and the German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff through the use of a spectroscope (see Spectrum).
		It is extracted by separating the cesium compound from the mineral, transforming the compound thus obtained into the cyanide, and electrolysis of the fused cyanide.
		Cesium can also be obtained by heating its hydroxides or carbonates with magnesium or aluminum and by heating its chlorides with calcium.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570733/Cesium.html (349 words)

	AllRefer.com - cesium, Compound & Element (Compounds And Elements) - Encyclopedia
		Pure cesium can be prepared by electrolysis of fused cesium cyanide in an inert atmosphere; the pure metal must be kept under an inert liquid or gas or in a vacuum to protect it from air and water.
		Cesium reacts readily with oxygen; it is sometimes used to remove traces of the gas from vacuum tubes and from light bulbs.
		Cesium is found in the mineral pollux, or pollucite, which occurs on the island of Elba, in SW Africa, in the United States in Maine and South Dakota, and in Manitoba, Canada.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/cesium.html (441 words)

	cesium — FactMonster.com
		Pure cesium can be prepared by electrolysis of fused cesium cyanide in an inert atmosphere; the pure metal must be kept under an inert liquid or gas or in a vacuum to protect it from air and water.
		Cesium reacts readily with oxygen; it is sometimes used to remove traces of the gas from vacuum tubes and from light bulbs.
		Cesium is found in the mineral pollux, or pollucite, which occurs on the island of Elba, in SW Africa, in the United States in Maine and South Dakota, and in Manitoba, Canada.
	www.factmonster.com /encyclopedia/cesium (338 words)

	Application of caesium (cesium) -137 in soil erosion and sedimentation study
		Application of caesium (cesium) -137 in soil erosion and sedimentation study
		As the expression indicated, caesium-137, cesium-137, or Cs-137 is one of radioisotopes of caesium with a nominal atomic mass of 137.
		It is an artificial radionuclide with a half-life of 30 years or so, which was released into the stratosphere by the testing of above ground thermonuclear weapons in the late 1950s and early 1960s and deposited as fallout.
	www.people.ex.ac.uk /yszhang/caesium/welcome.htm (968 words)

	Bibliography of Cesium 137 Studies Related to Erosion And Sediment Deposition
		Chernobyl cesium in the sediments of Lake Høysjøen, Central Norway.
		Cesium and rubidium ion equilibria in illite clay.
		Sorption of cesium on illite: non-equilibrium behavior and reversibility.
	hydrolab.arsusda.gov /cesium137bib.htm (11427 words)

	American Elements: Cesium Supplier & Technical Information
		Cesium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.
		Cesium is used as an oxygen "getter" in vacuum and electronic tubes and as a component of photoelectric cells.
		Sorption of cesium, cobalt and europium on low-rank coal and chitosan.
	www.americanelements.com /cs.html (549 words)

	Aristatek Company Info
		Cesium 137 is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 30.3 years.
		These disintegrations and associated energies are a signature of Cesium 137 which enable the isotope to be identified by radiation detection equipment in case of a release to the environment.
		Some of the Cesium 137 might remain at the source or a person may be lucky and escape breathing in most of the radioactive dust.
	www.aristatek.com /DirtyBomb.aspx (2232 words)

	Cesium Cancer Therapy
		Although cesium chloride is not particularly toxic compared e.g., to soluable lead, mercury, or barium salts, or to conventional chemotherapeutic agents, the dosages recommended in the "therapy" (up to a few grams a day) are at the point where neurological symptoms and other physiological effects can start to appear.
		The use of cesium chloride as cancer therapy sould not be confused with the use of radioactive cesium 137, an artificial isotope produced in nuclear reactors, as a radiation source in cancer radiotherapy.
		Cesium 137 is a strictly regulated radioisotope, and there is NO chance that you will accidently get some while trying to obtain cesium chloride.
	www.cs.rochester.edu /users/faculty/nelson/cesium/cesium_therapy.html (723 words)

