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	Case study 5 - The Chapare region study, Bolivia
		Forests cover 75 percent of the Chapare, varying from 96 percent of the total land area in the mountainous zones to 61 percent in the relatively densely populated alluvial plains.
		During these meetings in Chapare, the technical unit wrestled with conflicts of interest between the colonists (who wished to lessen their dependence on the truck-owners) and the truckowners (whose livelihood would be affected by development activities in the area).
		In the Chapare study, colonization was considered as a unit of integrated rural development and the network of colonies was considered in the regional and national contexts.
	www.oas.org /dsd/publications/Unit/oea03e/ch10.htm (6302 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Periods of negotiation alternated with outbursts of violence in the Chapare, the sub-tropical region in which thousands of poor farmers produce most of the Bolivian coca that is destined for the illegal cocaine market.
		Chapare residents also alleged that tear gas was fired directly into their homes and at a clinic where people with serious injuries were receiving medical attention.
		Following its visit to the Chapare, we received further reports of arrests in circumstances which suggest, as in the case of the marchers, unlawful efforts by the government to quash political opposition.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1996/Bolivia.htm (17399 words)

	Hotels in Villa Tunari, Chapare - Bolivia Contact
		Los Tucanes Country Lodge is located at only two hours of Cochabamba, in middle of the tropic at 163 km.
		A holiday condominium with cabins and rooms in the tropical zone of Chapare, at only two hours from Cochabamba.
		In the tropic of Cochabamba, Hotel Restaurant Las Palmas located near to the highway road, offers you to enjoy a hectare of gardens, a spectacular panoramic view and the best hotel service in the area.
	www.boliviacontact.com /Hotels_Chapares.html (117 words)

	World Policy Journal - Fall 2005
		At its height, the Chapare produced almost a third of the world's coca leaf* enough to make $25 billion worth of cocaine a year in a country with a total GDP under $10 billion.
		The Chapare was held up as proof that, with enough take-no-prisoners fortitude on the part of the good guys, the war on drugs could be won.
		The first time I traveled into the Chapare last winter, it was in a convoy carrying Morales and his entourage on their way to campaign among the MAS's most devoted cocalero constituents.
	www.worldpolicy.org /journal/articles/wpj05-3/kurtzphelan.html (4792 words)

	Bolivia Human Rights
		On October 16, Nilda Escobar Aguilar was killed near Los Amigos, Central Isarzama in the Chapare, when she apparently was struck in the head by accident with a tear gas canister during a clash between demonstrators and security forces.
		In September and October 2000, violent demonstrations by illegal coca growers in the Chapare, urban and rural teachers' unions, antiglobalization protesters, and indigenous farmers in the highlands resulted in the deaths of up to 10 civilians; approximately 180 civilians were injured.
		There were allegations that security officials beat protesters whom they detained in the Chapare during the September-October 2000 disturbances, as well as allegations that they beat civilians to try to learn the location of missing security officials and the names of those responsible for their deaths.
	www.nationbynation.com /Bolivia/Human.html (12007 words)

	Bolivian Coca Growers Fight Eradication - Global Policy Forum - Social and Economic Policy
		Cocalero leader Evo Morales is demanding that every family in Chapare be allowed to cultivate roughly 1.2 acres of coca, or that eradication be halted while a study of domestic demand is conducted.
		The Chapare leaf is larger, has a higher alkaloid content and is more bitter than that produced in Los Yungas, making it less desirable for chewing without affecting its qualities for processing into cocaine.
		But the Chapare cocaleros, most of whom consume leaves from their own harvest on a daily basis, insist that most of the coca they grow is for poor people who cannot afford the more expensive Los Yungas coca.
	www.globalpolicy.org /socecon/develop/2003/0325boli.htm (1502 words)

	Forest resources and institutions
		Three settlements along the Rio Chapare -Missiones, Trinidadcito, and Santa Anita-and their associated forests were studied by CERES (Figure 7.1).
		Nine of the 10 most abundant tree species in the Rio Chapare samples were fruiting species used by birds and mammals that are traditional foods of the Yuracaré.
		All along the Rio Chapare the Yuracaré have reduced tree density and diversity, but their selection for large fruiting trees has increased basal area and biomass.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/006/X2104E/X2104E08.htm (6171 words)

	TNI Drugs and Democracy
		After a series of violent confrontations in 1995, the seeming calm in the Chapare region of Bolivia for much of 1996 took a dramatic turn for the worse at the end of the year, and the situation remains very tense.
		This violence stems from conflict generated by coca eradication in the Chapare region of the country and especially from the increase in forced eradication.
		The Bolivian police confiscated and burned bicycles (the main form of transportation in the Chapare), entered people's homes without warrants and without identifying themselves (with their faces covered), stole people's belongings and destroyed legitimate crops in addition to legal and illegal coca plants.
	www.xs4all.nl /~tni/drugs-docs/bol.htm (1980 words)

