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Topic: Chain termination method

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	Primer
		A primer is a short artificial DNA strand that is used in genetic methods such as DNA sequencing, hybridization probes[?], and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
		A sequencing method called dideoxy sequencing (also known as chain termination method or Sanger method uses a primer as a start marker for the chain reaction.
		In Polymerase Chain Reaction, primers are used to determine the DNA fragment to be amplified by the PCR process.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pr/Primer.html (614 words)

	Chain termination method: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		The polymerase chain reaction is used to produce millions of cloned pieces of DNA.
		The Chain termination or Sanger or Dideoxy method is a process used to sequence (read the bases) of DNA.
		The dideoxy method is now highly automated as a result of development occurring under the Human Genome Project, where it is used to sequence fragments of our genome.
	www.encyclopedian.com /sa/Sanger-method.html (515 words)

	MCDB 2150 -- Lecture 29
		Please study the material on the Sanger dideoxynucleotide chain termination method carefully, including the description of the proceduremethod in Appendix A. The Maxam and Gilbert selective cleavage method is mostly of historical interest and does not need to be studied in comparable detail.
		Chain termination: Chain termination is achieved in the Sanger method by incorporating a nucleotide analog at the end of the growing DNA strand that lacks a 3'-hydroxyl group for attachment of the next nucleotide.
		The relative frequency of termination is determined by the ratio of dideoxy nucleotide triphosphates to normal dNTPs.
	www.colorado.edu /MCDB/MCDB2150Fall/notes/L29.html (2027 words)

	Molecular Genetics
		The methods used by molecular geneticists to obtain and study DNA have been developed through keen observation and adaptation of the chemical reactions and biological processes that occur naturally in all cells.
		Both methods were equally popular to begin with, but, for many reasons, the chain termination method is the method more commonly used today.
		In one method, called cycle sequencing, the dideoxynucleotides, not the primers, are tagged with different colored fluorescent dyes; thus, all four reactions occur in the same tube and are separated in the same lane on the gel.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /About/primer/genetics_molecular.html (6301 words)

	Title of Invention: Plant medium-chain-preferring a cyl-ACP thioesterases and related methods
		The present invention is directed to a protein relevant to synthesis of medium chain fatty acids in plants and methods of use related to the protein and related nucleic acid sequences.
		In this manner, the transcription and translation initiation regions, regulatory introns, and/or transcript termination regions of the plant thioesterase may be obtained for use in a variety of DNA constructs, with or without the thioesterase structural gene.
		Transcript termination regions may be provided by the DNA sequence encoding the plant thioesterase or a convenient transcription termination region derived from a different gene source, especially the transcript termination region which is naturally associated with the transcript initiation region.
	www.nal.usda.gov /bic/Biotech_Patents/1994patents/05298421.html (13420 words)

	The Scientist : Cycle Sequencing Kits
		From the chemical method of Maxam and Gilbert and the dideoxy method of Sanger, DNA sequencing techniques evolved into the "labeling/termination" method that used a modified T7 DNA polymerase such as Sequenase.
		When the polymerase incorporates a ddNTP into the growing primer chain, elongation stops, and the newly synthesized complementary chain is terminated at positions representing either A, C, G, or T base, depending on which ddNTP-base analog was incorporated.
		Elongation terminates because of the absence of the 3'-hydroxyl group on the ddNTP, normally present on the dNTP and required for chain elongation.
	www.thescientist.com /article/display/17656 (3988 words)

	Sequencing, kits: CycleReader™ DNA Sequencing Kit
		Sequencing of a CG-rich region of the 5'-flanking region and exon I of the human DRD2 receptor gene (a); and sequencing of an extended T-strech of plasmid pTZA1K4 (b) using the CycleReader™ DNA Sequencing Kit.
		The CycleReader™ DNA Sequencing Kit is designed for DNA sequencing by dideoxy chain termination method of Sanger (1) in a cycle sequencing protocol.
		Termination mixes contain 7-deaza-dGTP** to reduce band compression during electrophoresis.
	www.fermentas.com /catalog/kits/kitcyclereader.htm (341 words)

