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Topic: Challenger disaster

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	STS-51-L - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Challenger's launch was originally set for 20:43 GMT on the 22nd of January.
		Although Challenger was past Max-Q, aerodynamic forces were still strong and too strong for the Orbiter and ET to handle and both of them began to break apart.
		The Challenger crewmember remains are being transferred from 7 hearse vehicles to a MAC C-141 transport plane at the SLF for transport to Dover Air Force Base, Delaware.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/STS-51-L (2230 words)

	Space Shuttle Challenger - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Its maiden voyage was on April 4, 1983, and it made eight further round trips to low earth orbit before exploding 73 seconds into the launch of its tenth mission, on January 28, 1986.
		Challenger is one of two space shuttles destroyed in an accident during a mission, the other being Columbia.
		Debris recovered from Space Shuttle Challenger was moved from Kennedy Space Center's Complex 39 to permanent storage in two secure abandoned Minuteman Missile silos at Complex 31 on the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger (531 words)

	Stern: MOB "Challenger: Fine-Tuning The Odds Until Somthing Breaks - Starbuck
		The Challenger disaster illustrates the effects of repeated successes, gradual acclimatization, and the differing responsibilities of engineers and managers.
		The most important lesson to learn from the Challenger disaster is not that some managers made the wrong decisions or that some engineers did not understand adequately how O-rings worked: the most important lesson is that fine-tuning makes failures very likely.
		On the other hand, the Challenger disaster would probably have received less public attention if the astronauts had participated in the teleconference between NASA and Thiokol on 27 January, and had themselves decided to launch at 28 degrees.
	pages.stern.nyu.edu /~wstarbuc/mob/challenge.html (9411 words)

	Space Shuttle Annotated Bibliography, CH7
		Based on a series of tests conducted on NASA personnel between 1978 and 1982, the authors conclude that agency leaders are characterized by a tendency not to reverse decisions and not to heed the advice of people outside the management group.
		Argues that the Challenger disaster was caused by several unfortunate miscalculations, and that now the question of its impact on the space program must be considered.
		He claims that NASA was responsible for the disaster by pressing operations officials to launch the Shuttle on January 28 so that the President could mention it in that evening's State of the Union Address.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/Shuttlebib/ch7.html (5173 words)

	Challenger
		Challenger, the second space shuttle orbiter to become operational at Kennedy Space Center, was named after an American Naval research vessel that sailed the Atlantic and Pacific oceans during the 1870's.
		The Challenger flew nine missions before it was destroyed together with its crew in the explosion of mission STS-51-L on 28 January 1986.
		Challenger had been built with a simulated crew module and the forward fuselage halves had to be separated to gain access to the crew module.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/chaenger.htm (1791 words)

	Space Shuttle Challenger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		January 28, 1986, the Space Shuttle Challenger the 25th space shuttle mission, was set to be launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida at, 11:38am.
		The Challenger was at a height of 46,000 feet when it exploded.
		It was a sad day for NASA and for all of America the day the Challenger exploded will remain in the hearts and minds of everyone who saw it forever.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Agora/9806/challenger.html (417 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| The Challenger Accident \| Timeline
		The following timeline was assembled in the wake of the Challenger disaster by William Harwood, United Press International's Cape Canaveral bureau chief at the time of the accident, and Rob Navias, at that time UPI radio's chief space correspondent.
		Challenger's wings cartwheeled away on their own but the aft engine compartment held together, falling in one large piece toward the Atlantic Ocean, its engines on fire.
		The TDRS satellite in Challenger's cargo bay and its solid-fuel booster rocket were blown free as was the Spartan-Halley spacecraft.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /challenger/timeline (4308 words)

	Disaster Recovery Survival Disaster Recovery Survival
		The need for disaster recovery and business continuity planning has been highlighted recently by the continuing rapid increase in the dependency of business on technology and the series of headline-grabbing, thought-provoking disasters witnessed in recent years, caused by and including power failures, fuel shortages, storms and floods.
		As these disasters occupy prominent coverage by the news media, the senior management of virtually every company and governmental entity needs to consider and plan for the prospect of a disaster interrupting their operations.
		Yet the cause of the disaster condition is more often a localized occurrence which can have a deceptively great impact on a company or organization.
	www.disasterrecoverysurvival.com (245 words)

	The President Reagan Information Page:Speeches:The Challenger Disaster Speech
		Nancy and I are pained to the core by the tragedy of the shuttle Challenger.
		And perhaps we've forgotten the courage it took for the crew of the shuttle; but they, the Challenger Seven, were aware of the dangers, but overcame them and did their jobs brilliantly.
		Your loved ones were daring and brave, and they had that special grace, that special spirit that says, 'Give me a challenge and I'll meet it with joy.' They had a hunger to explore the universe and discover its truths.
	www.presidentreagan.info /speeches/challenger.cfm (626 words)

