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Topic: Chamber tumulus

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	Megalithic Sites - Crystalinks
		The Western European megaliths were constructed during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age and are believed to range in date from c.4000 B.C. to 1100 B.C. Most chamber tombs were probably built during the 4th millennium B.C., and the stone circles generally date somewhat later.
		Megalithic monuments may be divided into four categories: the chamber tomb, or dolmen; the single standing stone, or menhir; the stone row; and the stone circle.
		Chamber tombs were usually covered with earth mounds, forming a barrow.
	www.crystalinks.com /megalith.html (270 words)

	METU Tumulus I-II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This tumulus is the one closer to the road from the so-called 'İkiztepe' (twin hills), which are located north of the road from Söğütözü to Atatürk Orman Çiftliği, and was excavated in the year 1967 by METU.
		The burial chamber was discovered to have been constructed inside a 3.00m by 4.50m trapezoidal pit and the area left between the pit and the walls of the chamber as well as the top of the ceiling structure to have been filled up with pieces of stone.
		The burial chamber measuring 3.00m by 2.80m was discovered to have been constructed out of timber inside a trapezoidal pit dug into the main soil in 5.00m by 5.40m and 5.00m by 5.70m dimensions.
	www.metu.edu.tr /home/wwwmuze/phrygian2.html (734 words)

	Bettina Arnold - Heuneburg Archaeological Project: 2002 Excavation
		Tumulus 18 was approximately 20m in diameter and was preserved to a height of 1.55-1.6 meters.
		Tumulus 18 Grave 3 is one of the latest assemblages recovered from Tumulus 18, and one of several that seem to link the mound stylistically to the Black Forest region to the northwest.
		Tumulus 17 has produced evidence for the curation of central funeral pyre remnants, including cremated bone as well as burned and broken pottery, suggesting that depositing material from the founding burial on the mound to mark construction episodes was an important part of the mortuary history of late Hallstatt mounds in this area.
	www.uwm.edu /~barnold/arch/report02.html (8248 words)

	The Great Tumulus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The burial chamber measures approximately 3.5m by 4.5m, with a 1.55m height as could be measured from the ground.
		Findings: Most of the burial gifts were discovered alined along the north and west walls of the chamber, with bronze objects in the zone from the centre of the north wall towards the east corner and pottery from the centre of the north wall towards the west and in front of the west wall.
		The tumulus has been dated to the end of 8th century BC on the basis of findings inside the burial chamber and especially of the typology of the fibulae.
	www.metu.edu.tr /home/wwwmuze/phrygian1.html (795 words)

	Tumulus - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves.
		A tumulus composed largely or entirely of stones is usually referred to as a cairn.
		Though first noticed in the 1870s by early surveyors, the first one to be formally documented was Tumulus #2 in 1923 by William Foxwell Albright, and the most recent one (Tumulus #4) was excavated by Gabriel Barkay in 1983.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Mound (1317 words)

	Bettina Arnold - Heuneburg Archaeological Project: 1999 Excavation
		Grave 23 in Tumulus 4, a male inhumation without a neckring, was buried in a small chamber with a bronze cauldron, a dipping/drinking vessel made of wood, two iron spear points and various unidentifiable iron objects.
		At 5x5m, the central chamber of Tumulus 17 is one of the largest known from the late Hallstatt period in this region.
		The well-preserved central chamber of this mega-mound in Villingen was made of oak beams from some other type of structure, based on the presence of mortise joints at locations not structurally related to the burial chamber (Spindler 1983).
	www.uwm.edu /People/barnold/arch/report00.html (5084 words)

	Asian Art Outlook Slideshow
		Kofun means "tumulus" or "old tomb", and this era is named after the enormous mounded tombs that were constructed for the ruling elite in the Kansai region during that time.
		We know that during the Tumulus period, Japan, which had been divided into a series of loosely related domains, was gradually organized into a unified state with a center of government located in the present-day Osaka-Nara area.
		They were built over pit-shaft graves, in which the burial chamber was usually located near the top of the mound.
	www.askasia.org /features/AsianArt/slideshow15.htm (459 words)

	7. THE MEGALITHIC CHAMBER CLASSIFICATION (A SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF MEGALITHIC TOMBS)© Baldia 1993-2006
		In most areas chambers exhibit a rectilinear floor plan, but in the TRB North Group the shape is sometimes square or polygonal, bordering on round to oval.
		Even the relatively elaborate chamber classifications are too simplistic and, therefore, too insensitive to the temporal and spatial variability of the architecture.
		Thus one can observe a general increase in chamber size and architectural complexity, but one also finds for example that the builders had no problem using two side-stones instead of three or one capstone instead of two, when ever this was practical.
	www.comp-archaeology.org /07ChamberTYPES.htm (2178 words)

	travelsrilanka - The Dagoba and its Meaning - Sri Lanka (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Therefore its literal meaning is "a chamber for a sacred relic." The word dagoba is not, as sometimes assumed, completely interchangeable with stupa, for not all stupas are dagobas, i.e., they do not all contain a relic chamber.
		In the centre of the chamber stands a model of the Cosmic Mountain Meru, and beside it four stones representing the four continents.
		On the chamber walls of the dagoba are painted figures of gods moving among the clouds of the lower heavens.
	www.travelsrilanka.com /index.cfm?PAGE=514 (1141 words)

