Chandra X-ray Observatory

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Topic: Chandra X-ray Observatory

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	Chandra X-ray Observatory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chandra X-ray Observatory is a satellite launched on STS-93 by NASA on July 23, 1999.
		In 1976 the Chandra X-ray Observatory (called AXAF at the time) was proposed to NASA by Riccardo Giacconi and Harvey Tananbaum.
		Chandra showed for the first time the shadow of a small galaxy as it is being cannibalized by a larger one, in an image of Perseus A.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chandra_X-Ray_Observatory (1270 words)

	Telescope: Chandra X-ray Observatory
		Chandra’s four pairs of mirrors, each nestled inside one another, must be carefully shaped and aligned so that the inner, reflecting surfaces are almost parallel to the incoming X-rays.
		Because of the way the mirrors are positioned, the X-rays bounce across the mirrors, much as a stone skips across the smooth surface of a lake, and are then directed into the detectors, which record their position and energy.
		During its time in orbit, Chandra has increased our understanding of black holes, supernovae, and colliding galaxies.
	amazing-space.stsci.edu /resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/scopes/chandra/page2.php?show=false (147 words)

	STS-93 Payload: Chandra X-Ray Observatory
		Chandra is the third in NASA's family of "Great Observatories." Complementing the Hubble Space Telescope and the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, which are already in Earth orbit, the Chandra X-Ray Observatory will study X-Rays rather than visible light or gamma rays.
		Chandra's twin solar arrays will then be unfolded, allowing Chandra to begin converting sunlight into 2,350 watts of electrical power to run the observatory's equipment and charge its batteries.
		Over the next two months, the observatory and its instruments will outgas, or vent, residual air and moisture trapped during its assembly on Earth, and controllers will begin the systematic process of turning on and checking out Chandra's science instruments and focusing the observatory, before it is fully commissioned to begin its five-year science mission.
	shuttlepresskit.com /STS-93/payload45.htm (4300 words)

	Telescope: Chandra X-ray Observatory
		Twenty-nine years later, NASA launched the most sophisticated X-ray observatory it had ever built: the Chandra X-ray Observatory, named after the Nobel prize-winning physicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.
		Chandra, the third telescope in NASA’s Great Observatories program, captures its X-rays with barrel-shaped mirrors unlike anything on a telescope that studies visible light.
		It has been able to detect X-ray sources 20 times fainter than anything previously picked up by an x-ray telescope and can be used to study objects that emit X-rays, such as black holes, supernovae and dark matter.
	amazing-space.stsci.edu /resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/scopes/chandra/index.php (189 words)

	Northrop Grumman > NGST > Capabilities > Space Systems > Space Science > Chandra X-ray Observatory
		The Chandra X-ray Observatory can measure the motion of particles near black holes, giving scientists a new understanding of the extreme gravitational forces at work.
		The Observatory's unique X-ray perspective is providing a new view of cosmic phenomenon near and far -- from comets within our solar system to quasars on the edge of the observable universe.
		Chandra promises to shed light on this cosmic mystery, detecting collapsed stars planets, black holes or perhaps subatomic particles that may comprise the missing ingredient in galaxy clusters.
	www.st.northropgrumman.com /capabilities/space/science/chandra.html (353 words)

	chandra x-ray observatory
		The Chandra X-ray Observatory, managed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, is designed to allow scientists to obtain X-ray images and spectra of violent, high temperature events and objects to help them better understand the structure and evolution of our universe.
		HUNTSVILLE, AL, July 27 -- NASA reports that all systems are continuing to function as expected aboard the Chandra X-ray Observatory, which was deployed this week by the Space Shuttle Columbia crew.
		Chandra has a resolving power of -0.5 arc seconds and will be able to detect sources more than 20 times fainter than those observed by any previous X-ray telescope.
	www.nasatech.com /NEWS/JULY99/ntb.chandra728.html (304 words)