	Challenger Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Background on the Challenger and its 10 missions, at the Kennedy Space Center website.
		Image library of the shuttle disaster at Johnson Space Center.
		Challenger Learning Center at the Houston Museum of Natural Science.
	www.chron.com /content/interactive/special/challenger/links.html (67 words)

	The Shuttle Challenger Memorial - Arlington National Cemetery
		For the Challenger, the workhorse of the nation's shuttle fleet, this was to have been the 10th mission.
		On board Challenger was the world's privately owned communication satellite, the $100 million Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, which with its rocket boosters weighed 37,636 pounds.
		The takeoff was delayed because space agency officials feared that during the first critical seconds of launching, icicles might fly off the service structure and damage the delicate heat-resistant tiles on the shuttle, which are crucial for the vehicle's re-entry through the earth's atmosphere.
	www.arlingtoncemetery.com /challengr.htm (3213 words)

	Challenger Paper
		Although the destruction of the Shuttle Challenger was caused by the hardware failure of a solid rocket booster (SRB) "O" ring, this paper will show that the human decision to launch was, in itself flawed.
		Therefore, the environment within NASA preceding the Challenger launch was one of conflict, stress, and short cuts (Ref, Ibid).
		The probability for disaster was growing higher as increasing demands were being placed on NASA just prior to the Challenger launch (Ref, Ibid.).
	frontpage.hypermall.com /jforrest/challenger/challenger_sts.htm (1041 words)

	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 28 \| 1986: Seven dead in space shuttle disaster
		The Challenger's flight, the 25th by a shuttle, had already been delayed because of bad weather.
		The Rogers commission reported on the cause of the Challenger disaster in May. It found the explosion had been caused by a leak through a faulty seal or O-ring on the solid rocket booster.
		The Challenger disaster was a severe blow to the American space programme.
	news.bbc.co.uk /onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/28/newsid_2506000/2506161.stm (539 words)

	MSN Encarta - Challenger Disaster
		Challenger Disaster, accident that destroyed the United States space shuttle Challenger 73 seconds after takeoff from the Kennedy Space Center on January 28, 1986.
		According to the commission's report, the disaster was caused by the failure of an “O-ring” seal in the solid-fuel rocket on the shuttle's right side.
		The seal's faulty design and the unusually cold weather, which affected the seal's functioning, allowed hot gases to leak through the joint.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/refarticle.aspx?refid=761555519 (333 words)

	The Crew of the Challenger Shuttle Mission in 1986
		The Challenger shuttle crew, of seven astronauts--including the specialties of pilot, aerospace engineers, and scientists-- died tragically in the explosion of their spacecraft during the launch of STS-51-L from the Kennedy Space Center about 11:40 a.m., EST, on January 28, 1986.
		The crewmembers of the Challenger represented a cross-section of the American population in terms of race, gender, geography, background, and religion.
		At the time of the Challenger accident a commander in the U.S. Navy, Smith had been educated at the U.S. Naval Academy, class of 1967, and received an M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School in 1968.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/Biographies/challenger.html (2047 words)

	Challenger Disaster
		When Thiokol and NASA first started to plan for Challenger’s mission, it was part of their core culture, which ultimately caused the Challenger disaster.
		In the case of the Challenger disaster, NASA and Thiokol assumed the role of the defensive strategy.
		The Challenger disaster was probably one of the most preventable disasters that our nation has ever faced in dealing with an organization.
	www.freeessays.cc /db/11/bmu58.shtml (2941 words)

	The Challenger Disaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This disaster claimed the lives of: Francis R. Scobee, Commander; Michael J. Smith, Pilot; Judith A. Resnik; Ellison S. Onizuka; Ronald E. McNair; Gregory B. Jarvis; and Sharon Christa McAuliffe, a teacher participating in the Teacher In Space Project or TISP.
		NASA researchers believe that the explosion of the Challenger was caused by an unfortunate chain of events.
		The final flaw came, regrettably, after ignition; the temperature difference between the top part of the rocket where the fuel kept temperatures low and the bottom section where the afterburners produced a significant heat source caused the rocket to flex and bend.
	www.ourtimelines.com /zchalle.html (427 words)

	Challenger Accident
		NASA Kennedy Space Center "Challenger, the second orbiter to become operational at Kennedy Space Center, was named after an American Naval research vessel that sailed the Atlantic and Pacific oceans during the 1870's.
		Appendix to the Roger's Commission Report on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident by R. Feynman from Middle of Nowhere "It appears that there are enormous differences of opinion as to the probability of a failure with loss of vehicle and of human life.
		The records of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident in the custody of the National Archives exist in several media - the electronic records (i.e., the computer-readable datasets) are in the custody of the Center for Electronic Records.
	www.fas.org /spp/51L.html (3783 words)

