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Topic: Channel Tunnel

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	Channel Tunnel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Channel Tunnel (French: le tunnel sous la Manche) is a 31 mile (50.5 km)-long rail tunnel beneath the English Channel at the Straits of Dover, connecting Folkestone, Kent in England to Coquelles near Calais in northern France.
		The planned route of the tunnel took it from Calais to Folkestone (a route rather longer than the shortest possible crossing) and the tunnel follows a single chalk stratum, which meant the tunnel was deeper than the previous attempt.
		Accepting that the Channel Tunnel was a special case, and in light of UK Department of Industry intransigence, EWS said that they could not economically justify running trains to their customers in light of the higher charges.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Channel_Tunnel (3366 words)

	Channel Tunnel - MSN Encarta
		The tunnel, one of the greatest civil engineering projects of the 20th century, has an ultimate design capacity of 600 trains per day each way.
		In 1875 the Channel Tunnel Company set up by the British engineer John Hawkshaw was given authority to build a tunnel by the governments of both Britain and France.
		The present tunnel is based on a scheme drawn up in 1960 by the Channel Tunnel Study Group, an alliance of British and French companies; Technical Studies, Inc. of the United States; and the Suez Canal Company.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761580087/Channel_Tunnel.html (734 words)

	ipedia.com: Channel Tunnel Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Channel Tunnel, is a rail tunnel beneath the English Channel at the Straits of Dover, connecting Cheriton in Kent, England and Sangatte in northern France.
		The Channel Tunnel, (French: le tunnel sous la Manche; often nicknamed the Chunnel or) is a rail tunnel beneath the English Channel at the Straits of Dover, connecting Cheriton in Kent, England and Sangatte in northern France.
		The tunnel has become a popular means by which asylum seekers, hoping that their chances of receiving asylum are better in the UK than in France, illegally enter the UK.
	www.ipedia.com /channel_tunnel.html (1305 words)

	Channel Tunnel Rail Link - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) is a project to construct a 108 km (67 mile) high-speed rail line from London to the English end of the Channel Tunnel.
		Section 1 of the CTRL, a 74 km (46 mile) section of high-speed track from the Channel Tunnel to Fawkham Junction in north Kent, was opened in September 2003.
		The twin tunnels bored under London were driven from Stratford westwards towards St Pancras and eastwards towards Dagenham and from Dagenham westwards to connect with the tunnel from Stratford.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Channel_Tunnel_Rail_Link (1265 words)

	Geology of the Channel Tunnel
		This was particularly evident where the tunnel trend was parallel to one of the major joint sets, increasing the possibility for wedge failure in the sidewalls of the tunnel.
		Channel tunnel data did not allow the separation of the joint sets as proposed by Bevan and Hancock (1986) nor was there any proof within the tunnels of significant changes in joint orientation or joint abundance directly under the dry valleys.
		The long-term influence of the Channel Tunnel service and running tunnels on regional ground water levels has been demonstrated by long-term borehole monitoring to be insignificant as the tunnels are located within the relatively impermeable Chalk Marl horizon and the tunnels linings were in any event back-grouted during construction rendering the tunnel effectively watertight.
	www.geologyshop.co.uk /chtung.htm (5779 words)

	Channel Tunnel - Eurotunnel and Eurostar Channel Tunnel tickets
		The Channel Tunnel is 50km long, with the 39km undersea section being the longest undersea tunnel in the world.
		From the UK via the Channel Tunnel with Eurostar there are direct daily services from Waterloo and Ashford to the gates of Disneyland Resort Paris and, during the winter holiday season, Eurostar operates two services every week from Waterloo and Ashford to Moutiers and Bourg St Maurice in the French Alps.
		The Folkestone Channel Tunnel terminal is easily accessible and as you drive down the M20 towards Folkestone the slip road to the terminal is clearly sign-posted.
	www.directferries.co.uk /channel_tunnel.htm (1171 words)

	BUILDING BIG: Databank: Channel Tunnel (Chunnel) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Not only would they have to build one of the longest tunnels in the world; they would have to convince the public that passengers would be safe in a tunnel this size.
		Tunnel fires, like the Holland Tunnel disaster, were common at this time.
		Many of the tunnel boring machines used on the Chunnel were as long as two football fields and capable of boring 250 feet a day.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/channel.html (359 words)

	chtunfacts
		The Channel Tunnel is regarded by many people as one of the most remarkable construction achievements ever; indeed some might say as one of the wonders of the world.
		The Channel Tunnel Company published a new report on the geology and propose that a pilot tunnel be driven.
		The Channel Tunnel Company proposed a smaller pilot tunnel and two 18 foot 6 inch, 36 mile long tunnels, of which 24 miles would be beneath the sea.
	www.geologyshop.co.uk /chtunfacts.htm (1896 words)

