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Topic: Chalcone

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	1.1.1.1.0_Resveratrol: Medical Aspects
		The chalcone is the precursor for the ubiquitous flavonoids and anthocyanins.
		Chalcone synthase (CHS) and stilbene synthase (STS) are closely related polyketide synthases which are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and stilbenes.
		Chalcone (CHS) and stilbene (STS) synthases are related plant- specific polyketide synthases that are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and of stilbene phytoalexins, respectively.
	www.biologie.uni-freiburg.de /data/bio2/schroeder/Resveratrol.html (2202 words)

	Flavonoids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Chalcone is derived from three acetates and cinnamic acid as shown below.
		It has been established that acetate gives rise to ring A and that phenylalamine, cinnamate and cinnamate derivatives are incorporated into ring B and C-2, -3, and -4 of the heterocyclic ring.
		Since chalcones and flavanones are efficient precursors of isoflavonoids, the required aryl migration of ring B from the former 2 or beta position to the 3 or alpha position of the phenylpropanoid precursor must take place after formation of the basic C
	www.friedli.com /herbs/phytochem/flavonoids.html (748 words)

	Salk Institute for Biological Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Noel and colleagues used their new knowledge to convert a chalcone synthase from alfalfa into an efficient resveratrol-producing factory, merely by changing a few amino acids (the building blocks of proteins).
		Scientists realized decades ago that chalcones and stilbenes, two important classes of plant natural products with very different properties, were produced by different but closely related proteins.
		All higher plants possess chalcone synthase, as chalcone-derived natural chemicals fulfill a number of important biological functions in plants including roles in plant fertility, disease resistance and flower color.
	www.salk.edu /news/releases/details.php?id=105 (535 words)

	MODIFICATION OF CHALCONE BIOSYNTHESIS IN PETUNIA HYBRIDA
		Chalcones are intermediates in the biosynthesis of all flavonoids and in some species they are the major yellow flower pigments.
		There are two major types of chalcones, distinguished by the presence (the 6'-hydroxychalcones) or absence (6'-deoxychalcones) of a hydroxyl group at the 6' position of the A-ring.
		The results suggest that the Petunia chalcone isomerase is unable to use 6'-deoxychalcones as a substrate so that the 6'-deoxychalcones are stable in Petunia petals, leaves and pollen, but some Petunia flavonoid enzymes can use the 6' deoxychalcones as substrates to modify their structures.
	www.actahort.org /books/508/508_2.htm (318 words)

	Ashitaba Green-Organic Green Whole Food. What's Ashitaba?
		The chalcone in ashitaba is a very potent antioxidant and an effective blood purifier.
		Using mice, experimental research for lung and skin cancer were conducted in Japan with ashitaba and the results indicate that chalcone inhibited skin cancer and lung cancer significantly.
		The chalcones that are in ashitaba are known as Xanthoangelol, Xanthoangelol-E and 4-Hydrooxyderricin and were discovered by Dr. Baba and studies, mostly performed in Japan, show its potent antioxidant activity protects against heart disease and cancer, enhances liver function and more (see chalcones) at a level exceeding that of red wine, green tea, or soy.
	www.ashitabagreen.com /about/what.html (6213 words)

	Tissue-Specific Gene Silencing Mediated by a Naturally Occurring Chalcone Synthase Gene Cluster in Glycine max -- ...
		Christensen, A.B., Gregersen, P.L., Schroder, J., and Collinge, D.B. A chalcone synthase with an unusual substrate preference is expressed in barley leaves in response to UV light and pathogen attack.
		Frank, R.L., and Vodkin, L. Identification of chalcone synthase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase genes in soybean.
		Sequence divergence at chalcone synthase gene in pigmented seed coat soybean mutants of the Inhibitor locus.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/16/4/819 (8504 words)

	Antioxidant Activities of Flavonoids
		Their dietary intake is quite high compared to other dietary antioxidants like vitamins C and E. The antioxidant activity of flavonoids depends on their molecular structure, and structural characteristics of certain flavonoids found in hops and beer confer surprisingly potent antioxidant activity exceeding that of red wine, tea, or soy.
		Xanthohumol (a chalcone) and isoxanthohumol and 6-prenylnaringenin (flavanones) are the major prenyl-flavonoids found in beer.
		The antioxidant properties of the prenylflavonoids were compared to those of quercetin (a flavonol), genistein (the major isoflavone in soy), chalconaringenin (a non-prenylated chalcone), naringenin (a non-prenylated flavanone), and vitamin E. The possible interaction of xanthohumol, the major prenylchalcone in beer, with vitamin E to inhibit LDL oxidation induced by copper was also examined.
	lpi.oregonstate.edu /f-w00/flavonoid.html (1086 words)

