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Topic: Chaebol

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	CHAEBOL OF SOUTH KOREA
		The chaebol are the large, conglomerate family-controlled firms of South Korea characterized by strong ties with government agencies.
		There were significant differences between the zaibatsu and the chaebol, the most significant of which was the source of capital.
		The chaebol benefited greatly from this arrangement but the nature of the economic system of South Korea was closer to a centrally planned socialist state than the capitalism that it purported to be.
	www.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/chaebol.htm (3534 words)

	Chaebol Summary
		Until recently, the corporate governance structure of a chaebol was centered in the owner and the chaebol subsidiaries, whose average combined shareholdings reached 50.5 percent in 1999 but declined to 44 percent in 2000.
		Chaebol refers to the several dozen large, family-controlled Korean corporate groups, assisted by government financing, which have played a major role in the South Korean economy since the 1960s.
		Chaebol are still largely controlled by their founding families, while keiretsu are controlled by groups of professional managers.
	www.bookrags.com /Chaebol (2105 words)

	Chaebol
		The subsidies were 'reciprocal' insofar as, in return for their awards, the chaebol were expected to become high export performers....and, largely, this they did.
		Chaebol governance might most accurately be defined as a combination of "hierarchical and networked" co-ordination and control, and one of the vital by-products has been the possibility this affords of financial cross-subsidisation.
		The trajectory for a new technological era can be expected to be spectacularly non-linear and the targets presented in the shift from a "known unknown" in memory capacity to a multimedia "unknown unknown" are likely to be moving ones.
	www.aptn.org /chaebol.htm (1444 words)

	BBC NEWS \| In Depth \| Review \| Collapse of the Korean chaebol
		The chaebol were weighed down by debt, which they had run up during a hasty expansion programme in the 1990s.
		The arrival of the IMF led to promises of reform from the chaebol and, superficially, South Korea appeared to be one of the countries that recovered fastest from the Asian crisis.
		The top four chaebol reduced their debt to equity ratio from 352% to 174%, an impressive reduction, but still seen by analysts as worrisome as failure to pay could create serious problems for the country's banks and investment trusts.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/in_depth/business/2000/review/1037276.stm (897 words)

	CHAEBOL
		The Korean chaebol who resist reform are just as disingenuous in their false version of market theory as the western transnationals who justify their penetration of the Korean market as good for Koreans.
		The defenders of the chaebol are essentially correct on two points--the chaebol are still crucial to Korea's economic success and the chaebol must operate more in consonance with market forces than they have in the past.
		With their very success, the original driving fear of the chaebol of being overwhelmed by much larger global competitors has faded, replaced by a complacency that the chaebol will always survive, if for no other reason than that they are too big to fail.
	www.dflorig.com /Chaebol.html (3515 words)

	ViewsWire
		Chaebol such as Samsung Electronics and LG have complained the new Fair Trade Act will leave them vulnerable to hostile takeovers from foreign investors, but their fierce lobbying and the opposition party's boycott of the vote failed to stop the legislation.
		It also bans 18 chaebol - those with total assets of more than Won5,000bn ($4.8bn) - from investing more than 25 per cent of their net worth in a sister or non-affiliate company to prevent the groups moving into non-core businesses.
		The chaebol are notorious for their murky structures and dual-class voting systems, which let them indulge in business practices that would be frowned on in other developed markets.
	www.eiu.com /index.asp?layout=VWPrintVW3&article_id=607828060&printer=printer (392 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Chaebol
		Chaebol (jě'-bэl), meaning conglomerates, have been a major force in the South Korean economy from the end of the Korean War through to today.
		Although the last three South Korean presidents (Kim Young-sam, Kim Dae-jung, and Roh Moo-hyun) have all tried to reform the Chaebols to one degree or another — especially after the Asian financial crisis in 1997 — they continue to play a major role in the national economy.
		Some of the Chaebols are one large corporation, while others have broken up into loosely connected groups of companies sharing a common name.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Chaebol (356 words)

	Chaebol Designer Jewellery
		Chaebol is one of the West End's most captivating shops with jewellery to 'inspire and collect' - Chaebol is a favourite destination for Byres Road shoppers out to treat themselves; staff from the Western Infirmary and Glasgow University searching for memorable presents for colleagues and youthful students drawn by their extensive range of body jewellery.
		I was keen to have a peep at the next theme to be introduced at Chaebol, 'Fun and Funky', a tantalising combination of silver and enamel range which is wonderfully colourful and classy.
		Staff at Chaebol are friendly, helpful and relaxed and it is a great place for a browse, whether you are just passing, planning a special purchase or after a wee treat.
	www.glasgowwestend.co.uk /shopping/chaebol.php (596 words)