	X-ray Encyclopedia Article @ LaunchBase.net (Launch Base)
		Hard X-rays overlap the range of "long"-wavelength (lower energy) gamma rays, however the distinction between the two terms depends on the source of the radiation, not its wavelength: X-ray photons are generated by energetic electron processes, gamma rays by transitions within atomic nuclei.
		The main advantage of using these is that an adequate image can be obtained while subjecting the patient to a much lower dose of X-rays.
		His subsequent X-ray experimentation by vacuum high field emissions led him to alert the scientific community to the biological hazards associated with X-ray exposure.
	www.launchbase.net /encyclopedia/X-ray (1905 words)

	Overview of the Chandra X-ray Observatory
		The Chandra X-ray Observatory is the U.S. follow-on to the Einstein Observatory.
		Chandra was formerly known as AXAF, the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility, but renamed by NASA in December, 1998.
		A summary of the telescope mirrors used in various X-ray missions can be found below.
	cxc.harvard.edu /cdo/about_chandra/overview_cxo.html (594 words)

	Chandra X-Ray Observatory
		Tue, 14 Dec 2004 - The Chandra X-Ray Observatory took a good long look at a pulsar and found that it's cooling rapidly, and suggests that it has matter packed much more densely than scientists were expecting.
		An international team of astronomers used Chandra to measure the pulsar at the centre of nebula 3C58, which is the remnant from a supernova that exploded in 1181.
		The space-based observatory focused on this remnant for 1 million seconds (just over 11 days), and revealed the bright outer green ring 10 light years across which was generated by the shockwave from the supernova explosion.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/chandra.html (1944 words)

	Research Matters: Chandra X-Ray Observatory
		NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory is the most sophisticated X-ray observatory built to date.
		Chandra examines a quadrillion-volt pulsar (Chandra X-ray Observatory, 9/6/2001)
		Chandra discovers elusive 'hot bubble' in planetary nebula (Chandra X-ray Observatory, 6/6/2000)
	www.researchmatters.harvard.edu /program.php?program_id=957 (366 words)

	H O L O S C I E N C E - News
		The CHANDRA X-Ray Observatory is fulfilling its promise.
		So by detailed imaging in x-rays, Chandra is able to see clearly for the first time the tell-tale signature of electrical activity in the centres of cosmic powerhouses - supernovae and galactic centres.
		Chandra's X-ray image provides significant clues to the workings of this mighty cosmic generator...".
	www.holoscience.com /news/bigbang.htm (446 words)

	Chandra X-ray Observatory
		Known before launch as the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), the observatory was renamed in honor of the distinguished Indian-American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.
		After being launched by the Space Shuttle, Chandra was boosted into a high elliptical orbit from which it can make long duration, uninterrupted measurements of X-ray sources in the universe.
		These mirrors focus X-rays on to two of Chandra’s four science instruments: the High Resolution Camera and the CCD (charge-coupled device) Imaging Spectrometer.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/C/Chandra.html (211 words)

	SPACE.com -- Chandra X-Ray Observatory Discovers 'Hot Bubble' in Planetary Nebula
		Chandra's data also reveal the composition of the super-shocked gas that is emitting the powerful X-rays.
		The image is the first ever to show the "hot bubble" that scientists have predicted to exist for a brief time as sun-like stars go through their death convulsions.
		Kastner and his colleagues have detected a large abundance of neon gas there, which they say is evidence that the ejected atmosphere came from the deepest layers of the central star.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/astronomy/chandra_bubble_000606.html (695 words)

	Chandra X-ray Center :: Public Information & Education
		Chandra X-ray Center :: Public Information and Education
	chandra.harvard.edu /pub.html (8 words)

	Chandra X-ray Images of M31
		Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) image of the central region of the Andromeda Galaxy M31.
		Chandra X-ray Observatory Views the Center of the Andromeda Galaxy M31
		More info on this image (NASA MSFC and Chandra X-ray Observatory Center)
	www.seds.org /messier/more/m031_cxo.html (283 words)

	Goodrich Corporation Optical & Space Systems - Chandra X-ray Observatory
		At the heart of the Chandra X-ray Observatory is a nest of four concentric, cylindrical nesting mirrors manufactured by Goodrich.
		The startling and fascinating images that Chandra sends back to earth on a regular basis as well as comprehensive testing pre-launch has revealed that all eight mirror elements have exceeded expectations and surpassed all performance requirements.
		Chandra provides unique and crucial information on objects ranging from stars in our solar system to quasars at the edge of the observable Universe.
	www.oss.goodrich.com /ChandraXRayObservatory.shtml (225 words)