	pp 092-107 - Manx Soc vol 15 ANTIQUITATES MANNIAE
		The form, however, of such a grave is so simple and natural, that it is difficult to conceive that it is merely a kind of copy of the cromlech, or even much later.
		The tumulus, which once existed, appears to have been formed of fine soil, if that which still covers one of the stones, as it seems to be, is a last remnant.
		The chamber itself is composed of substantial slabs of stone, nor less substantial was the covering stone lying on the ground.
	www.isle-of-man.com /manxnotebook/manxsoc/msvol15/p092.htm (3916 words)

	Gordion Ecopark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The chamber was found by drilling, and the excavators tunneled in the shortest distance (from the south side).
		The Midas Tumulus and the recently expanded museum across the street are in the village of Yassıhöyük.
		The surface of the erosion channels and the steepest of the upper slopes is unstable.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~nmiller0/ecopark.html (1570 words)

	Week 3
		Nearly one hundred pits, containing hundreds of horse skeletons and kneeling terra-cotta figures of grooms, were discovered to the east of the compound's outer wall; inscriptions identify these pits as "imperial stables." Nineteen tombs located near the tumulus have yielded human remains, possibly those of officials and retainers to accompany the emperor in death.
		Two half-size models of chariots, each pulled by a team of four horses and manned by a driver -all carefully rendered in bronze - were buried to the west of the tumulus within the inner wall of the necropolis; they were probably intended as transport for the emperor in the afterlife.
		Between the inner and the outer wall on the west side of the tumulus, a cluster of small pits contained clay models and the remains of various birds and animals; the pits may have been intended to represent the emperor's parks and forests.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/ealac/moerman/v2002/read_questions/week03.html (807 words)

	NECROPOLIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The necropolis (cemetery) of Laodikeia is spread on either side of the Kiraz road and in the Goncali village, in the valley to the northeast, after passing the Roman bridge on the Asopos stream (Goncali stream-Gumuscay).
		The tumulus graves extend as far as to the villages of Karakova and Celtikci.
		The Laodikeian grave types; chamber tombs in heaped tumulus mounds, monumental house tombs with flat roofs, monumental temple tombs, plain sarcophagi, sarcophagi with reliefs, sarcophagi with garlands (wreaths), columnar sarcophagi, and chamber tombs with vaulted roofs in which sarcophagi were arranged in a U-plan.
	www.pau.edu.tr /laodikeia/english/Necropolis.htm (183 words)

	Chamber tomb - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A chamber tomb is a tomb for burial used in many different cultures.
		Grave goods are a common characteristic of chamber tomb burials.
		In Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe stone-built examples are known by the generic term of megalithic tombs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chamber_tomb (228 words)

	Dowth - Winter Sunsets, by Anne-Marie Moroney
		Sunbeam on the left side of the southern passage, on the sillstone and on the floor of the chamber.
		Winter afternoon sun in the passage, on the sillstone and in the chamber of Dowth South.
		Dowth South - Chamberstone 7 and the floor of the circular chamber illuminated by an afternoon sunbeam in Jan/Feb 1998.
	www.mythicalireland.com /ancientsites/dowth/wintersunsets.html (430 words)

	METU Industrial Engineering Department
		We are familiar with King Midas from his epic, and from the discovery of his burial chamber.
		Phrygians built the largest mound (tumulus) in Gordion known as the Tumulus of Midas; it is 53 meters high and 300 meters wide.
		Apart from their capital Gordion were you can visit the Tumulus of King Midas and nearby small museum, Pessinus was also a major Phrygian settlement.
	www.geocities.com /anadolu_muzesi/urartu/phrigya.html (1177 words)

	Shadowsandstone.com Photography by Ken Williams - powered by smugmug
		The famous tumulus in Co. Meath, neighbour to the Knowth necropolis and the mysterious Dowth.
		Newgrange is the best known of Irelands many passage tombs, though its present form is the result of major reconstruction works and very thorough excavations of the mound, the passage and the standing stones outside that form part of a theoretical circle around the mound.
		A mixture of sand and burnt clay was used to waterproof the inner chamber when the tomb was built and this allowed us to carbon date the chamber to around 6,000 years ago.
	cianmcliam.smugmug.com /gallery/401168 (831 words)

	The Tomb of The Hut, Caere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The main chamber reproduces the architecture of a hut of the age, and has a markedly sloped eaved roof.
		The second chamber is smaller in size and entrance is via an arched door.
		Dated to the first half of the 7th Century BCE (orientalizing period), the tomb is an early example of the Etruscan practice of recreating the typical living quarters in their tombs, although many later tombs are said by some sources to represent the Prothesis or Funerary tent.
	www.mysteriousetruscans.com /caerhut.html (145 words)