	Scientists shed light on mechanism behind beneficial effects of red wine
		In the process, they've resolved a long-standing scientific puzzle: the crucial differences between common plant enzymes known as chalcone synthases and their resveratrol-producing relatives, the much rarer stilbene synthases.
		Scientists realized decades ago that chalcones and stilbenes, two important classes of plant natural products with different properties, were produced by closely related enzymatic proteins.
		Noel and colleagues used their new knowledge to convert a chalcone synthase from alfalfa into an efficient resveratrol-producing factory, simply by changing a few amino acids (the building blocks of proteins).
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-09/nsf-ssl091404.php (613 words)

	Ashitaba Tea - $23.00 per box (30bagsX3gea.) Ashitaba Percent
		It is known as the "Treasure" and the "King of Vegetables" of the Longevity Island.
		Donald Buhler and his colleagues at Oregon State University found that minute amounts of Chalcone in hops were six times as potent as those antioxidants found in citrus fruit, almost four times as potent as those in soy, and two times more potent than those found in green tea.
		In the experiments conducted by Dr. Okuyama and others in Tokyo Meiji University of Pharmacy, it was discovered that the CHALCONE in the Hachi Jo Island Ashitaba have the ability to inhibit activity of the cancer promoting substances.
	www.onlineworld.com /ashitaba (1105 words)

	Hesperidin Methyl Chalcone is used in skin care products. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Hesperidin methyl chalcone used in the manufacture of specialized quality skin care and cosmetic products, and underneath please find a brief overview of hesperidin, and why it is used.
		To obtain Hesperidin methyl chalcone the hesperidin extracted is made alkaline to become Hesperidin chalcone and is then methylated by another process, to produce Hesperidin methyl chalcone which is an extremely pure product and water soluble.
		It is this last form of Hesperidin - Hesperidin methyl chalcone - that is an ingredient of one of the patented ingredients that is included in our Rejuvenating Eye Treatment Cream.
	www.dermaxime.co.za /ingredients/hesperidin.htm (281 words)

	Ashitaba Beauty - Organic Green Whole Food. Articles/Research
		CHALCONE (Xanthoangelol) in Hachi Jo Island Ashitaba inhibits stress-affected ulcer.
		Prenylated chalcones and flavanones as inducers of quinone reductase in mouse Hepa 1c1c7 cells.
		Inhibition of gastric H+, K(+)-ATPase by chalcone derivatives, xanthoangelol and 4-hydroxyderricin, from Angelica keiskei Koidzumi.
	www.ashitababeauty.com /articles.html (1537 words)

	In vitro antiplasmodial activity of prenylated chalcone derivatives of hops (Humulus lupulus) and their interaction ...
		In vitro antiplasmodial activity of prenylated chalcone derivatives of hops (Humulus lupulus) and their interaction with haemin -- Frölich et al.
		chalcones are present, with, in particular, the prenylated chalcone
		The effect of chalcone derivatives (11 µM) and chloroquine (11 µM) as reference compound on the interaction of 1 mM GSH with 5.7 µM haemin is given as % inhibition of haemin degradation compared with drug-free control.
	jac.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/55/6/883 (2018 words)

	bcmb8010.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Chalcone further isomerizes to flavonone by chalcone isomerase.
		importance of chalcone synthase lies in the fact that it catalyzes the formation of life saving antioxidants, flavonoids.
		The mechanism by which chalcone synthase works is best understood by the complex formed between chalcone synthase and acetyl Co-A, naringenin and
	www.arches.uga.edu /~ronita/bcmb8010.htm (475 words)

	Partial Reconstruction of Flavonoid and Isoflavonoid Biosynthesis in Yeast Using Soybean Type I and Type II Chalcone ...
		Bednar RA, Hadcock JR (1988) Purification and characterization of chalcone isomerase from soybeans.
		Kimura Y, Aoki T, Ayabe S (2001) Chalcone isomerase isozymes with different substrate specificities towards 6'-hydroxy- and 6'-deoxychalcones in cultured cells of Glycyrrhiza echinata, a leguminous plant producing 5-deoxyflavonoids.
		Shimokoriyama M (1957) Interconversion of chalcones and flavanones of a phloroglucinol-type structure.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/137/4/1375 (6409 words)

	allometra \| nodprots database \| At1g02050
		Chain A, Chalcone Synthase From Alfalfa Complexed With Resveratrol.
		Chain A, Chalcone Synthase From Alfalfa Complexed With Malonyl-Coa.
		Chain A, Chalcone Synthase From Alfalfa Complexed With Naringenin.
	allometra.com /cgi-bin/nod_db_extr.pl?string=At1g02050 (37 words)