	Space Today Online - Chandra X-Ray Observatory - Brief History
		The U.S. space shuttle Columbia ferried the Chandra X-ray Observatory to Earth orbit on July 23, 1999.
		In 1998, AXAF was renamed in honor of the late Indian-American Nobel laureate astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.
		Chandra's most important Earth-orbing predecessor was the second High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO-2).
	www.spacetoday.org /DeepSpace/Telescopes/GreatObservatories/Chandra/ChandraHistory.html (557 words)

	Chandra X-Ray Vision Getting Blurred By Grease
		The British science weekly New Scientist is reporting that the Chandra X-Ray Observatory "is suffering from a mysterious build-up of grease on an optical filter in front of one of its cameras, blocking almost half the light at some frequencies."
		Since being placed in orbit by the space shuttle in 1999, Chandra has been studying X-rays emitted by astronomical objects such as quasars and black holes, and was expected to work for 15 years through to 2014.
		According to New Scientist, Turner compared data from an instrument on Chandra called the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) with similar data from a European spacecraft called the X-ray Multi-Mirror (XMM) telescope, and found some discrepancies in the low-energy region of the X-ray spectrum.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/telescopes-03zs.html (796 words)

	Top High-Energy Astronomy Prize Awarded to Chandra X-ray Observatory Leaders
		Chandra's precise mirrors and electronic detectors have enabled astronomers to make extraordinarily high resolution X-ray images and measure the spectra of exploding stars, colliding galaxies, galaxy clusters, and black holes.
		Weisskopf has been the Chandra project scientist since 1977, and is also the Chief Scientist for X-ray Astronomy in the Space Science Directorate, at NASA Marshall in Huntsville, Ala.
		In 1976, Tananbaum and Riccardo Giacconi, winner of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics, submitted a proposal letter to NASA to initiate the study and design of a large X-ray telescope, thus beginning a 23-year journey which led to the launch of Chandra in July of 1999 aboard the space shuttle Columbia.
	universe.nasa.gov /press/2004/040115a.html (596 words)

	Interview with Martin Weisskopf, Project Scientist for Chandra X-Ray Observatory
		Chandra will be the most powerful and most sensitive X-ray telescope ever launched, and it will do for the field of X-ray astronomy what the Hubble Space Telescope has done for the field of astronomy in the visible and near-visible portions of the spectrum.
		I would like to note the major contributions of Harvey Tannenbaum [director of the Chandra Science Center], Leon van Speybroeck [the Telescope Scientist], and Riccardo Giacconi who is the father of X-ray astronomy and whose vision and insight this mission represents.
		These mysterious bursts of energy in X-rays and gamma rays -- first discovered in the gamma rays -- have been shown to be at cosmological distances.
	spacescience.com /newhome/headlines/ast14jul99_1.htm (3682 words)

	Chandra X-ray Observatory Operations
		The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) (formerly the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility, or AXAF) is the third of NASA's Great Observatory missions; it follows the Hubble Space Telescope (HST; 1990-) and the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO; 1991-2000) and precedes the Space Infrared Telescope (SIRTF; 2002).
		The principal operational thread for the CXC is shown in Figure 2 and shows the end-to-end flow for a Chandra proposal submitted by an observer from top-to-bottom in the center of the figure.
		In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the Chandra Observatory and discuss the launch, orbital insertion, and activation (§2), describe the science-phase mission operations concept (§3), and give a summary of selected operational metrics used to monitor mission progress and efficiency (§4).
	adass.org /adass/proceedings/adass00/O4-02 (3517 words)

	Chandra X-ray Observatory
		Chandra has resolved most of the X-ray background, a pervasive glow of X-rays throughout the Universe, which was first discovered in the early days of space exploration.
		The X-ray glow from this hot gas was detected by Chandra and gives astrophysicists a better understanding of the dynamics of the explosion, as well as the behavior of the doomed star in the years before the explosion.
		Chandra observations suggest that the explosion is related to an excess of matter falling into the massive black hole.
	www.xs4all.nl /~carlkop/chandra.html (7288 words)

