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	Goldsmith: The traditional irrigation system of the Chagga of Kilimanjaro.
		In view of the importance of irrigated agriculture to the Chagga way of life, it is not surprising that some clans are specialised in the arts of irrigation.
		As among the Sonjo, the myths and religion of the Chagga reflect the requirements of a society utterly committed to irrigation agriculture.
		The [Chagga] of those days knew the precise point of the river from which to take the furrow, selecting a spot where the flow was least turbulent and the current was directed so that it would not eat away the inlet.
	www.edwardgoldsmith.com /page164.html (1583 words)

	People & the Planet > forests > features > tanzania - a second garden of eden
		The Chagga are a mixture of different ethnic groups who settled on Kilimanjaro over the course of time.
		Chagga women and children attend to domestic needs, including production of food, fodder and fuelwood, while the men are concerned with the realms of alcohol and money, or more specifically the production of banana, beer and coffee.
		In regions inhabited by the Chagga, where the average per capita income is considerably higher than the national average, coffee is the main source of income.
	www.peopleandplanet.net /pdoc.php?id=31 (894 words)

	Chaga - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Chaga (or Wachaga, Chagga, Jagga, Dschagga, Waschagga, Wachagga) are Bantu speaking indigenous African tribe and the third largest ethnic group in Tanzania.
		The Chagga subsist primarily by agriculture, using irrigation on terraced fields and manure to develop the fields.
		The dominance of the new highland planting agriculture ensured that the new communities came to speak the Chagga Language of the makers of that agriculture.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chagga (2447 words)

	ALFRED
		The Chagga (also spelled Chaga or Shaka) are a Bantu-speaking people who inhabit the southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, which is in northern Tanzania near the Kenyan border.
		Although the Chagga are referred to as a tribe, their land is traditionally divided into a number of politically independent chiefdoms with a relatively egalitarian social system.
		The Chagga are best known for their Arabica coffee, which is exported to American and European markets, resulting in coffee being their primary cash crop.
	alfred.med.yale.edu /alfred/recordinfo.asp?condition=(populations.pop_name='Chagga') (464 words)

	Another Land Safaris- Meaningful Experiences that Benefit African Villages
		The Chagga are from the lower slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro and its misty cloud cover provides the land of the Chagga with dense vegetation, fertile soil and numerous waterfalls.
		The Chagga are a Bantu, agricultural people, who are known for their banana beer, folklore, flsmithing and elaborate, 200-year-old, underground war tunnels from the Chagga / Maasai war.
		By staying with the Chagga before their climb, climbers are not only having a memorable experience, they are also pre-acclimatizing to the altitude.
	www.anotherland.com /programs/chagga.htm (236 words)

	MusicUganda: Homepage
		Chagga has an album coming out called “Sikilaba” album and it will be in studios soon.
		Chagga describes his music as love music and therefore he will keep giving people the best of love.
		Chagga plans to start up his own studio and will be helping young talent and working hand in hand with Leone Island.
	www.musicuganda.com /Chagga.html (444 words)

	Fernandes et al. 1984
		The intensive cropping system of the Chagga integrates multipurpose trees and shrubs with food crops, cash crops, and livestock on the same unit of land.
		The objective of this study was to identify the major components of the Chagga homegardens and to describe their interaction and management aspects.
		The Chagga homegardens represent a sustainable land use system whose practices can be extrapolated to other areas with similar ecosystems.
	www.css.cornell.edu /courses/190/abstr/bradley2.htm (351 words)

	Mountain Travel Sobek \| About Kilimanjaro
		However, between the 18th and 19th centuries the Chagga began permanent settlements and slowly developed modern agriculture, on both small and large scale.
		The Chagga have developed an extensive irrigation system using the large amounts of rainfall high on the mountain to irrigate their extensive farms.
		Missionaries arrived in Chagga land in the 1800s and were accepted mostly because they brought schools, health centers and Christianity.
	www.mtsobek.com /features/Climb_Kilimanjaro/about.htm (1279 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CHAGGA PEOPLE OF KILIMANJARO REGION, TANZANIA COUNTRY, EAST AFRICA. - Fredskorpset (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Chagga did not come at any one time in a single mass migration, they come single or group, then they form clans.
		Chaggas were cultivators and therefore forced the pigmies who were hunters to live the mountain and moved to
		Chaggas are engaged in agriculture activities (50%), trading (20%), employed in both formal and informal sectors (30%).
	www.fredskorpset.no /templates/FredskorpsDagbok____25899.aspx (381 words)