	Pfam 20.0 : Chal_sti_synt_C (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This domain of chalcone synthase is reported to be structurally similar to domains in thiolase and beta-ketoacyl synthase.
		Both enzymes catalyze the addition of three molecules of malonyl-CoA to a starter CoA ester (a typical example is 4-coumaroyl-CoA), producing either a chalcone (with CHS) or stilbene (with STS) PUBMED:.
		Structure of chalcone synthase and the molecular basis of plant polyketide biosynthesis.
	pfam.wustl.edu /cgi-bin/getdesc?name=Chal_sti_synt_C (186 words)

	NCBI Accessions for Chalcone Synthase of Arabidopsis thaliana - Secondary products derived from aromatic amino acids - ...
		NCBI Accessions for Chalcone Synthase of Arabidopsis thaliana - Secondary products derived from aromatic amino acids - HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology - Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture - Purdue University
		chalcone synthase (naringenin-chalcone synthase) (testa 4 protein) [Arabidopsis thaliana]
		Similar to rice chalcone synthase homolog, gpU903412507617 and anther specific
	www.hort.purdue.edu /rhodcv/hort640c/secprod/AtChS.htm (68 words)

	A Cluster of Genes Encodes the Two Types of Chalcone Isomerase Involved in the Biosynthesis of General Flavonoids and ...
		A, The reaction with 6'-hydroxychalcone (naringenin chalcone) as the substrate.
		Mehdy MC, Lamb CJ (1987) Chalcone isomerase cDNA cloning and mRNA induction by fungal elicitor, wounding and infection.
		Tropf S, Karcher B, Schröder G, Schröder J (1995) Reaction mechanisms of homodimeric plant polyketide synthase (stilbenes and chalcone synthase): A single active site for the condensing reaction is sufficient for synthesis of stilbenes, chalcones, and 6'-deoxychalcones.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/131/3/941 (6130 words)

	References - chalcone synthase - HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology - Department of Horticulture and Landscape ...
		Christensen AB, Gregersen PL, Schroder J, Collinge DB 1998 A chalcone synthase with an unusual substrate preference is expressed in barley leaves in response to UV light and pathogen attack.
		Ebel J, Schmidt WE, Loyal R 1984 Phytoalexin synthesis in soybean cells: elicitor induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase mRNAs and correlation with phytoalexin accumulation.
		Hirner AA, Seitz HU 2000 Isoforms of chalcone synthase in Daucus carota L. and their differential expression in organs from the European wild carrot and in ultraviolet-A-irradiated cell cultures.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /rhodcv/hort640c/referen/chalcs.htm (4146 words)

	putative ketoacyl-CoA synthase
		gi3420735 (AF076336) chalcone synthase B2 [Brassica napus] 38 0.046
		gi3420733 (AF076335) chalcone synthase B1 [Brassica napus] 38 0.046
		gi166366 (L02903) chalcone synthase [Medicago sativa] 36 0.14
	www.canr.msu.edu /lgc/seq-bla-check/AI941411.htm (540 words)

	The Dominant Inhibitory Chalcone Synthase Allele C2-Idf (Inhibitor diffuse) From Zea mays (L.) Acts via an Endogenous ...
		The Dominant Inhibitory Chalcone Synthase Allele C2-Idf (Inhibitor diffuse) From Zea mays (L.) Acts via an Endogenous RNA Silencing Mechanism -- Della Vedova et al.
		(niv-525 allele) and soybean (chalcone synthase allele I)
		, 1991 The duplicated chalcone synthase genes C2 and Whp (white pollen) of Zea mays are independently regulated; evidence for translational control of Whp expression by the anthocyanin intensifying gene in.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/170/4/1989 (7402 words)

	Ashitaba Tea - Best Price $25.00 - Ashitaba Percent Japanese Tea
		Ashitaba from Japan, a medicinal plant for disease prevention, is grown and processed in Hachi Jo Island, Japan.
		Recent studies in Japan and the U.S. have shown that the Chalcone in Ashitaba helps guard against common diseases.
		Due to Ashitaba's blood purifying and detoxifying properties, cells stay healthy and thus metabolism, immune system, and all other body functions, especially liver and kidneys, can maintain proper balance, Hayano said.
	www.ashitabatea.com (528 words)

