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	Carlos Chagas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chagas’ work is unique in the history of medicine, because he was the only researcher so far to describe completely a new infectious disease: its pathogen, vector (Triatominae), host, clinical manifestations and epidemiology.
		Chagas was the son of José Justiniano das Chagas, a coffee farmer from Minas Gerais, and Mariana Cândida Chagas.
		Chagas suspected that the parasite could cause human disease, due to the prevalence of the insect vector in human households and its habit of biting people, so he took blood samples and, in April 23, 1909, discovered for the first time the same Trypanosoma parasite in the blood of a three year-old girl.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carlos_Chagas (984 words)

	Chagas disease - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chagas named the pathogenic parasite that causes the disease Schizotrypanum cruzi (later renamed to Trypanosoma cruzi), after Oswaldo Cruz, the noted Brazilian physician and epidemiologist who fought successfully epidemics of yellow fever, smallpox, and bubonic plague in Rio de Janeiro and other cities in the beginning of the 20th century.
		Chagas’ work is unique in the history of medicine, because he was the only researcher so far to describe completely a new infectious disease: its pathogen, vector, host, clinical manifestations, and epidemiology.
		Until recently, however, Chagas disease was considered a contraindication for the procedure, since the heart damage could recur as the parasite was expected to seize the opportunity provided by the immunosuppression that follows surgery.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chagas_disease (3122 words)

	Chagas Disease - Boston College (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Chagas, because it often causes early mortality and disability in youth, imposes a high economic cost on the countries where the disease is found.
		Chagas disease is characterized by both an acute stage and a chronic stage.
		In 1997, Uruguay was declared Chagas-free, and Chile was free of the disease by 1999.
	www.bc.edu /schools/cas/biology/research/insect/chagas (1062 words)

	Publications - Current Fact Sheets - Chagas Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Chagas disease is usually spread by the feces of the reduviid bug, an insect that infests mud, adobe, or thatch houses.
		Chagas disease is a parasitic disease that is an important health problem in Central and South America.
		Chagas disease is usually spread by the feces of reduviid bugs, insects that live in cracks and holes of poorly constructed houses and outbuildings in South and Central America.
	www.astdhpphe.org /chagas.asp (791 words)

	Chagas Disease
		Division of Parasitic Diseases - Chagas Disease -
		Chagas Disease Chagas disease is a parasitic infection that occurs in Central and South America.
		Chagas disease is usually spread by the feces of the reduviid bug, an insect that infests mud, adobe,....
	www.health-nexus.com /chagas_disease.htm (222 words)

	Chagas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Chagas disease, named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas who first described it in 1909, exists only on the American Continent.
		There are two stages of the human disease: the acute stage which appears shortly after the infection and the chronic stage which appears after a silent period that may last several years.
		The risk of infection with Chagas disease is directly related to poverty: the blood-sucking triatomine bug which transmits the parasite finds a favourable habitat in crevices in the walls and roofs of poor houses in rural areas and in the peripheral urban slums.
	www.who.int /ctd/chagas/disease.htm (292 words)

	Chagas Disease Facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Chagas disease is a parasitic infection that occurs in Central and South America.
		Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi.
		Chagas disease is confined to South and Central America.
	www.astdhpphe.org /infect/Chagas.html (783 words)

	Review: Chagas' Heart Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Summary: Chagas' disease is caused by a protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, that is transmitted to humans through the feces of infected bloodsucking insects in endemic areas of Latin America, or occasionally by nonvectorial mechanisms, such as blood transfusion.
		Chagas' heart disease is the most common cause of cardiomyopathy in South and Central America and, in endemic areas, it is the leading cause of cardiovascular death among patients between the ages of 30 and 50 years.
		Antiparasitic therapy is indicated in the infectious acute phase of the disease and for the prophylaxis of reactivation of the infection in immunosuppressed patients.
	www.clinicalcardiology.org /productcart/pc/briefs/200012briefs/cc23-883.review.html (4537 words)

	HISTORICAL ASPECTS
		Carlos Justiniano Ribeiro Chagas was born on July 9th, 1879 in Oliveira, in a coffee farm in the State of Minas Gerais.
		After one year of exhausting work, Carlos Chagas was advised by a railroad engineer, Cantarino Mota and by Belisario Pena about the existence of a hematophagus bugs which, due to their typical behavior of biting human beings (while sleeping at night) on the uncovered face, were known as "barbeiros" (barbers) or "kissing bugs".
		Chagas was also commissioned to control malaria in the Amazon, a task which clearly had a strong influence in his life when developing Preventive Medicine in Brazil.
	www.dbbm.fiocruz.br /tropical/chagas/chapter.html (1919 words)

	Chagas Disease
		Chagas disease has a wide distribution in Central and South America, being found only in the American Hemisphere.
		The disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a flagellated protozoan parasite which is transmitted to humans in two ways, either by a blood-sucking reduviid bug which deposits its infective feces on the skin at the time of biting, or directly by transfusion of infected blood.
		The acute stage of the disease is generally seen in children, and is characterized by fever, swelling of lymph glands, enlargement of the liver and spleen, or local inflammation at the site of infection.
	www.biochem.uiowa.edu /donelson/chagas_disease.htm (336 words)

	Carlos Ribeiro Justiniano Chagas (www.whonamedit.com)
		Chagas’ work is unique in the history of medicine - it is the only instance in which a single investigator has described the infection, its agent, its vector, its manifestations, its epidemiology, and some of the hosts of the pathogenic genus.
		Chagas was the son Jose Justiniano das Chagas, a coffee planter descending from farmers who had arrived in Brazil from Portugal around the middle of the sixteenth century.
		Chagas had already observed some unexplained pathological alterations in the inhabitants of the region from which the infected bugs were obtained.
	www.whonamedit.com /doctor.cfm/2757.html (1809 words)