	Railways of Britain2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The tunnels are reinforced with concrete or cast iron linings, the two running tunnels are of 7.6m diameter and are parallel at about 30m apart with the 4.8m diameter service tunnel between the two.
		To drive the air in to the tunnels huge fans on land at either end of the tunnel draw air down a vertical shaft in to the service tunnel which is maintained at a higher pressure to the running tunnels.
		The Channel tunnel allows rail freight users to load their goods on to trains at any point in the UK and transport it rapidly and cheaply to mainland Europe with the minimum of hassle.
	groups.msn.com /RailwaysofBritain2/thechanneltunnel.msnw (1970 words)

	Channel Tunnel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Two centuries ago, the idea of a road tunnel was suggested to Napoleon during a brief peace between France and England in 1802.
		Crossing the stormy channel in the small ferries of the day was the part of the journey that most travellers dreaded.
		As part of the conditions under which the Tunnel Company were granted a monopoly for 25 years, they had to produce a feasability study for a second tunnel.
	www.theotherside.co.uk /tm-heritage/background/tunnel.htm (2049 words)

	White Cliffs Country - Heritage - The Channel Tunnel
		Since before the advent of cross Channel steamers when sailing ships were at the mercy of tide and wind plans have been proposed for a Channel Tunnel to link Great Britain with the Continent and end the vulnerability of the traveller to bad weather.
		Mathieu was almost completely ignorant of the geology of the channel bed but another Frenchman, Thome de Gamond (1807 – 1876), was the first to investigate the practicability of a Channel Tunnel by taking soundings to determine the depth of the water and by collecting samples from the sea bed.
		The idea of a Channel Tunnel was repeatedly revived during the first half of the twentieth century but it was not until 1955 that the British Government announced that defence objections to a tunnel had been lifted.
	www.whitecliffscountry.org.uk /heritage/channeltunnel.asp (868 words)

	Channel Tunnel
		Just before Saltwood tunnel (where the 25kV overhead wires begin) an announcement was made that we were soon to enter the Channel Tunnel and that we should advance our watches by 1 hour.
		There are also ducts arching over the service tunnel at 250m intervals to prevent a piston-effect and allow air ahead of a train to pass across into the other tunnel.
		The noise in the tunnel is very slight - there is a `swishing' sound of the wheels on the rails, but no noise from rail joints because the rails are long-welded.
	wonderclub.com /WorldWonders/ChunnelHistory.html (2448 words)

	Channel Tunnel \| Tunnels \| Mott MacDonald (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Our role on Eurotunnel’s project covered the tunnels and associated underground structures, the ventilation and cooling systems, railway trackwork within the UK tunnels and Folkestone terminal, road links to the terminal from the M20 motorway, major tunnel and bridge structures within the terminal and a 1.5km seawall at Shakespeare Cliff to contain tunnel spoil.
		Where the tunnel emerges to the west of Castle Hill high-speed turnouts connect the tunnel tracks to the new terminal at Folkestone which houses all the services and interchange facilities for the Channel Tunnel trains.
		The alignment and configuration for the Channel Tunnel – opened in 1994 – echo a 1975 proposal for which we were also principal designer.
	www.tunnels.mottmac.com /projects/?mode=type&id=3245 (640 words)

	Channel Tunnel Train Travel Europe
		Eurostar speeds you through the Channel Tunnel, one of Europe's biggest infrastructure projects to date.
		The $15 billion Channel Tunnel makes the old dream of a ground link between Great Britain and continental Europe a reality for the first time since the Ice Ages.
		The volume of rubble removed from the tunnel is three times greater than that of the Cheops Pyramid in Egypt.
	www.scantours.com /Rail/channel_tunnel.htm (167 words)

	CNN.com - 500 refugees storm Channel Tunnel - December 26, 2001
		The tunnel between the UK and France was closed to passenger and cargo trains after the refugees stormed past security guards and broke through electronic locks at about 9:15 p.m.
		A second wave of some 400 refugees tried to storm the tunnel using the same entrance about midnight (0100 GMT) on Wednesday but were turned back by French riot police, according to a spokesman for Eurotunnel, which operates the undersea rail link between France and Britain.
		It is not unusual for refugees to try to enter the UK through the tunnel, but such a mass attempt is rare.
	edition.cnn.com /2001/WORLD/europe/12/26/channel.tunnel.breach (367 words)

	Euro tunnel project - English Channel tunnel Business America - Find Articles
		EURO TUNNEL PROJECT Ever since Queen Victoria complained of sea-sickness crossing the English Channel, people with vision, imagination, and an eye for commerce have promoted the idea of an undersea crossing between England and the European continent.
		Tunneling was actually started in 1882 and again in the 1970s.
		The tunnel is designed to become a key element in a European highspeed, 300 kilometers per hour (186 miles per hour) network currently being planned by French, Belgian, Dutch, and West German rail agencies.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1052/is_v10/ai_4766842 (844 words)