	USAID CBJ FY 2002: Bolivia
		Performance and Prospects: : During CY2000, remarkable progress towards a coca-free economy in the Chapare was made in spite of the national and regional economic crisis and six weeks of road blockades inside and outside the Chapare.
		With virtually all coca eliminated from the Chapare by November 2000, a larger number of Chapare farm communities became eligible for alternative development assistance.
		Chapare fruits, roots, vegetables, and other crops rotted in the field as production processing and export operations were seriously affected.
	www.usaid.gov /pubs/cbj2002/lac/bo/511-005.html (1431 words)

	americas.org - Chapare Cocalero Talks Stall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Morales said an agreement to eliminate all coca in the Chapare might be possible if the government would guarantee alternative development projects to replace the income generated by coca, and would allow coca to be grown until the alternative projects become solvent.
		Fortún reiterated on October 7 that, despite the conflicts, the government was still committed to not building any new military bases in the Chapare region, as laid out in an earlier agreement with the cocaleros.
		As of October 8, cocaleros in the Chapare region were arming themselves, preparing for a violent confrontation with the more than 5,000 troops deployed in the area.
	www.americas.org /item_6321 (294 words)

	WASHINGTON OFFICE ON LATIN AMERICA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A 1998 survey on Chapare alternative development projects found that ninety-two percent of the sample population had taken part in at least one project.
		The funds are there because of the commitment and without it, the aid will diminish.”[24] This comment pressured Bolivian government officials to confirm that eradication efforts in the Chapare would continue despite the fact that the underlying issues that brought the Bolivian government and the coca growers to the negotiating table in November persisted.
		The main issue is coca eradication in the Chapare, which is a national law.”[39] During the September 2001-February 2002 conflicts, there were repeated accounts of excessive use of force by the police, the military and the ETF.
	www.wola.org /publications/ddhr_bolivia_brief_text.htm (9355 words)

	Narco News: Coca Cookies and Constitutional Dreams
		As the country prepares for general elections, their man — indigenous Chapare cocalero leader Evo Morales —; leads handily in the polls and, to the dismay of U.S. government representatives in Bolivia, he is making the controversial issue of coca a central tenet of his presidential bid.
		Despite this hidden resistance, Chapare coca growing capacity was ravaged throughout the 90s, and along with it the economic stability of the region’s peasant farmers.
		Legal decriminalization could be the key to settling the nerves that continue to pierce through the Chapare, and is the hoped-for answer to giving Apolonia the choice to live once again on her farm.
	www.narconews.com /Issue39/article1498.html (3905 words)

	Untitled
		Fortun again rejected the Chapare cocaleros' proposal to be able to have a minimum amount of controlled coca per family.
		In the Chapare, at 4pm the Six Federations refused to negotiate with the government unless the issues of zero coca and the 3 military bases could also be on the table.
		Morales and other Chapare leaders are supposedly due to return to the city of Cochabamba today to continue negotiations.
	www.1worldcommunication.org /boliviadetailedreports.htm (9662 words)

	Systematic list of birds for Bolivia
		6 at the upper Chapare Road and 1 at the Coroico Road.
		Common on Serrania de Sibería, 7 at the Chapare Road and 2 at the Coroico Road.
		Great Thrush is generally found in more humid forest at 1750 - 4000m and large dark thrushes at the Chapare Road and at the Coroico Road were likely this species.
	www.birdtours.co.uk /tripreports/bolivia/bol1/birds.htm (4944 words)

	USIA News Report
		He said a "vastly improved" intelligence-gathering capability in recent years has given the United States and Bolivia a better understanding of the size of the narcotics problem in the Chapare and the means to root it out.
		The Chapare region of Bolivia grows about one-third of the world's coca, the source of cocaine, and is second only to Peru's Upper Huallaga Valley.
		Growing coca in the Chapare on a commercial level for conversion to cocaine has been going on only since the 1970s, Ferrarone said.
	www.fas.org /irp/news/1992/20346353-20350726.htm (571 words)

	Bolivia
		The Attorney General's office continued to investigate the 2001 killing near Los Amigos, Central Isarzama in the Chapare, of Nilda Escobar Aguilar, who was struck by a tear gas canister during a clash between demonstrators and security forces.
		Seven soldiers engaged in coca eradication in the Chapare were killed and 27 wounded by snipers or sophisticated explosive booby traps presumably planted by cocaleros.
		From January 12 to 21, cocaleros in and around the Chapare violently resisted the security forces' attempts to enforce the law and reduce the illegal coca crop that is mainly used to manufacture cocaine.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27887.htm (9114 words)

	WP: In Bolivia, a $100 million coca question - washingtonpost.com Highlights - MSNBC.com
		Under an agreement with the government, farmers in the Yungas region are allowed to grow 29,600 acres of coca in areas where it has been a traditional crop for centuries.
		However, the U.S. government estimates another 31,100 acres were grown illegally in the Chapare and the Yungas in 2004.
		After clashes between farmers and eradication troops in the Chapare, the government made a truce in 2004, exempting 7,900 acres from eradication.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/10952596 (1509 words)