	Conquest of the Mind
		"Chagga society was, and to a degree still is, highly stratified and hierarchical," he explains.
		Children learn that the breast portion of a slaughtered animal is properly served to the male head of the family, and that the middle ribs and rump are reserved for the second rank of men in the hierarchy.
		Chagga elders also feel that young men and women are eroding traditional adult authority by taking over much of the agricultural production in the community.
	www.rps.psu.edu /may97/mind.html (3153 words)

	worldsurface.com - sustainable tourism for backpackers and independent travellers
		Let's call him Jonas, a reasonable assumption, since most Chaggas are Christian and tend to give their kids biblical names.
		Although Uchagga ("Chaggaland") is centered around Moshi and on the lower slopes of Kilimanjaro among coffee and banana plantations, Chagga business-owners can be found throughout the country and into Kenya as well as (I've been told) Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire and England.
		Chaggas laugh loudly and often, and eat a lot of nyama choma (barbecued goat).
	www.worldsurface.com /browse/entry.asp?entryid=1934 (1782 words)

	tribes in Tanzania - the Chaggas
		The cultivation of bananas is traditionally a man’s work, as is that of eleusine seed (ulezi), which is boiled and mixed with mashed plantain to brew a local beer (umbege or mbega) that is still used in traditional ceremonies and as a from of payment to elders in their role as arbiters in conflicts.
		Today, the Chagga wield considerable political and financial clout, both because of their long contact with European models of education and Christianity, both of which dominate modern-day political and economic life, and because of their involvement in the coffee business, which remains the region’s economic mainstay in spite of volatile world prices.
		Indeed, the Chagga are the one tribe you’re almost guaranteed to meet in even the most obscure corners of Tanzania, working as traders, merchants, officials, teachers and doctors.
	www.tanzania-adventure.com /tribe-chagga.htm (370 words)

	Thomson Safaris - Newsletter Issue 34
		The Chagga people have lived for centuries at the base of Kilimanjaro, yet they formerly had no desire to climb it, believing it was full of evil spirits.
		The Chagga had no reason to understand the snow or know how to prepare for the cold, because very few of them had experienced either one.
		Even today, Chagga porters who assist climbing parties up the mountain tend to be scantily dressed by the standards of American mountaineering.
	www.thomsonsafaris.com /newsletter/nl27_chagga.htm (335 words)

	Safari images newsletters
		In spite of Chagga insistence that the name Kilimanjaro is a foreign importation, even they accept that this is now the name by which the mountain is internationally known.
		In Chagga folklore, there is ample evidence of their belief in spirits which dwell in or on the mountain, but, for the Wachagga, these were usually kindly and well-intentioned.
		According to one Chagga informant, the old men tell the story that long ago the Wachagga, having seen the snowy dome, decided to go up to investigate; naturally,they did not get very far.
	www.safari-images.com /newsletters/kilima.htm (1503 words)

	Moonstone Chagga Jacket - GearReview.com
		This small detail almost goes to waste when the jacket is layered; however, when you strip off your outer layer, it is nice to have a place to warm your hands while belaying, taking a breather on the trail, or sitting around camp.
		I found the Chagga Jacket to be slightly less wind resistant than the Mountain Hardwear Windstopper Tech Jacket, but also more comfortable when layered.
		The Chagga is stylish, functional, and casual enough to be worn around town, on the slopes, or in your unfinished basement while cleaning mud of a hastily packed tent.
	www.gearreview.com /Moonstone_Chagga.php (350 words)

	NOVA \| Volcano Above the Clouds \| Tour Kilimanjaro 1 \| PBS
		Chagga farmers and herders have made substantial inroads into Kilimanjaro's lowest elevations, as this satellite image shows.
		Kilimanjaro's rich volcanic soils, irrigated by water percolating through underground channels from the rain forest higher up, have attracted Chagga people to settle on the mountain's lower slopes.
		Speckled mousebirds with their long, tapering tails, and the tropical boubou, a fl-and-white bird with a pleasant flute-like call, are two standouts.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/kilimanjaro/tour-1.html (106 words)

	Sports
		Chagga Boy, has managed to retain his title after sending his opponent, Bernard Simon, out of the ring with a Technical Knock-Out (TKO) at the sixth round.
		The bout was held at the Tanzania Breweries Limited pavilion and the patrons were too drunk to watch a boxing match.
		This incident was the last straw for the Cyborg guy, who had to call off his attempt and living the defending champion, Chagga Boy smiling all the way to the bank with Tsh.300,000 as his cash prize for retaining his boxing title.
	www.arushatimes.co.tz /2004/34/sports_2.htm (288 words)

	New Vision Online : Chagga contends for PAM award (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		CHAGGA will be rembered for his first two Afro beat albums, Birungi and Omutima Gwange.
		But despite all the musical success that Chagga seems to be enjoying this year, things haven’t been going on well for him.
		Chagga recently released a reggae track that chronicles his amazing musical journey titled Sirina Musango.
	www.newvision.co.ug /D/9/507/521106 (201 words)

	TIME.com: Invasion by Lion-Men -- May 31, 1954 -- Page 1
		Tom Marealle, the tall, cheerful king of 300,000 Chagga tribesmen, was one of the first to recognize that Kenya's Mau Mau terrorists were spilling over the border into Tanganyika Territory.
		The pistol misfired, and the Chagga's spear drove through a Mau Mau terrorist, whose hair was plastered with red clay into the shape of a lion's mane.
		The Chagga did most of the fighting, and the Mau Mau ran away, leaving rifles, pistols and five prisoners behind.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,819915,00.html (707 words)