	Asbestos and the Challenger Disaster
		The tragedy of the Challenger was that seven living representatives of the American pioneer tradition were smashed to earth by political cowardice and legal arrogance that destroyed the spaceship Challenger in the name of "Spaceship Earth."
		The most comprehensive study of the Challenger accident was that done by the Presidential Commission appointed by Ronald Reagan (also known as the Rogers Commission after its chairman, William Rogers).
		This failure was due to a faulty design unacceptably sensitive to a number of factors, These factors were the effects of temperature, physical dimensions, the character of materials, the effects of reusability, processing, and the reaction of the joint to dynamic loading.
	info-pollution.com /challenger.htm (3154 words)

	STS-51-L -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The fl color and dense composition of the smoke puffs suggest that the grease, joint insulation and rubber (Click link for more info and facts about O-ring) O-rings in the joint seal were being burned and eroded by the hot propellant gases.
		The Challenger's reaction control system ruptured and a (Click link for more info and facts about hypergolic) hypergolic burn of its propellants occurred as it exited the oxygen-hydrogen flames.
		ISBN 0586218556 by (United States physicist who contributed to the theory of the interaction of photons and electrons (1918-1988)) Richard Feynman describes the inner workings of the Rogers Commission, the confusion and misjudgement that plagued NASA and the moment when the cause of the Challenger disaster was revealed.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/st/sts-51-l3.htm (2859 words)

	Ronald Reagan-Challenger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A few hours after the disaster, this speech was delivered to the American people via nationwide radio and television.
		Ladies and gentlemen, I'd planned to speak to you tonight to report on the state of the union, but the events of earlier today have led me to change those plans.
		The crew of the space shuttle Challenger honored us by the manner in which they lived their lives.
	www.reaganfoundation.org /reagan/speeches/challenger.asp (625 words)

	Links for Asbestos and the Challenger Disaster
		Hannes Hacker claims that earth worshiping environmentalists caused both the Challenger and Columbia disasters.
		The ill-considered regulations on the use of asbestos not only are costly, but have had a devastating side-effect: the Challenger space shuttle disaster.
		The sealant used to replace the asbestos-based O-ring sealant in the rocket engine that launches space shuttles malfunctioned at the low temperature at which Challenger was launched, causing the explosion shortly after launch and deaths of the astronauts.
	www.info-pollution.com /chlinks.htm (317 words)

	Online Ethics Center: Ethical Decisions - Morton Thiokol and the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		disaster will be presented starting with January, 1985, plus the specifics of the telecon meeting held the night prior to the launch at which the attempt was made to stop the launch by the Morton Thiokol engineers.
		The paper will continue with the post-disaster chronology of my working relationship with Morton Thiokol Management and conclude with a discussion on accountability, professional responsibility and ethical conduct which should be practiced in the work place, plus statements from the academic community about the plight of whistleblowers and my closing remarks.
		disaster was the result of only the decisions made during the evening prior to and the day of launch.
	onlineethics.org /essays/shuttle/bois.html (527 words)

	Communication Theory: A First Look
		In addition to the defective seal, the commission also concluded that a highly flawed decision process was an important contributing cause of the disaster.
		Challenger disaster: James Esser and Joanne Linoerfer, ‘‘Groupthink and the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident: Toward a Quantitative Case Analysis," Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, Vol.
		Challenger disaster: Gregory Moorhead, Richard Ference, and Chris Neck, ‘‘Group Decision Fiascoes Continue: Space Shuttle Challenger and a Revised Groupthink Framework," Human Relations, Vol.
	www.afirstlook.com /archive/groupthink.cfm?source=archther (4108 words)

	Shuttle
		To minimize the gap and increase the squeeze on the O-ring, shims are inserted between the tang and the outside leg of the clevis.
		The first delay of the Challenger mission was because of a weather front expected to move into the area, bringing rain and cold temperatures.
		The glassy oxides that sealed the field joint were shattered by the stresses of the wind shear, and within seconds flames from the field joint burned through the external fuel tank.
	ethics.tamu.edu /ethics/shuttle/shuttle1.htm (3755 words)

	Challenger disaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		On January 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded, killing all seven astronauts on board.
		It was a tragic and traumatic event - like the Kennedy assassination in 1963, many people alive today can remember where they were and what they were doing when they heard the news.
		Among printed sources, the definitive analysis is D. Vaughan, The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture, and Deviance at NASA (Chicago, 1996).
	www.scienceandsociety.ucsd.edu /socl30/dossiers/challenger/challenger.htm (416 words)

	Challenger STS 51-L Accident
		A Challenger Bibliography: This is chapter 7 of the Space Shuttle bibliography published in 1992.
		The fate of Challenger's crew: Dr. Joseph P. Kerwin's investigation tried to determine the cause of the crew's deaths.
		Challenger Remembered: A brief montage of images and sounds from the Challenger accident, from the CNN video vault [1250k Quicktime.mov file]
	history.nasa.gov /sts51l.html (345 words)

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