	South Korea - The Origins and Development of Chaebol (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Second, individual chaebol were prevented from buying controlling shares of banks, and in 1990 government regulations made it difficult for a chaebol to develop an exclusive banking relationship.
		The tremendous growth that the chaebol experienced, beginning in the early 1960s, was closely tied to the expansion of South Korean exports.
		The chaebol were powerful independent entities acting in the economy and politics, but sometimes they cooperated with the government in the areas of planning and innovation.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-12303.html (893 words)

	South Korea's Chaebol \| Gongol.com
		The chaebol (note: some sources indicate the use of "chaebol" for the plural, while others use "chaebols"; "chaebol" will be used for the plural in this paper) are large, diversified family-run companies with extensive networks of subsidiaries and political connections [Gul and Kealey, 1999, 406; Chang and Chang, 1994, 37-43].
		It was this emphasis on heavy industry and the resulting dominance of a small cadre of chaebol that led to the precipitous fall of the Korean economy in the late 1990s.
		The controlling families behind the chaebol were sheltered from the impact of poor investment decisions by both their limited share of ownership and by government loan guarantees.
	www.gongol.com /research/economics/chaebol (2725 words)

	Asiaweek.com
		The 30 largest chaebol just about control the entire economy if you include downstream suppliers and all the small businesses and their employees that depend on them.
		The chaebol are blamed for pulling the economy into near-bankruptcy by borrowing indiscriminately to fund their monomaniacal quest for growth.
		But he says he has one advantage: as the first candidate of an opposition alliance to be elected president, he is untainted by the long collusion between the tycoons and the ruling clique.
	www.pathfinder.com /asiaweek/98/0213/biz1.html (1028 words)

	Asiaweek.com
		The IMF is also requiring transparency in chaebol operations, such as consolidated financial statements.
		"The chaebol must urgently reduce the size of their debt and become leaner if they are to survive," says Lee Dong Kul of the independent Institute of Economics and Technology.
		Clearly, the days of the traditional chaebol with interests in almost every Korean industry are numbered.
	www.pathfinder.com /Asiaweek/97/1219/biz1.html (1538 words)

	01/18/99 Reform the Chaebol--or Let the Worst Die (int'l edition)
		But, due to the inextricable, corrupt relationships among chaebol owners, politicians, and bureaucrats, those firms were given protection in the form of a sort of moratorium, only to make them more debt-ridden.
		With their profit motives restrained, the surviving chaebol will not be as energetic and aggressive as before, and they will become like Korea's financial institutions.
		In short, the present government plan of reforming the chaebol should not be praised as highly as you did.
	www.businessweek.com /@@*vR6lWcQJnT0agYA/1999/03/b3612141.htm (494 words)

	FT.com / World - S Korea acts to curb power of chaebol
		S Korea acts to curb power of chaebol
		South Korea's government on Thursday passed a controversial bill to curb the country's influential chaebol conglomerates by limiting the amount they can invest in affiliate companies.
		Chaebol such as Samsung Electronics and LG have complained the new Fair Trade Act will leave them vulnerable to hostile takeovers from foreign investors, but their fierce lobbying and the opposition party's boycott of the vote failed to stop the legislation.
	news.ft.com /cms/s/b76dead0-4491-11d9-9f6a-00000e2511c8.html (169 words)

	Chaebol: Blogs, Photos, Videos and more on Technorati
		ROK Chief Justice Lee Jae-hong certainly has a very low opinion of average South Koreans if he believes he had to go easy on one man, Hyundai Motors Chairman Chung Mong-koo who, according to CNN Money, committed the 29th dumbest moment in business history.
		Chaebol Boss Seeks Husband For Daughter A rich South Korean businessman, who reportedly has more than USD 100 million in assets, has hired online matchmaking agency Sunoo to find a husband for his 38-year-old daughter.
		South Korean prosecutors raid police stations, golf courses South Korean government prosecutors investigating a gangland-style kidnapping and mauling case involving Hanwha Group chairman Kim Seung-youn have raided the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency office, two district police stations, and three golf clubs near the capital.
	technorati.com /tag/Chaebol (302 words)

	Definition of chaebol - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		Learn more about "chaebol" and related topics at Britannica.com
		Find more about "chaebol" instantly with Live Search
		See a map of "chaebol" in the Visual Thesaurus
	www.m-w.com /dictionary/chaebol (36 words)