	The Channel Tunnel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Tunnels provide some of the last available space for cars and trains, water and sewage, even power and communication lines.
		Engineers couldn't use a tunnel boring machine to carve the Seikan Tunnel because the rock and soil beneath the Tsugaru Strait was random and unpredictable.
		Today, the Seikan Tunnel is the longest railroad tunnel in the world at 33.4 miles in length, 14.3 miles of which lie under the Tsugaru Strait.
	www.engineering.com /content/ContentDisplay?contentId=41007025 (742 words)

	The CPS : Channel Tunnel
		The Channel Tunnel is only one of a number of ways of entering the United Kingdom (UK) and in that sense it is the same as any sea or airport.
		The Tunnel is used by Eurotunnel's own shuttle services to carry road vehicles between the terminal areas at Cheriton in Kent and Coquelles in France, and by the national railways of the UK, France and Belgium operating passenger and freight services between their capital cities and beyond.
		The Channel Tunnel Concession Agreement of 14th March, 1986 between Eurotunnel and the United Kingdom and French governments dealing with the construction of the Tunnel.
	www.cps.gov.uk /legal/section2/chapter_f.html (9080 words)

	CNN.com - Munitions find shuts Channel Tunnel - Jan 28, 2005
		LONDON, England -- Channel tunnel services between the UK and France were shut down on Friday evening after World War II munitions were discovered in a car during a security check.
		The tunnel was shut at around 1700 BST when the munitions were discovered.
		The tunnel was expected to remain closed for at least three hours.
	www.cnn.com /2005/TRAVEL/01/28/tunnel.closed (238 words)

	Channel Tunnel. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		There are two rail tunnels, each 25 ft (7.6 m) in diameter, and a central tunnel, 16 ft (4.8 m) in diameter, that is used for maintenance and ventilation.
		The project is a joint English and French venture, with a 55-year concession granted to Eurotunnel, a private company, and is the centerpiece of a high-speed rail link between London and Paris.
		The project began with the signing of the Channel Tunnel Treaty between France and Britain in 1986; passenger service began in 1994.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ch/ChannelT.html (205 words)

	Subterranea Britannica: Sites: Channel Tunnel - 1880 attempt
		Political instability in France didn't help the situation and the Anglo/French Tunnel Treaty which five years earlier had been warmly received was now looked on with opposition by the government and public at large who still had a lingering fear of their old advisory across the Channel.
		Frances Brady, CE, engineer of the Channel Tunnel, and Col. Beaumont, RE, the visitors, six at a time, having put on rough overalls to save their clothes from dust, descended into the shaft by means of an iron cage, such as is used in coal mines.
		This tunnel is admirably ventilated, and on visiting days is lighted with electric lamps, the steam power at the mouth of the shaft being sufficient for all purposes.
	www.subbrit.org.uk /sb-sites/sites/c/channel_tunnel_1880_attempt/index.shtml (898 words)

	The Channel Tunnel
		After the Second World War the idea of a tunnel was revived and in 1956 a French-British Channel Tunnel Study group was established and members began to investigate the marine, geological, economic and engineering aspects of a cross-Channel fixed link.
		In 1974 work began on both sides of the Channel but after the tunnel at Folkestone had reached 1400 metres it was brought to a halt when the British government withdrew its support for the project.
		The three tunnels are 30 metres apart and are bored in the rock strata under the Channel at an average depth of 45 metres below the seabed.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /TVSchannel.htm (488 words)

	Amazon.com: Channel-Tunnel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Channel Tunnel Transport System: Proceedings of the Conference Organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers and Held in London on 4-5 October 1994 by Charles Penny (Hardcover - Jan 1996)
		Channel Tunnel and Ferry Crossings -- Compare Channel tunnel fares and schedules with all major ferry operators.
		Channel tunnel to France from UK -- Offers cheap channel crossing fares via ferry, eurotunnel and hoverspeed between Dover and Calais.
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&search-alias=aps&keywords=Channel-Tunnel&page=1 (379 words)

	Railways of Britain2
		As was mentioned in the Channel tunnel topic a high speed rail link was also among the proposals when the studies were put forward for consideration.
		Some of the tunnels on the next part of the line were constructed cut and cover style much like the practice used on the early London underground lines.
		At the end of this tunnel there are connections to Ashford international station while the CTRL passes through a cutting and then over a huge concrete viaduct on the north side of the station crossing the Canterbury line.
	groups.msn.com /RailwaysofBritain2/thechanneltunnelraillinkphase1.msnw (988 words)

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