	Radiation Redux: Forest fires remobilize fallout from bomb tests: Science News Online, July 15, 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		That particular isotope of cesium, which has a half-life of about 30 years, is generated when atoms of uranium-235 and plutonium-239 undergo fission within bombs or nuclear reactors.
		Cesium, a chemical relative of potassium, is readily taken up by plants, so ash derived from wood and leaves could contain traces of the element.
		Another possibility is that because cesium has a boiling point of 670°C, some of the radioactive atoms may be vaporized from the ground by fires and then condense on airborne ash and soot, says Wotawa.
	www.sciencenews.org /articles/20060715/fob7.asp (664 words)

	Cesium - Overview, Discovery and naming, Physical properties, Chemical properties, Occurrence in nature
		Cesium is a member of the alkali family, which consists of elements in Group 1 (IA) of the periodic table.
		Cesium carbonate and cesium chloride are used in the brewing of beers.
		Cesium is not regarded as essential to the health of plants or animals, nor does it present a hazard to them.
	www.chemistryexplained.com /elements/A-C/Cesium.html (1472 words)

	Earth Island Institute: Earth Island Journal - World Reports (Winter/Spring 1998-1999)
		The cesium cloud was traced to an accident at the Acerinox steel mill and smelter in Algeciras, Spain on May 25.
		Only then was a connection made between the steel mill and the surge in cesium contamination across Europe.
		The Madrid-based environmental group Aedenat is considering a criminal suit against Acerinoz, the CSN and the foreign suppliers of the cesium.
	www.earthisland.org /EIJOURNAL/winter99/wr_winter99cesium.html (830 words)

	Cesium (Cs) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cesium is a white, soft, ductile, chemically reactive metallic element.
		Cesium oxidizes readily when exposed to air and is used to remove residual oxygen from radio vacuum tubes.
		It is also used in the photosensitive surface of the cathode of the photoelectric cell because of its property of emitting electrons when exposed to light.
	www.bayerus.com /msms/fun/pages/periodic/cesium/index.html (136 words)

	Questions and Answers on Prussian Blue
		Cesium or thallium that have been absorbed into the body are removed by the liver and passed into the intestine and are then re-absorbed into the body (entero-hepatic circulation).
		Prussian blue works by trapping thallium and cesium in the intestine, so that they can be passed out of the body in the stool rather than be re-absorbed.
		If persons are exposed to radioactive cesium, radioactive thallium, or non-radioactive thallium, taking Prussian blue may reduce the risk of death and major illness from radiation or poisoning.
	www.fda.gov /cder/drug/infopage/prussian_blue/Q&A.htm (1268 words)

	Cesium (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cesium added to D5W in group 1 also significantly reduced defibrillation threshold values from 7.10 +/- 1.27 to 4.14 +/- 1.75 J (p < 0.01).
		Because of the similarities that existed between cesium and potassium, it was postulated that the effect of cesium was due to alterations in the intracellular composition of the tumor cells.
		Cesium induced sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, torsades de pointes, or ventricular fibrillation in 12 of 13 dogs before magnesium infusion, and in eight of 11 dogs 1 to 2 hr after stopping infusion, but in only three of 13 dogs during magnesium infusion.
	www.ithyroid.com /cesium.htm (3463 words)

	ACS :: Cesium Chloride
		Cesium is a rare, naturally occurring element of alkali metal similar in chemical structure to lithium, sodium, and potassium.
		Cesium can be absorbed by all cells, probably due to its similarity in chemical structure to potassium.
		Studies conducted in several experimental tumor models in the 1980s found that the administration of cesium or cesium chloride led to reductions in tumor growth and mortality in certain tumor-bearing mice such as those with sarcoma or breast cancer.
	www.cancer.org /docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3X_Cesium_Chloride.asp?sitearea=ETO (924 words)

