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Topic: Chagan (nuclear test)

	Cia Estimate Nuclear Pakistan Test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Between July 1945 cia estimate nuclear pakistan test and November 1962 the United States is known to have conducted 216 atmospheric cia estimate nuclear pakistan test and underwater nuclear tests.
		Chagan (nuclear test) - Chagan was a Soviet nuclear test during the Soviet atomic bomb project and was the most powerful test in the series: Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy or Project 7, the Soviet equivalent of the US Operation Plowshare to investigate peaceful uses of nuclear weapons.
		Sedan (nuclear test) - Storax Sedan was a nuclear test conducted at the Nevada Test Site by the United States on July 6, 1962 as part of Operation Plowshare program to investigate the use of nuclear weapons for mining, cratering, and other civilian purposes.
	de74.markleeforcontroller.com /ciaestimatenuclearpakistantest.html (786 words)

	Pakistan Nuclear Test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The south Asian nuclear moves have raised regional tensions, transformed Kashmir into a potentially nuclear flashpoint, increased the poverty of already devastated populations, fueled a conventional and possibly nuclear arms race far beyond the borders of the two countries, and vastly distorted definitions of international status and influence.
		Pakistan Nuclear Test - Pakistan Nuclear Test 100 Suns Between July 1945 pakistan nuclear test and November 1962 the United States is known to have conducted 216 atmospheric pakistan nuclear test and underwater nuclear tests.
		According to this mass multiplied by the square of the test, its explosive yield in kilotons or megatons, the date and the U.S. agreed to pool their resources and information for the project, the world's first sustained and controlled nuclear chain reaction was achieved at the University of Pisa.
	ba24.poseidontech.com /pakistannucleartest.html (1613 words)

	Pakistan Nuclear Test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Between July 1945 pakistan nuclear test and November 1962 the United States is known to have conducted 216 atmospheric pakistan nuclear test and underwater nuclear tests.
		Since the tests were conducted either in Nevada or the Pacific the book is simply divided between the desert pakistan nuclear test and the ocean.
		This article discusses the historical development of nuclear weapons by nonweapon states is threatened by nuclear tests conducted by India and Pakistan in 1998, followed by the 2001 attack in the United States during World War II in the United States during World War II in the ancient, bitter enmity between the two nations.
	de74.markleeforcontroller.com /pakistannucleartest.html (1669 words)

	List of nuclear tests - Wikipedia Mirror (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Additional tests were conducted at various locations in Russia and Kazakhstan, while a small number of tests were conducted in Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenia.
		Missiles and nuclear warheads have usually been tested separately, because testing them together is considered highly dangerous (they are the most extreme type of live fire exercise).
		Planned as a method to dispel doubts about whether the USA's nuclear missiles would actually function in practice, it had less effect than was hoped, as the stockpile warhead was substantially modified prior to testing, and the missile tested was a relatively low-flying SLBM and not a high-flying ICBM.
	www.wiki-mirror.us /index.php/List_of_nuclear_tests (1311 words)

	Soviet/Russian Nuclear Testing Summary
		Photos of this test are often mislabeled as being the November 22, 1955 test of the RDS-37 warhead.
		The primary goal of the test was to gather data on the use of nuclear explosives for cratering purposes, such as creating a water storage reservoirs.
		The use of nuclear explosions for excavation was abandoned by the mid-1980s.
	www.atomicforum.org /russia/russiantesting.html (3719 words)

	International Science and Technology Center
		Nuclear weapons tests and nuclear devices explosions were carried out in the USSR over a period since August 1949 (the first nuclear test) till October 24, 1990(the last nuclear test).
		a surface explosion is a nuclear test on the earth’s surface or from a tower.
		That experimental salvo nuclear explosion was conducted on March 23, 1971 to estimate a possibility of construction of "Pechora-Kolva" canal as a part of the project of transfer of Northern rivers’ waters to the drainage-basin of Volga River.
	www.kiae.ru /radleg/ch9e.htm (6256 words)