	MCDB 2150 -- Lecture 18
		Selective termination of DNA synthesis at specific nucleotides (A, C, G, or T), which permits the lengths of the resulting single-stranded DNA fragments to be used to identify nucleotide positions in the DNA sequence;
		Synthesis of a new strand of DNA is initiated from the primer, and a chain termination process (incoproration of a 2'-,3'-dideoxynucleotide, which leaves no 3'-OH group for further chain growth) is used to stop synthesis selectively at any one of the four DNA nucleotides.
		Thus, the first base added to the newly synthesized strand (corresponding to the shortest fragment on the sequencing gel) is complementary to the extreme 3'-position of the template strand, immediately adjacent to the site that the primer hybridizes to.
	www.colorado.edu /MCDB/MCDB2150Fall/notes99/99L18.html (1970 words)

	Lab #4 of MOLB4170
		The synthesis reaction is terminated by the incorporation of a nucleotide analog that will not support continued DNA elongation (hence the name chain-termination).
		Processive DNA synthesis occurs until all growing chains are terminated by a dideoxynucleotide.
		To terminate the reaction, add 6 ul of 3 M sodium acetate, 7 ul of water, and 75 ul of 100% ethanol.
	w3.uwyo.edu /~uwmbio/molb4170/lab4.html (1412 words)

	Frederick Sanger Summary
		The insulin molecule appeared to consist of a large number of polypeptide chains, and it was held that what was important biologically was the sequence in which the amino acids followed each other in the chains.
		For the glycyl or A chain, which is more acidic and soluble, he used another new method, electrophoresis, in which the chain fragments move through a fluid at different speeds in response to an electrical current, depending on their characteristics and those of the fluid.
		In 1975, he developed the chain termination method of DNA sequencing, also known as the Dideoxy termination method or the Sanger method.
	www.bookrags.com /Frederick_Sanger (5470 words)

	The Tech Behind the Magic
		DNA is currently sequenced by one of two methods: the Maxam-Gilbert method (aka the chemical degradation method) and the Sanger method (aka chain-termination method, dideoxy sequencing).
		In the Sanger method, DNA is replicated in the presence of an abnormal base that can only link to one other base, as well as the four normal bases.
		The fragments (from either method) undergo gel electrophoresis to separate them by length, and computers are used to analyze and assemble the base sequence.
	www.cs.hmc.edu /~lhubbard/bio52/project2/tech.html (293 words)

	Sanger method
		This is a "chain termination" event, because there is a 3' H instead of a 3' OH group.
		The chain terminations closest to the primer generate the smallest DNA molecules (which migrate further down the gel), and chain terminations further from the primer generate larger DNA molecules (which are slower on the gel and therefore remain nearer to the top).
		When similar chain termination reactions are run for each nucleotide, the four reactions can be run next to each other, and the sequence of the DNA can be read off of the "ladder" of bands, 5' to 3' sequence being read from bottom to top:
	www.csun.edu /~hcbio027/biotechnology/lec3/sanger.html (1212 words)

	Molecular Cloning and Mutagenesis of a DNA Locus Involved in Lipooligosaccharide Biosynthesis in Haemophilus somnus -- ...
		Plasmid DNA was isolated by a rapid alkaline lysis method (27)
		Identification of the gene (lgtG) encoding the lipooligosaccharide b chain synthesizing glucosyl transferase from Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
		Molecular analysis of a locus for the biosynthesis and phase-variable expression of the lacto-N-neotetraose terminal lipopolysaccharide structure in Neisseria meningitidis.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/68/1/310 (6213 words)

	DNA sequencing by mass spectrometry (US5547835) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The invention utilizes the Sanger sequencing strategy and assembles the sequence information by analysis of the nested fragments obtained by base-specific chain termination via their different molecular masses using mass spectrometry, as for example, MALDI or ES mass spectrometry.
		Instrument and method for the sequencing of genome
		Saeko Mizusawa et al., "Improvement of the Dideoxy Chain Termination Method of DNA Sequencing by use of Deoxy-7-Deazaguanosine Triphosphate in Place of dGTP", Nucleic Acids Research, vol.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn10=US05547835 (609 words)

	The Cysteine-rich Protein Family of Highly Related LIM Domain Proteins -- Weiskirchen et al. 270 (48): 28946 -- Journal ...
		Sequencing of both strands of these inserts was performed by the method of double-stranded DNA sequencing using the dideoxy chain termination method (34) and Sequenase II (U.S. Biochemical Corp.), or by dideoxynucleotide chain termination sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products (Life Technologies, Inc.).
		Ambiguities were resolved using a modification of the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method (35).
		Alignments of pairs of amino acid sequences were performed by the method of Myers and Miller (41), and multiple sequence alignments were performed by the method of Higgins and Sharp(42).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/270/48/28946 (7776 words)