	Cesium Disposal -Rad Journal - The Radiation Safety and Processing Magazine
		Cesium is the most electropositive and most alkaline element, and thus, it loses its single valence electron and forms electrovalent bonds more easily than all other elements and it does so with nearly all the inorganic and organic anions.
		When cesium comes into contact with plants and animals, it is absorbed into the system by replacing potassium in tissues and cells.
		While recycling is an option for lower level waste, most recyclers of cesium deal with sources ranging from 1curie to 8 curies, 300 times less than the average activity for a 30 year-old blood irradiator.
	www.radjournal.com /articles/Cesium/Cesiumdisposal.htm (3010 words)

	Cesium, Cancer Cesium Chloride, ld-50 data Toxicology Study Done on non-radio active Cesium Non Harmful
		The clearance of cesium (7440462) from human blood was studied in-vivo.
		Following dosing with 50mg cesium-chloride, blood cesium concentrations were 130 parts per million (ppm) at 1 hour, 57ppm at 6 hours, and 40ppm at 8 days.
		Because cesium-chloride appears to be nontoxic it could be combined with salt for distribution in the event of widespread Cs-137 exposure, such as from a nuclear reactor accident.
	www.rainbowminerals.net /Cesium_Chloride_Toxicology.html (294 words)

	Arctic Borderlands Ecological Knowledge Co-op: Indicators -- Cesium in Caribou
		The cesium is declining with an environmental half-life of about 10 years, which means that half of the cesium disappears every 10 years.
		The amount of cesium produced in the atmospheric tests during the 1960s was much greater.
		Cesium levels change dramatically on a seasonal basis, with the highest levels found in the early spring after the caribou have been feeding on lichen all winter.
	www.taiga.net /coop/indics/contam_caribou_cs.html (476 words)

	Hunting a Deadly Soviet Legacy: Concerns About 'Dirty Bomb' Drive Efforts to Find Radioactive Cesium JOBY WARRICK / ...
		Unknown in the West until recently, the Soviet project is viewed as especially dangerous because its cesium devices could be easily exploited for terrorism: small, portable and possessing a potent core of cesium chloride in the form of pellets or, more frequently, a fine powder.
		Cesium 137, a silvery metal isotope used commonly in medical radiotherapy, emits powerful gamma radiation and has a half-life of three decades.
		With conventional explosives and a few ounces of cesium 137 or strontium 90, a dirty bomb could contaminate large swaths of real estate with dangerous radiation, unleashing panic and rendering some areas uninhabitable for decades.
	www.mindfully.org /Nucs/2002/Georgia-Cesium-Lost11nov02.htm (2298 words)

	Asia Times - Thailand: Terrorists and spin doctors
		While cesium-137 is not available at every corner store, it is widely used in industry and medicine, and its theft has been a problem since the collapse of the Soviet Union, whose former republics are notorious for the lack of security surrounding nuclear materials, either from dismantled weapons or decrepit reactors.
		The Soviet Union, as it happens, was also indirectly responsible for some cesium poisoning when quantities of the isotope were blown into the atmosphere by the Chernobyl disaster, and nuclear explosions - planned or otherwise - have in fact been a primary cause of cesium-137, which is a byproduct of nuclear fission, entering the environment.
		Cesium is an element having both stable and radioactive forms.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Southeast_Asia/EF20Ae01.html (1477 words)

	Cesium Faq
		Cesium occurs naturally in the minerals lepidolite and pollucite, the latter a hydrated aluminum cesium silicate.
		Cesium is an alkali metal, in the same group as lithium, sodium, potassium, and rubidium, and is similarly reactive, but to a much higher degree due to its extreme electropositivity.
		Cesium chloride has recently been promoted on the web as a general therapy for cancer though this use is not currently endorsed by the mainstream medical community.
	www.cs.rochester.edu /users/faculty/nelson/cesium/cesium_faq.html (1340 words)