	Plant Gene Register PGR97-068 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The key enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis is chalcone synthase (CHS; malonyl-CoA:4-coumaroyl-CoA malonyltransferase (cyclizing), EC 2.3.1.74), which catalyzes the condensation of one molecule of 4-coumaroyl-CoA with three molecules of malonyl-CoA to produce naringenin chalcone, an aromatic C15 precursor of flavonoids, flavones, isoflavonoids, and anthocyanins (Hahlbrock, 1981).
		Koes RE, Spelt CE, van den Elzen PJM, Mol JNM (1989) Cloning and molecular characterization of the chalcone synthase multigene family of Petunia hybrida.
		Sommer H, Saedler H (1986) Structure of the chalcone synthase gene of Antirrhinum majus.
	www.tarweed.com /pgr/PGR97-068.html (845 words)

	Resveratrol in red wine, is thought to contribute to improved cardiovascular effects associated with moderate ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Scientists are a step closer to understanding the health benefits of drinking red wine.
		Researchers funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and affiliated with the Salk Institute in San Diego, Calif., have succeeded in converting chalcone synthase, a biosynthetic protein enzyme found in all higher plants, into an efficient resveratrol synthase.
		Using the tools of structural biology, Michael Austin, a graduate student at the Salk Institute and the University of California, San Diego, solved the three dimensional structure of resveratrol synthase and compared its shape to its relative chalcone synthase.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=4906 (690 words)

	putative ketoacyl-CoA synthase
		(D16256) chalcone synthase [Daucus carota] 39 0.024
		(D16255) chalcone synthase [Daucus carota] 39 0.024
		(D88263) chalcone synthase [Pisum sativum] 38 0.055
	www.canr.msu.edu /lgc/seq-bla-check/AI736487.htm (624 words)

	EC 2.3.1.74 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Reaction: 3 malonyl-CoA + 4-coumaroyl-CoA = 4 CoA + naringenin chalcone + 3 CO For diagram click here.
		Comments: In the presence of NADH and a reductase, 6'-deoxychalcone is produced.
		Heller, W. and Hahlbrock, K. Highly purified "flavanone synthase" from parsley catalyzes the formation of naringenin chalcone.
	www.chem.qmul.ac.uk /iubmb/enzyme/EC2/3/1/74.html (91 words)

	CPN Samples
		These streams meet and are coupled together by the enzyme chalcone synthase (CHS), which forms an intermediate chalcone by a polyketide folding mechanism that is commonly found in plants.
		The chalcone is subsequently isomerized to the prototype pigment naringenin, which is subsequently oxidized by enzymes like flavonoid hydroxylase and coupled to sugar molecules to yield anthocyanins.
		More than five enzymes are thus required to synthesize these pigments, each working in concert.
	www.carnivorousplants.org /cpn/samples/Science273anthocyanin.htm (924 words)

	Clinical references of Ageless — the herbal anti-aging site with great herbal products.
		Die Wirkung der Kombination aus Ruscus-Extrakt und Trimethylhesperidinchalkon bei gesunden Probanden unter Warmebelastung [Improving venous tone and capillary sealing.
		Effect of a combination of Ruscus extract and hesperidine methyl chalcone in healthy probands in heat stress].
		Kontrollierte Studie zur oralen Venentonisierung der primaren Varikosis mit Ruscus aculeatus und Trimethylhesperidinchalkon [Controlled study of increasing venous tone in primary varicose veins by oral administration of Ruscus aculeatus and trimethylhespiridinchalcone].
	www.ageless.co.za /references.htm (7330 words)

	Find in a Library: Prenylated Coumarins, Chalcone and New Cinnamic Acid and Dihydrocinnamic Acid Derivatives from ...
		Find in a Library: Prenylated Coumarins, Chalcone and New Cinnamic Acid and Dihydrocinnamic Acid Derivatives from Brosimum gaudichaudii
		Prenylated Coumarins, Chalcone and New Cinnamic Acid and Dihydrocinnamic Acid Derivatives from Brosimum gaudichaudii
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/d93b59fb773cc47aa19afeb4da09e526.html (73 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #5471185 - Chemical modification of chalcone isomerase by mercurials and tetrathionate.
		For a journal article, please see the Resource Relation field.
		Chemical modification of chalcone isomerase by mercurials and tetrathionate.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=5471185 (166 words)

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