	Amazon.com: Economic Crisis and Corporate Restructuring in Korea: Reforming the Chaebol (Cambridge Asia-Pacific ...
		In this comprehensive study leading scholars consider the historical evolution of the Chaebol and their contribution to the Asian financial crisis.
		While Asian business conglomerates have been successful agents of growth, they have long had a number of organizational and financial weaknesses that make them vulnerable to shocks.
		Nowhere was this more true than in Korea, where the large corporate groups known as Chaebol have dominated the economic landscape.
	www.amazon.com /Economic-Crisis-Corporate-Restructuring-Korea/dp/0521823633 (730 words)

	Tariq Hussain's "Diamond Dilemma" :: [Strategy+Business] What's a Chaebol to Do?
		At first, it appeared that the chaebol would be chastened by the state of affairs, especially when they were forced, for example, to take on outsider directors to discipline and control the family owners.
		The reforms of the late 1990s were mostly cosmetic, and chaebol continue to be run by proprietor families through a complex network of cross-shareholdings that give the owners inflated amounts of stock in all the subsidiaries and undue influence over the professionals and the board of directors.
		And of course, the chaebol are not necessarily bad for Korea; a chaebol subsidiary that commands world-class leadership in its market, such as Samsung Electronics, often holds a competitive position that is not soon likely to be eroded by global rivals and emerging Chinese companies.
	www.diamond-dilemma.com /tt/eng/45 (0 words)

	International News - The University of Sydney
		"Chaebol" are large, family-controlled Korean corporate groups, assisted by government financing; they have played a major role in the growth of the South Korean economy since the 1960s.
		Alticast Corp, Yvonne's host company, is not a chaebol company but has become a market leader in the interactive television industry.
		She was the only female working in the company's global strategy area, and along with three other Australian interns produced a global feasibility study of middleware adoption and formulated new marketing strategies to target growth niches.
	www.usyd.edu.au /news/international/226.html?newsstoryid=1253 (671 words)

	Asia Times: Korea's chaebol see early results of reforms
		The top five chaebol, whose sales take up nearly 40 percent of the country's gross output, were pinpointed as the main culprits in forcing the country to seek a record bailout of $58 billion from the IMF in December 1997 through reckless expansion.
		The chaebol agreed to a set of government-organized business swaps, to bring their debt-to-equity ratios down from over 500 percent to under 200 percent by the end of the year, and to end guarantees covering debts of sister companies by March next year.
		Following are the major changes for the chaebol in seven industrial sectors targeted by the government for the "Big Deals" or business swaps.
	www.atimes.com /asia-crisis/AL16Db01.html (954 words)

	Asia
		The ambition of Korea’s chaebol to become serious rivals to the most powerful Western and Japanese multinational corporations is thought by most Koreans to have begun the chain of events that terminated in the crisis of 1997.
		The chaebol had financed a risky long-term capital boom primarily with short-term loans, a large part of which were in foreign currency.
		The chaebol were thus forced to undertake their overly ambitious capital accumulation program of the mid 1990s and attack government regulation of financial markets.
	www.zmag.org /zmag/articles/crottyjulyaug98.htm (2567 words)

	The Standard - Big business raises outcry over `chaebol' revelations - World Section
		Despite their small, direct share holdings, the heads of the chaebol and their relatives could control all of a group's units by using the stakes mutually held by group affiliates, the FTC said.
		Of the 36 chaebol, equity stakes held by the heads of the top 13 conglomerates with assets in excess of five trillion won were even lower, with each chairman holding an average 1.48 per cent.
		The FTC said the heads of chaebol and their families did not even own a single stake in 469 companies out of a total of 781 affiliates listed as part of the big 36 chaebol.
	www.thestandard.com.hk /stdn/std/World/FL29Wd02.html (809 words)

	Chaebol report
		Chaebol 99 is the only comprehensive analysis in English of both individual chaebol and the chaebol system's impact on the Korean economy.
		Chaebol 99 will have information on Daewoo down to August 11th but this is a fast changing situation.
		The whole chaebol report is revised at least twice during the year, and alerts and news are sent when relevant to all subscribers.
	www.eabc.co.uk /Chaebol.htm (249 words)

	KoreaTimes : Chaebol Discount (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As a way of dispelling the chaebol discount, the IMF suggested Korea implement a three-year roadmap for chaebol reform, which includes banning executives from controlling subsidiaries with minimal investment or circular shareholding structures and the easing of regulations on chaebol that improve their governance
		The chaebol were vital in employing the nation’s workforce, as each of them hired 2,000-4,000 fresh college graduates each year.
		Chaebol is a word universally known because the concept is Korea-specific.
	times.hankooki.com /lpage/biz/200403/kt2004030319544610760.htm (904 words)

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