	Mineral Information Institute - Cesium
		Cesium is one of three metals that are liquid at or near room temperature (the other two are gallium and mercury).
		This fact, plus the fact that cesium is so reactive to air and water, results in very high prices for cesium and cesium compounds.
		Cesium is not beneficial to animals or plants.
	www.mii.org /Minerals/photocesium.html (556 words)

	Cesium Chloride and Cancer
		Cesium Chloride when taken orally will raise the pH of cancer cells, but not that of normal cells.
		In his publication, Cesium therapy in cancer patients, Dr. Sartori describes the 2 week treatment of 50 last stage, metastasized, terminal cancer patients (13 comatose), with Cesium chloride salts.
		Cesium has no natural radioactive form, and should not be confused with Cesium* 137 which is artificially produced.
	www.cancer-healing.com /cancer_cesium.php (2627 words)

	Cesium 137 from nuclear weapon testing fallout (1995 figures) - Maps and Graphics at UNEP/GRID-Arendal
		Cesium 137 from nuclear weapon testing fallout (1995 figures).
		Cesium 137 from nuclear weapon testing fallout (1995 figures) [Internet].
		Cesium 137 from nuclear weapon testing fallout (1995 figures), http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/cesium_137_from_nuclear_weapon_testing_fallout_1995_figures (Last visited May 1, 2007).
	maps.grida.no /go/graphic/cesium_137_from_nuclear_weapon_testing_fallout_1995_figures (521 words)

	Women Exploring the Oceans
		Others, like strontium, cesium, plutonium and tritium, which is a form of hydrogen, are human-made products of nuclear fission (the splitting apart of atoms).
		After radioactive cesium is ingested, it is distributed fairly uniformly throughout the body's soft tissues.
		While in the body, cesium poses a health hazard from both beta and gamma radiation, and the main health concern is associated with the increased likelihood for inducing cancer.
	www.womenoceanographers.org /Default.aspx?pid=28EF75D5-D130-46c0-947E-5CCBC627B0EE&id=AshantiPyrtle (741 words)

	SEMP: Evidence-based disaster management: preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		One example of accidental exposure to high levels of cesium-137 occurred in Goiania, Brazil in 1987, as described in Biot #234: “Cesium Radiation Dispersal Disaster in Goiania, Brazil” at http://www.semp.us/biots/biot_234.html.
		The FDA label for Radiogardase® (available online at http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2003/021626lbl.pdf#search='radiogardase') says that it is indicated for “the treatment of patients with known or suspected internal contamination with radioactive cesium and/or radioactive or non-radioactive thallium to increase their rates of elimination” (also known as decorporation).
		Prussian blue 500 milligram capsules taken by mouth combine with cesium or thallium in the person’s intestines, which are evacuated in the usual manner (although Radiogardase® can cause constipation).
	www.semp.us /publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=235 (740 words)

	FOREWORD
		While the short-living isotopes (iodine-131, strontium-90), inert gases (krypton, xenon, etc.) were the main contributors into the dose rate, Cesium 137 and 134 became the governing contributors in the second period.
		Cesium has 23 known radioactive isotopes, yet at present the current situation is primarily determined by 137 and 137 isotopes.
		There is a number of reagents influencing the process of incorporation of radioactive cesium by human and animals organisms, enterosorbents, in the first place, which combine radioactive elements, microelements, bacterial preparations, chemical compounds in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract which excrete them.
	www.fortunecity.com /boozers/vines/858/bandazevski/1chapter1.htm (1458 words)

	Unified Worlds
		Non-radioactive cesium may appear naturally in soil and water and in combination with minerals or as a mineral bi-product, and be beneficial to animals.
		Cesium (Cs) is a silvery, white metal that appears naturally in the environment with minerals.
		Radioactive cesium is used clinically in strictly regulated doses for treating cancer, but it is harmful in inexperienced hands or in unregulated amounts.
	www.unifiedworlds.com /dianearnold.htm (1551 words)

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