	Soviet atomic bomb project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The test was at Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Range on Novaya Zemlya Island in the Arctic Sea.
		Chagan nuclear test, photo not to be confused with Joe 1.]] Chagan was the Soviet equivalent of the US Operation Plowshare to investigate peaceful uses of nuclear weapons.
		It was an underground test (note the debris fallout in the photo), and was fired on January 15 1965.
	soviet-atomic-bomb-project.iqnaut.net (984 words)

	Peaceful nuclear explosions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The most well known of these in the West was the Chagan test in January of 1965 as radioactivity from the Chagan test was detected over Japan by both the U.S. and Japan in apparent violation of the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT).
		The Smiling Buddha, India’s first explosive nuclear device was typified by the Indian Government as a peaceful nuclear explosion; however, most of the international community thought that the test was mainly a weapons test.
		While China has yet to claim any of its tests were for civilian purposes, it has been adamant in demanding that nuclear treaties it is a party to explicitly permit this type of activity.
	88.208.194.172 /wiki/index.php/Peaceful_nuclear_explosions (937 words)

	CM Magazine: Nuclear Dynamite.
		While it is never polite to mock the ignorance of others, Nuclear Dynamite forces the viewer to question what could possibly have been in the minds of nuclear scientists during the late 1950s and 1960s.
		Diefenbaker was inundated with mail, and, as he was already opposed to nuclear weapons in Canada, the project was scrapped.
		Nuclear Dynamite is a must for all science classes to show the power of nuclear technology and the lack of knowledge on the part of so-called experts.
	www.umanitoba.ca /outreach/cm/vol8/no17/nucleardynamite.html (827 words)

	I am a Hawk - Chapter 2
		This is where the underground nuclear tests were conducted in the holes bored vertically down to a depth of several hundred metres.
		Nuclear tests in boreholes required significantly less money and time as compared to the tests in the adits of horizontal emplacement holes in the granite of the Dagilen mountains.
		Under the difficult conditions of the nuclear test sites, when roads were lacking, very much of the complicated work of the testers really depended upon their skills.
	www.iss.niiit.ru /book/chap2.htm (7544 words)

	Semipalatinsk Test Site - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The scientific buildings for the test site were located around 150 km west of the town of Semipalatinsk (later renamed Semey), near the border of East Kazakhstan Province and Pavlodar Province with most of the nuclear tests taking place at various sites further to the west and south, some as far as into Qaraghandy Province.
		Later tests were moved to the Chagan River complex and nearby Balapan in the east of the STS (including the site of the Chagan test, which formed Lake Chagan).
		Once atmospheric tests were banned, testing was transferred to underground locations at Chagan, Murzhik (in the west), and at the Degelen Mountain complex in the south, which is riddled with boreholes and drifts for both subcritical and supercritical tests.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site (771 words)

	The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program
		This test was a near copy of the US Sedan test, a 104 Kt subsurface cratering experiment.
		The nuclear explosive used for the Chagan test was reported to be a low-fission design, which had a pure thermonuclear secondary driven by a fission primary with a yield of about 5-7 kt.
		Radioactivity from the Chagan test was detected over Japan by both the U.S. and Japan in apparent violation of the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT).
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Russia/Sovwpnprog.html (2117 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: Kazakhstan: Nuclear Facilities
		Testing equipment and technical components that were exposed to radiation during nuclear tests were mothballed in concrete bunkers to diminish the risk of spreading radiation into the soil.
		A seminar on the environmental and health effects of four decades of nuclear testing at Semipalatinsk was held in Almaty the week of 6 April 1998.
		The 0.3-0.4 kiloton charge was designed to test new types of weapons and military equipment for resistance to the destructive factors of an atomic explosion, specifically the impact of extremely high x-ray radiation, using special measuring devices which were buried along with the charge.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/Kazakhstan/Nuclear/4278_4313.html (6410 words)