	Andean Counterdrug Initiative
		The value of licit produce leaving the Chapare will increase to $80 million in value and 300,000 metric tons in volume from the FY 2000 levels of $44 million in value and 200,000 metric tons in volume.
		The FY 2004 budget request reflects a level of support needed to strengthen counternarcotics operations in the Chapare and the Yungas regions where plantings are increasing.
		In response to increasing demands from Chapare farmers who had all of their coca eradicated, USAID accelerated alternative development activities to increase business and farmer investments, improve roads, increase technology transfer, strengthen local level organizations, privatize the production and marketing of planting material, and update state-owned research facilities.
	state.gov /p/inl/rls/rpt/cbj/fy2004/21881.htm (10386 words)

	americas.org - Army Blocks Chapare Protests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		FTE units entered communities throughout Chaparé on November 6 and, without provocation, tear-gassed campesino gatherings to impede them from planning protests such as blocking the highway between Cochabamba and Santa Cruz.
		Amid reports of repeated abuses by security forces since the beginning of November, the Chaparé Human Rights Ombudsperson’s office complained about the irregular status of salaried, nonmilitary FTE personnel.
		Denying the FTE are paramilitaries receiving salaries from the government, armed forces officials confirmed that the FTE includes 500 army reservists paid by the U.S. Embassy’s antidrug cooperation agency.
	www.americas.org /item_10202 (239 words)

	Bolivian peasants or narco-terrorists? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A respected 53-year-old elder woman, Alberta Orellana Garcia, was kneeling on the ground in front of a narcotics agent, begging him not to destroy the coca fields that fed her family.
		After the death of Huanca, the military took over the investigation and ruled that the soldiers had acted in "self-defence." Protests erupted throughout the Chapare, violence continued to escalate, and among the coca growers there was talk of retaliation.
		Because the Chapare is strategic to their interests, including military interests, they want to impose their model of economic misery upon us, and we will not accept that.
	www.cannabisculture.com /articles/2409.html (4259 words)

	Geschichte Boliviens 2002
		The increased number of deaths in the Chapare has led many to criticize the lack of respect for human rights in the region, in part because of the circumstances surrounding several of the cases.
		Once again, the incident has raised the question of whether or not Bolivian soldiers in the Chapare are able to act with impunity, committing crimes that are hidden by their comrades.
		With peasant-led protests once again converting the Chapare from tourist paradise into domestic battlegroud, members of the Federation of Chimore say that their resolve is stronger than ever.
	www.payer.de /bolivien2/bolivien0230.htm (14470 words)

	Bolivia shifts tactics in its war on cocaine / President focuses on eradicating means of making drug, and not on coca ...
		Coca has been the lifeline for many Chapare farmers, many of whom had been tin miners until the collapse of metal prices in the 1980s.
		Since coca grows easily in unfertile soil, provides up to four harvests a year, is more lucrative and is easier to transport, the leaf is the region's preferred crop.
		Legal crops have increased from 88,957 acres in 1983 to 370,658 acres in 2005 in the Chapare.
	sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/06/12/MNGDPJCKUR1.DTL (1052 words)

	Bolivia Coca Conflict Heating Up Again
		And even as it prepares for renewed turmoil in the Chapare, the Bolivian government is making noises about expanding its eradication campaign to the Yungas region, where all of the country's legally allowed coca leaf is grown.
		In the meantime, the government would conduct a study to determine what was the legitimate domestic demand for coca leaf, considered sacred and consumed by Bolivians for thousands of years.
		And now, even as the Bolivian government braces for renewed conflict with angry growers in the Chapare, it announced last week that it was preparing to extend eradication into the Yungas region, where some 26,000 acres of coca are legally grown for the domestic and international markets.
	www.stopthedrugwar.org /chronicle/286/boliviacocaconflict.shtml (1060 words)

	B - Andean Counterdrug Initiative
		Despite setbacks in the Yungas, Bolivia continues to be the model for the region in coca eradication, with 92 percent of Chapare coca eliminated by December 2000.
		In the Chapare, coca replanting is ongoing, and must be stopped, while in the Yungas, where many displaced narcotics traffickers from the Chapare have relocated, we are expanding efforts to control the legal coca market and the illegal diversion of coca for cocaine processing.
		Violent ambushes of eradication forces in the Chapare and interdiction forces in the Yungas in 2001 highlight the need to significantly increase both manpower and commodity resources in these volatile regions.
	www.state.gov /p/inl/rls/rpt/cbj/fy2003/10559.htm (11482 words)

	End of coca growing brings deep changes to Bolivian region (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Beltran came to Chapare, a lush tropical region in the heart of Bolivia, in
		The most successful crops in Chapare are bananas and hearts of palm.
		Chapare for its diverse wildlife and scenery and modern hotels are going up
	www.latinamericanstudies.org /bolivia/coca.htm (586 words)

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