	Ascorbic acid intermediates and process enzymes - Patent 4757012
		This may be done either in the presence of dilute acid and heat according to the method of Yamazaki, or in a two-step process utilizing preliminary esterification in methanol, followed by lactonization in base.
		This method has considerable advantage over presently used methods in that a single viable organism fermentation is substituted for two fermentations, and there is at least a partial balance of the oxidizing and reducing equivalents required for this conversion.
		Plasmids were isolated from the identified cultures using the cleared lysate method of Clewell, D. and Helinski, Biochemistry 9: 4428 (1970), incorporated herein by reference, and purified by column chromatography on Biorad A-50 Agarose.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4757012.html (8136 words)

	Comparison of the rate of sequence variation in the hypervariable region of E2/NS1 region of hepatitis C virus in ...
		HCV was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers derived from conserved flanking regions of the HVR.
		Purified DNA from at least three individual clones from each time point was sequenced by the dideoxynucleotide chain-termination method.
		Consensus sequences were extracted from the three clones, and the DNA and deduced protein sequences were compared.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1998/apr/M9841748.html (562 words)

	Sequencing on ABI 377 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The DNA Facility at the Hubbard Center for Genome Studies uses the Sanger Dideoxy chain termination method for sequencing.
		This fluorescence-based method employs dye- labeled dideoxynucleotides to represent the base associated with a chain termination event during a cycle sequencing reaction.
		These fragments migrate according to size on a 4% acrylamide gel, the laser of the 377 excites the fluorescent label, and the result is a contiguous read of labeled bases that represent the sequence of the template DNA.
	hcgs.unh.edu /protocol/sequence/seqabi.html (430 words)

	Recombinant DNA Technology
		Two methods: the chemical method (Maxam and Gilbert) and the enzymatic or chain termination method (Sanger).
		This method is rapid, reliable, easy and accurate allowing the indirect determination of a proteinís amino acid sequence by determining the nucleotide sequence of its coding DNA gene.
		To increase spatial resolution non-radioactive methods of labelling the probes are preferred nowadays.
	darwin.nmsu.edu /~molbio/mcb520/lecture2.html (2847 words)

	Talk:Sequencing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		I think now it's clear that chain termination is highlighted as the only used technique these days, i know of one other technique that is not used anymore.
		With respect to your suggested redirect to Chain termination method, The article there is (in my opinion) quite inferior to what is present in the "Sequencing" article.
		With regards to Chain termination method, I think there is worthwhile content in there (none of which I wrote), and the merge would be a merge.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Sequencing (1893 words)

	DNA Sequencing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The most popular method for doing this is called the dideoxy method or Sanger method (named after its inventor, Frederick Sanger, who was awarded the 1980 Nobel prize in chemistry [his second] for this achievment).
		For this reason, the dideoxy method is also called the chain termination method.
		Because all four normal nucleotides are present, chain elongation proceeds normally until, by chance, DNA polymerase inserts a dideoxy nucleotide (shown as colored letters) instead of the normal deoxynucleotide (shown as vertical lines).
	home.comcast.net /~john.kimball1/BiologyPages/D/DNAsequencing.html (490 words)

	DNA Sequencing Articles - DNA Articles And Information - DNA Wiz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The sequencing of the human genome begun in 1990 and took 13 years to complete.Nowadays, DNA sequencing project are more widespread and new methods for sequencing the DNA were discovered.
		Pyrosequencing, is a novel method of DNA sequencing developed initially by Mostafa Ronaghi and co-workers in the late 1990s, then further by Biotage.
		In chain terminator sequencing (Sanger sequencing), extension is initiated at a specific site on the template DNA by using a short oligonucleotide 'primer' complementary to the template at that reg
	dnawiz.com /dna-sequencing (151 words)

	DNA sequencing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For thirty years a huge fraction of DNA sequencing has been achieved using the chain termination method [1], developed by Frederick Sanger in 1975.
		The polymerase chain reaction(PCR) technique is limited to 10,000 base-pairs and the maximum length of extension is dictated by the concentration of tagged/terminating nucleotides.
		The DNA is then denatured and the resulting fragments are separated (with a resolution of just one nucleotide) by gel electrophoresis, from longest to shortest.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chain_termination_method (1661 words)

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