	Scottish Conservative MEPs
		About 80 kilometres from Semipalatinsk is Chagan, built between 1947 and 1949 as a base for the Soviet army and airforce, the city is now completely deserted and derelict.
		The city of Khurchatov, 150 kilometres from Semipalatinsk, was the centre of this hotbed of nuclear activity.
		The Kazakhs no longer have the resources to police the test site and despite the fact that spending more than ten minutes at the epicentre is lethally dangerous, many villagers camp on the site for days, digging up the hundreds of kilometres of copper wire used to detonate the bombs.
	www.ivarkreuger.com /ScottishConservativeMEPs.htm (2174 words)

	Nuclear Background
		The idea of applying nuclear explosives to massive engineering projects is as old as the bomb itself, and it promised to fulfil many of the ambitious projects proposed by an earlier generation of engineers who had harnessed the power of steam to dig the first Panama Canal.
		The efforts of the Citizens for Nuclear Information, and the publicity surrounding their campaign to collect and analyze baby teeth for evidence of radioactive fallout in the form of Strontium-90 contributed to the pressure on the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations to negotiate limits on testing.
		Both programs were designed to use the compact energy of nuclear explosives for purposes of blasting, excavation, seismic sounding, fracturing gas-bearing rock formations, creating new elements, digging canals, diverting rivers, and a number of other imaginative applications including lifting large and heavy spaceships into orbit.
	www.facetofacemedia.ca /NDbg.html (1060 words)

	Radioactive Waste and Contamination—Central Asia \| Encyclopedia of Modern Asia
		At this test site 1.8 million hectares in area, 456 nuclear explosions, including many atmospheric ones, were conducted between 1949 and 1989.
		Tests revealed that 14 percent of the region's inhabitants received elevated radiation doses from the explosions.
		Farther downwind, measurable fallout from tests was detected in the adjacent Altay Kray (Altay Territory) on twenty-two different occasions.
	www.bookrags.com /research/radioactive-waste-and-contamination-ema-05 (516 words)

	Book "USSR Nuclear Weapons Tests and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions. 1949 through 1999"
		These materials take proper account of the nuclear test classification features relating, particularly, to the definition specificity for such terms as "nuclear tests" and "peaceful underground nuclear explosions" in the international agreements and peculiarities of the technology of nuclear testing in Russia.
		The energy release data are obtained on the basis of classified sources analysis, with accuracy of the results measured by means of various techniques being taken into account.
		in the highest-yield USSR nuclear test on October 30, 1961 energy release due to fission reaction was 3% of the total explosion energy release of 50 Mt. The detonation height above the test area was 4000 meters;
	npc.sarov.ru /english/issues/peaceful/notes.html (246 words)

	Code Red - Weapons of Mass Destruction [Online Resource] - Peaceful Nuclear Explosions in the USSR
		Under the Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy program, 239 nuclear tests were conducted, compared to the 28 tests conducted by the US.
		The most famous of these tests was the Chagan underground nuclear test.
		Radioactivity from the Chagan test was detected in Japan, which violated the terms of the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty.
	library.thinkquest.org /05aug/00639/en/wt_pne_ussr.html (293 words)

	Series 7 Test Preparation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Chagan (nuclear test) - Chagan was a Soviet nuclear test during the Soviet atomic bomb project and was the most powerful test in the Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy series.
		Stanford Achievement Test Series - The Stanford Achievement Test Series, usually referred to simply as the "SAT 9" or "SAT 10" (where the number reflects the series being used) is one of the leading standardized tests utilized by school districts in the United States for assessing children from kindergarten through high...
		Alternating series test - The alternating series test is a method used to prove that infinite series of terms converge.
	qu75.iasoft.org /series7testpreparation.html (1305 words)

	NucNews - November 5, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Even unassembled nuclear bomb parts could be dangerous, "A radiological weapon," a conventional explosive device used to scatter radioactive material, would be nearly as devastating as an actual nuclear bomb, producing fallout that could render an American city uninhabitable for years, Newsweek said.
		When most of the country's nuclear reactors were designed in the 1960s and 1970s, it was assumed their radioactive waste would be shipped off to a central repository or reprocessing facility.
		Nuclear expert, Dr Helmut Hirsch, says in the report that in a worse case scenario of a commercial passenger jet hitting a nuclear plant, the reactor's containment would be breached, the cooling systems would fail, and within a very short period of time less than one hour - the reactor core would begin to meltdown.
	nucnews.net /nucnews/2001nn/0111nn/011105nn.htm (20867 words)