	Chagas Disease - Links and Literature List (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In short, risks that Chagas' disease will become endemic to the Amazon appear to be linked to the transposition of the wild cycle to the domestic cycle in that area or to transfer of the domestic cycle from endemic areas to the Amazon.
		Chagas' heart disease is believed to be rare in the United States, although many persons from countries where the disease is endemic reside here.
		Abstract: Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major source of morbidity and death in Latin America.
	www.arose.net /triatoma/chagas.htm (2108 words)

	Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas' disease) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Chagas' disease is named after Carlos Chagas, a Brazilian who in 1910 discovered this parasite in the vector.
		The vector for Chagas' disease, a "true bug" (Hemiptera) such a Triatoma, Rhodnius, or Panstrongylus, ingests amastigotes or trypomastigotes when it feeds.
		The vector defecates on the host's skin at the same time that it feeds, and the metacyclic trypomastigotes enter the host's body, most often by being "rubbed in" to the vector's bite or the mucous membranes of the eye, nose, or mouth (view a diagram of the life cycle).
	ryoko.biosci.ohio-state.edu /~parasite/chagas.html (285 words)

	Division of Parasitic Diseases - Chagas Disease Fact Sheet
		Chagas disease is locally transmitted in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
		The most recognized symptom of acute Chagas infection is the Romaña's sign — a person's eye on one side of the face swells, usually at the bite wound or where feces were deposited or accidentally rubbed into the eye.
		Medication for Chagas disease is usually effective when given during the early acute stage of infection.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dpd/parasites/chagasdisease/factsht_chagas_disease.htm (902 words)

	Article: Chagas Disease: DPD - WrongDiagnosis.com
		The most recognized symptom of acute Chagas infection is the Romaña’s sign, or swelling of the eye on one side of the face, usually at the bite wound or where feces were rubbed into the eye.
		Medication for Chagas disease is usually effective when given during the acute stage of infection.
		Chagas disease is locally transmitted in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /artic/chagas_disease_dpd.htm (911 words)

	Home \| aHealthyme.com
		Chagas' disease is named after Dr. Carlos Chagas who first found the organism in the early 1900s.
		When a person is infected with Chagas' disease, the parasite known as Trypanosoma cruzi first causes a mild, short-lived period of "acute" illness; then after a long period without symptoms, the effects of the infection begin to appear.
		An esophageal disease of unknown cause, in which the lower sphincter or muscle is unable to relax normally, and leads to the accumulation of material within the esophagus.
	www.ahealthyme.com /article/gale/100084321 (799 words)

	Echocardiography
		In a cross-sectional study, we compared patients with Chagas disease without cardiac involvement and healthy individuals by three different methods to determine whether vagal dysfunction is present in the early phase of Chagas disease.
		Chagas' heart disease is a common form of cardiomyopathy in Latin America and an important cause of cardiac morbidity and mortality there.
		Thus diastolic disturbances are common at all stages of Chagas' disease, and may represent a fundamental aspect of the p athological process as it affects the left ventricle.
	www2.umdnj.edu /~shindler/chagas.html (1767 words)

	Diagnose-Me: Condition: Chagas Disease
		Chagas disease primarily affects low income people living in rural areas and many people get the infection during childhood.
		The early stage of infection (acute Chagas disease) usually is not severe, but sometimes it can cause death, particularly in infants.
		Chagas disease can also lead to enlargement of parts of the digestive tract, which result in severe constipation or problems with swallowing.
	www.diagnose-me.com /cond/C460391.html (1147 words)

	Chagas' disease: virulence factor identified
		Chagas' disease — or American trypanosomiasis — is a parasitic illness which affects nearly 20 million people mainly in tropical regions of Central and South America.
		As in any parasitic disease, the pathogen's ability to survive in its vertebrate host depends on many mechanisms, especially one which weakens the host's immune response.
		In Chagas' disease, during its life-cycle in humans T. cruzi takes on two forms, an infective flagellate one (trypomastigote) which circulates and reproduces in the blood and another intracellular one without flagellum (amastigote), which in its turn multiplies to produce another batch of circulating forms.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-01/idrp-cdv010604.php (798 words)

	Chagas' Disease Profile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Chagas' disease continues to be among the most important diseases in the tropics and subtropics of North and South America.
		Chagas' disease was first identified by Carlos Chagas in Brazil in 1909.
		However, the disease organisms are not passed through the bite, but rather through the feces of the bug, which defecates on the victim's skin during blood feeding.
	scarab.msu.montana.edu /historybug/chagas.htm (372 words)

	Chagas Disease - BloodBook - Information for Life
		Chagas Disease, more properly Chagas' Disease, which enters the human body through a break in the skin, infects as many as 18-million people worldwide and kills an estimated 50,000 people annually.
		Chagas disease, a parasitic infection, is already a leading killer in Central and South America and is becoming a more common threat in the United States.
		Chagas disease in humans initially induces fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly, followed by dilated cardiomyopathy and conduction disturbances, as well as megaesophagus, megacolon and meningoencephalitis.
	www.bloodbook.com /chagas_disease.html (827 words)

	Introduction: Chagas disease - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Researching symptoms of Chagas disease: Further information about the symptoms of Chagas disease is available including a list of symptoms of Chagas disease, or alternatively return to research other symptoms in the symptom center.
		Treatments for Chagas disease: Various information is available about treatments available for Chagas disease, prevention of Chagas disease, current research about Chagas disease treatments, or research treatments for other diseases.
		Statistics and Chagas disease: Various sources and calculations are available in statistics about Chagas disease, and you can also research other medical statistics in our statistics center.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /c/chagas_disease/intro.htm (239 words)

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