	Chandra X-Ray Observatory illuminates Supernova 1987A - Wikinews
		Recent images from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory reveal details of the nature of the star that became Supernova 1987A.
		Chandra X-Ray Observatory illuminates Supernova 1987A - Wikinews
		"In 1999, Chandra imaged this shock wave, and astronomers have waited expectantly for the shock wave to hit the edge of the cavity, where it would encounter the much denser gas deposited by the red supergiant wind, and produce a dramatic increase in X-radiation.
	en.wikinews.org /wiki/Chandra_X-Ray_Observatory_illuminates_Supernova_1987A (397 words)

	X-ray Vision @ nationalgeographic.com
		The Chandra X-ray Observatory, named for renowned astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, is the third of NASA's four Great Observatories (with the Hubble Space Telescope, the now defunct Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, and the soon-to-launch Space Infrared Telescope Facility).
		Chandra's million-second exposure of deep space, which revealed some of the most remote celestial objects imaginable, must bring thrilling satisfaction to the scientists who struggled to convince the astronomical community that the x-ray sky would yield wonderful secrets.
		Chandra is giving scientists a peek at galaxies at a much earlier stage of formation.
	magma.nationalgeographic.com /ngm/0212/feature2 (798 words)

	StarChild: Chandra X-ray Observatory
		Chandra's extraordinary capabilities make it possible for scientists to study such high-energy objects as supernovae and black holes in greater detail.
		Chandra records observations of the Universe in the high-energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum.
		The Observatory was deployed by Columbia and then boosted into a high Earth orbit by the satellite's propulsion system.
	starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/StarChild/shadow/space_level2/chandrasat.html (430 words)

	Starship Modeler - Chandra X-Ray Observatory
		The Chandra observatory is named for noted astronomer and mathematician Chandrasekar, whose calculations predicted black holes, one of the primary targets of x-ray observations.
		The Chandra observatory has already provided surprising results, when pointed to what had been thought to be a point source for its first calibration, the object turned out to have a jet of gas nearly half the size of our own galaxy.
		It is one of three x-ray observatories to be released within the next several years.
	www.starshipmodeler.com /real/tm_chandra.htm (1029 words)

	ScienceDaily: Chandra X-ray Observatory "Hears" A Black Hole For First Time
		Chandra X-ray Observatory -- Chandra X-ray Observatory is a satellite launched on STS-93 by NASA on July 23, 1999.
		Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence Is Far Reaching (December 5, 2005) -- Scientists using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory have discovered evidence of energetic plumes -- particles that extend 300,000 light years into a massive cluster of galaxies.
		NASA'S Chandra X-ray Observatory Marks Four Years Of Discovery Firsts (September 16, 2003) -- Launched in 1999, NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory promised to be one of the world's most powerful tools to better understand the structure and evolution of the universe -- and it has lived up to...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/09/030910072317.htm (2013 words)

	Imagine the Universe! Dictionary A-D
		AXAF was renamed Chandra X-ray Observatory, CXO, and launched in July 1999.
		BATSE (Burst and Transient Source Experiment) was an instrument aboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory that detected and located gamma-ray bursts in the sky.
		CXO was launched by the Space Shuttle in July 1999, and named for S.
	imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/dict_ad.html (2472 words)

	X-Ray Astronomy @ NASA/Marshall
		Chandra Project Science, led by the CXO Project Scientist, Dr.
		Chandra has since returned spectacular pictures and spectra of high-energy phenomena in astronomical objects such as that from the Crab Nebula shown at right.
		Chandra was launched from Space Shuttle Columbia on 23 July 1999.
	wwwastro.msfc.nasa.gov /xray (412 words)

	Chandra X-ray Observatory
		Due to its outstanding results, in 2001, NASA announced it would extend Chandra's mission from 5 to 10 years.
		Chandra also holds the promise of providing revolutionary advances in fields such as elementary particle physics, plasma physics, and cosmology.
		The imaging and spectroscopy instruments onboard Chandra are probing some of the most energetic and violent objects in space, such as black holes, neutron stars, and quasars.
	www.ballaerospace.com /chandra.html (275 words)

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