	[No title]
		The average gamma-ray activity produced in a nuclear explosion has been calculated as 530 megacuries per kiloton of fission yield at one hour after the explosion, with an average photon energy of 0.7 MeV.
		The data available on underground nuclear tests focuses on the fraction of the total activity found in “early” or “close-in” fallout ( EMBED Equation.3 ), which measures only those particles that have been deposited in the first 24 hours.
		According to Glasstone, these curves “may be taken to be representative of the average altitudes to which nuclear clouds from surface (or low air) bursts of various yields might be expected to rise in the mid-latitudes.
	www.fas.org /resource/07262005143512.doc (3225 words)

	Sources
		Nuclear Weapons and the Threat of Nuclear War.
		Nuclear Proliferation and the International Mobility of Russian Nuclear Exports.
		Nuclear Weapons and the Cold War: American Missile deployment chart, Soviet missile deployment chart, Minuteman II, Rt-2 "Sickle".
	members.tripod.com /soviet_nuclear_arms/sources.html (348 words)

	Bomber Bases
		Dolon airfield, which was a major Soviet long-range aviation facility, is located in what is now the Republic of Kazakhstan.
		Improved 20 MT nuclear bombs appeared by the early 1960s, but they were very large and created some difficulties when they were mounted under the Tu-95 bomber.
		One Tu-95MA dropped a bomb with a yield of 20 Mt in Sary-Shagan test range in the spring of 1960.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/world/russia/dolon.htm (426 words)

	ËÐÊ-1. Radioactive contamination of the territories of Semipalatinsk Test Site investigation. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Laboratory task was to conduct the airborne survey of the territories of interest to construct the artificial and natural nuclide activity maps.
		In 1990-1992 the radiation contamination investigation of the Semipalatisk Test Site surrounding territories was conducted by means of ground-based and airborne equipment.
		Being disposed 100-200 km far from the surface nuclear tests these villages were more than the others influenced by radioactive fallouts...
	www.radiation.ru /eng/project/Semsk.htm (524 words)

	HCItasca: PFC2D and PFC3D Publications
		Chandler, N. (1998) "Geotechnical and Rock Mechanics Research for Nuclear Fuel Waste Management in Canada," in Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Rock Mechanics of Nuclear Waste Repositories.
		Fairhurst, C. (1997) "Geomaterials and Recent Developments in Micro-Mechanical Numerical Models," ISRM News J. Fairhurst, C. (1998) "Rock Mechanics and Nuclear Waste Repositories (Keynote Paper)," in Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Rock Mechanics of Nuclear Waste Repositories.
		Fairhurst, C. (2004) "Nuclear Waste Disposal and Rock Mechanics: Contributions of the Underground Research Laboratory (URL), Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada," Int.
	www.winternet.com /~icg/pfc_pubs.html (6376 words)

	Atomic Landscapes - World Wind Forums
		I decided to make a list of Nuclear Test Locations.
		Locations that still show remains of the tests (Craters..
		Location of the biggest Underground Test Ever Conducted Grommet/Cannikin 5mt.
	forum.worldwindcentral.com /showthread.php?t=4273 (206 words)

	TU Bergakademie Freiberg: Institut für Geotechnik
		nuclear explosions of Semipalatinsk test area, blast simulation during shaft sinking for the Site de Meuse/Haute-Marne (France), earthquake impact on nuclear power plant foundations, earthquake excitation of a stadium in Agadir (Maroc)
		L." Particle based modeling of shear box tests and stability problems for slab foundations in sand", Proceedings International Conference on Numerical Modeling in Micromechanics via Particle Methods, Gelsenkirchen, 2002, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp.
		te Kamp, L., Konietzky, H, Guerin, F. "Modeling of the Chagan underground nuclear test with the distinct element method", FRAGBLAST, 2(1998), pp.
	www.ifgt.tu-freiberg.de /englisch/konietz.html (3516 words)

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