	Historical Background for Anatolia and Asia Minor
		One difference you can notice between a hoyuk and tumulus is that the hoyuk usually covers a larger area and relatively flat on the top, as the tumulus is usually pointed on the top that looks like a primitive model of the Egyptian pyramids.
		The usual method is to dig the mound from the top, the reason being that most of the tumuluses have a burial chamber right in the center which is protected by a strong stone wall.
		And it is really hard to drill into the burial chamber from the side, because of that wall.
	www.ancientanatolia.com /historical/index.htm (1414 words)

	Pyres over the Danube
		In the southernmost grave of the cemetery, tumulus No 115, which is one of the so called 'large mounds', was excavated between 1990 and 1996.
		The ashes of a middle-aged man were scattered in the 2 m wide and 7 m long passage attached to the chamber, while vessels with food and drink - to accompany the dead to the other world - were placed within the chamber itself.
		The burial chamber was supported by a slanting stone packing on the outside and a 6 m high mound of soil was raised above the whole construction.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/hungary_heart_of_europe/67548 (444 words)

	Bulgaria - ICOMOS World Report on Monuments and Sites in Danger 2001: Heritage @ Risk
		The Thracian tomb discovered in the Shishmanets sepulchral tumulus during the archaeological excavations in August 1996 is located about 0.5 kilometres to the south-west of the centre of the town of Shipka, Kazanlak District, in the central part of Bulgaria.
		Dating to the 4th century BC, it consists of a monumental tomb under a sepulchral hill landfill, and is built of blocks of porphiroid granite of unstable structure, which are tied with lead clamps.
		This imposing tomb is a part of the necropolis, situated 0.5 kilometres to the south-west of the centre of the town of Shipka, Kazanlak District, in the central part of Bulgaria.
	www.international.icomos.org /risk/2001/bulg2001.htm (2961 words)

	Something Vengeful and Ancient
		The antiquity of his story is a neolithic tumulus in the (fictional) Pilgrin Valley of Dorsetshire, recently uncovered when a fire destroyed the ash woods that had concealed it.
		The tumulus and its associated ring of standing stones are of course aligned with the heavens; specifically, they point to the place on the horizon where the Pleiades and the star Aldebaran rise with the dawn at the vernal equinox, or where they so rose 2,500 years ago.
		And this is what they discovered during the course of their journey towards the hidden room: from the blind entrance, where the patterns of the stars had been inscribed, to the terminal chamber itself there ran a passage which was some four and a half feet wide, five feet high and seventy feet in length.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/00/02/06/specials/ackroyd-first.html (999 words)

	Megaliths of Carnac: Dolmen / Passage Graves
		The simplest and oldest form of passage graves is a round or rectangular chamber connected to the entrance by a corridor.
		The chamber, also lined by large stones, was roofed either by huge, flat stones called capstones or by a corbelled dome.
		Chamber capstone, a piece of the same stone as Gavr'Inis capstone, is engraved with an axe and an animal (antelope?)
	members.tripod.com /Menhirs/dolmen.html (1622 words)

	Mt.Nemrut National Park, Mt. Nemrud, Mount Nemrut, Adiyaman, Turkey-Adiyamanli.org
		It is formed from stones the size of a fist and is bounded on the east, west, and north by terraced courts carved out of the native rock.
		The sides of the pedestals overlooking the court and the tumulus are inscribed with the country's laws and commandments as
		This makes it very likely that the king's bones (or ashes) were placed in a chamber cut into the rock an that the chamber was then covered over with the tumulus.
	www.adiyamanli.org /mt_nemrut.htm (1258 words)

	Kizoldun and Dedetepe Tumuli
		In 1994 a rescue excavation was carried out in the Gumuscay district, near Biga in the province of Canakkale, where a total of seven tumuli have been identified in an area known as Tumbetepe tumuli.
		The door at the Sothwest side of the chamber, was marble, and the chamber was preceded by a porch or antachamber.
		The chamber had been robbed, probably during antiquity, and all that remained were fragments of wood and ivory.
	www.about-turkey.com /karun/kizoldun.htm (475 words)

	Stone Pages • Glossary
		A long barrow is an extended tumulus, an unchambered long barrow is a long tumulus without a burial chamber, and a chambered barrow is a tumulus containing a tomb, generally megalithic
		The burial or funerary chamber is a stone or wooden construction greater than 2 x 1 externally and 1 x 1 m internally: these measurements distinguish it from the cist.
		Passage (sometimes with lateral chambers) leading to a broader burial chamber, often roofed, within round mound (which may be kerbed).
	www.stonepages.com /glossary.html (1734 words)

	Loire Valley Guide - chateaux, rentals, B & Bs, boats
		Here too you can visit one of the remains of WW2 - the Espadon submarine that is housed in one the once ominous underground locks built by the Germans.
		For really ancient history, visit 2 of the most stunning dolmens in France (two chamber tumulus) dating back 6000 years
		Surpringly Nantes was once the capital of Brittany, so here you can see the magnificent castle of the Dukes of Brittany, which now houses 3 museums, including the Salorges Museum, which tells Nantes history (including shipbuilding, and the slave trade which paid for some of the magnificent buildings in the city).
	www.le-guide.com /loire (627 words)

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