	Extras ~ The Calabash Kids ~ About the Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A Chagga story about children growing from gourds is not surprising, because Chaggas are often named after gourds.
		Though some of us might feel uneasy that children should work for their mother, this is part of the traditional education called ipvunda, based on “learning by doing.” Instead of studying subjects in classrooms, children took part in the same activities they would carry on as adults.
		Nowadays, though, Chagga children attend regular schools, as introduced by the British colonialists and continued by the independent government.
	www.aaronshep.com /extras/Calabash_note.html (208 words)

	East Africa Living Encyclopedia
		The third largest ethnic group is the Chagga who live on the southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro.
		Many Chagga are now wage earners in large cities but still grow coffee as a cash crop.
		In pre-colonial times, the Chagga were governed by a system of chiefs, and these chiefs would often wage war against each other.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /NEH/tethnic.htm (1248 words)

	LINGUIST List 6.1672: Unusual Sound Change t > h, Gender in Linguistics
		In Giriama and most of the rest of the Sabaki group, it seems that point of articulation was simply lost, so that the voicelessness of the flap alone remained, which is /h/.
		The change seems to have taken place independently in Chagga, separated from the coast by an extensive conservative /t/ area.
		The Central dialects have an /r/-like sound, but often with spontaneous palatalization, so the outcome of /t/ to flap is identical to the Czech r with the hachek.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/6/6-1672.html (1053 words)

	African Proverbs, Stories and Sayings - Bibliography
		The Chagga people's history is full of prosperity particularly in areas of education, economy, and social infrastructure development including the early missionary evangelization and the development of Christianity.
		That is why the contextual meaning of each dialect is easily understood by all the speakers of the three Chagga dialects through their unique cultural and economic activities.
		But by and large, they have many things in common, that is why the contextual meaning of each dialect is easily understood by all the three Chagga dialects through their unique cultural and economic activities.
	www.afriprov.org /resources/bibliogr.htm (2342 words)

	Moshi
		The residents in the area revealed that the cave was one of about eight other caves that were being used as hideout residences during the pre-colonial civil wars among local tribes especially between the Chagga people and the Maasai.
		The Maasai, according to local history, loved to raid Chagga communities and rob therein of their cattle under claims that the animals were actually their rightful possessions bestowed to them by the gods since the first day of earth creation.
		As the Chagga men went out to battle, women, children, old people and the disabled would be concealed in the caves that are also full of supplies.
	www.ntz.info /gen/n01393.html (1639 words)

	Elinami Veraeli Swai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This paper will point out that Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) are important health care providers that have recently been recognized by the state in Tanzania, and that their work though not very well documented, cannot be ignored.
		Utilizing the social change theoretical approach and its tenets concerning societal transformation, I deploy the Chagga TBAs as a case study.
		The paper will provide detailed systematic growth of TBAs as a cultural and highly traditional practice that is highly revered in Chagga society, showing the various rituals and traditions that go with birth.
	www.utexas.edu /conferences/africa/2005/panels/swai.html (386 words)

	Chagga Tours - Kilimanjaro and Mt. Meru mountain tours
		As Chagga Tour representatives were there to test the tour for you the sun rose behind Kilimanjaro and Mike Nelson, our tour guide, was impressed.
		When the sun rose behind Kilimanjaro it shone on the crater landscape of Ol Doinyo Lengai, which is not only composed of one crater but many- sugarloaves, which rise from the solidified lava filled, active, northern, main crater.
		The other nine women and Chagga Tours make it possible for this one Tanzanian women to take part in the tour.
	www.chagga-tours.de /english/content/c-kilimanjaro-mountain-tour.html (2444 words)

	Alcoholic Beverage From Bananas
		This same process however has been used very skillfully to achieve detoxification of otherwise inedible foods like cassava, fortification (increasing nutritional value) of some starchy foods, in enhancing food preservation and imparting flavour and aroma to some foods.
		Bananas are harvested and placed over the fireplace or in the ceiling of traditional Chagga huts where the temperature is high enough to speed the ripening.
		When they are ripe, usually after 5-7 days, the fruits are peeled and boiled in water until the mixture turns reddish brown.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/african_food_preservers/107734 (525 words)

	Chagga Tours - experience report Kilimanjaro climbing and bike tour
		After long evenings of researching the internet and comparing prices and services we got in touch with Chagga Tours, which was able to answer all our questions.
		Later, we were met by our mountain guide Mike Nelson of Chagga Tours at the border to Tanzania where we were immediately informed of a recent accident at the Western Breach, which had led to the closing of this route by the National Park authorities.
		Chagga Tours met all our expectations and was able to adjust to our wishes and needs easily and professionally.
	chagga-tours.de /english/content/c-experience-report-kilimanjaro.html (931 words)

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