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Topic: Chapultepec Peace Accords

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	Chapultepec - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chapultepec Park with Polanco at the right, as seen from Torre Mayor observation deck.
		Chapultepec is at one end of Paseo de la Reforma.
		Chapultepec Castle atop the hill is the National Museum of History.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chapultepec (641 words)

	The Unesco Culture of Peace Programme in El Salvador: An Initial Report - Parajon, Lourenco, and Adams
		Further, it was emphasized that the actors in the building of a culture of peace needed to come from all parts of the society, including both leaders (both elected and traditional) and ordinary people, especially those who had suffered from the previous conflict and who, therefore, have the greatest desire for the transformation to peace.
		A basic principle of the culture of peace is that the process by which a project develops, including the way people are transformed through their own actions and their social interactions, is as important as the technical objectives and results of the project.
		The vision of a culture of peace extends beyond that of a single national culture of peace programme and embraces the development of a global culture of peace movement that shares values and characteristics with other social movements such as those for human development and social justice, women's equality and preservation of the global environment.
	www.gmu.edu /academic/ijps/vol1_2/UNESCO.htm (8409 words)

	‘‘As befits the outcome without victors or vanquished, the FMLN enters the peace by opening its fist into a hand ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The peace accords gave unions a formal place in the Forum for Economic and Social Consultation, a body of high-level union, business, and government representatives which was to discuss, debate, and propose laws pertaining to trade unions and the overall political and economic development of the country.
		According to party insiders, the selection of Calderón Sol as candidate, and his campaign’s inflammatory rhetoric in rural areas, was a bridge to the old guard.
		According to international analysts and the FMLN, most of these lands are not economically viable under the mortgage terms if planted in traditional peasant food crops (corn, beans, sorghum), though the PTT did include some fine coffee and ranch lands.
	www.hemisphereinitiatives.org /chapultepec.htm (19116 words)

	El Salvadoran Peace Accords: the Aftermath
		The Peace Accord signed in Chapultepec, Mexico by the government of El Salvador and FMLN guerilla leaders has nine chapters, of which the first five refer primarily to government commitments to changes in the political, economic and social conditions of the country.
		Marrack Goulding, U.N. Subsecretary for Peace Operations, came to talk with the government and the FMLN in mid-March, in the middle of a crisis over land tenancy, and again in mid-August, in the midst of a wave of assassinations and following another delay in the FMLN's demobilization of its excombatants.
		It is not clear at this point whether they see the Accords as merely a temporary inconvenience until the FMLN have been disarmed, or whether, like the civilist wing of the ruling party ARENA, they have begun to change their thinking and ways of doing things.
	perc.ca /PEN/1992-11/dixon.html (1392 words)

	Revista Envío - Controversy Swirls Around Armed Forces
		The heart of demilitarizing is purging the army, and demilitarizing is the heart of the peace accords.
		According to the calendar for executing the peace accords, President Cristiani was to order administrative discharges for 102 military officers on December 31, 1992.
		With variations among them, the other three forces in the FMLN the FPL, PC and PRTC hold that what has been achieved with the peace accords is not a consensus and that the accords are the result of a particular correlation of forces between two clearly opposed forces.
	www.envio.org.ni /articulo/1669 (1751 words)

	Chapultepec Peace Accords - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The treaty was negotiated by representatives of the Salvadoran government, the rebel movement FMLN, and political parties, with observers from the Catholic Church and United Nations.
		On December 31, 1991, the government and the FMLN initialed a preliminary peace agreement under the auspices of UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar.
		The Accords included a seventy percent reduction of the armed forces, the dissolution of the rapid deployment forces, the National Guard, the National Police, the Treasury Police and the transfer of the state intelligence agencies to the presidency of the Republic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chapultepec_Peace_Accords (190 words)

	The Road to Peace: Historical Antecedents of the Peace Accords
		Washington D.C. Tcnel DAN C. The Chapultepec Peace Accords, which brought an end to the 12-year civil war in El Salvador, represent one of the most significant negotiated settlements in recent history.
		The ultimate goal of the peace negotiations became the establishment of the necessary guarantees and conditions for reintegrating the members of the FMLN, within a framework of full legality into the civil, institutional, and political life of the country.
		The Chapultepec Accords focused on four broad themes: 1) The role of the Armed Forces; 2) the creation and strengthening of democratic institutions; 3) economic and social matters; 4) the end of the FMLN military structure and the reentry of its members into the Salvadoran society and political system.
	library.jid.org /en/mono39/meyer.htm (8180 words)

	Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		After the ceasefire established by the 1992 Chapultepec Peace Accords, the FMLN became a legal electoral party.
		At the last legislative elections, held on 16 march 2003, the party won 34.0% of the popular vote and 31 out of 84 seats in the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador, becoming the political force with most congress members.
		According to the 1993 United Nations' Truth Commission report, over 96% of the human rights violations carried out during the war were committed by the Salvadoran military or the paramilitary death squads, while 3.5% were committed by the FMLN.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/FMLN (1023 words)

	Monograph pages 66-67
		In the practical conditions of national programmes the culture of peace is closely related to the development of a culture of democracy.
		Finally, since the culture of peace is a new and evolving concept, national programme management also have a special responsibility to contribute to its further conceptual development.
		The evaluation of culture of peace activities requires attention to the process of sharing and co operation as well as to the product of their collaboration.
	www.culture-of-peace.info /monograph/pages66-67.html (579 words)

	EL SALVADOR
		At the end of a bitter 12-year civil war, the 1992 Chapultepec Peace Accords mediated by the United Nations prompted a broad and extensive post-conflict peace-building programme for national reconciliation in El Salvador.
		UNESCO’s contribution to the latter was through a culture of peace programme with women as the focal population for human rights, social and environmental awareness building.
		During the course of project implementation, the design was adjusted and adapted according to changing external factors on the ground (following observations or requests from the radio stations or beneficiaries).
	www.unesco.org /education/educprog/emergency/casestudy/salvador.htm (793 words)

	Light Weapons Destruction in Central America
		According to one report, current Nicaraguan president, Armando Aleman, is not in favor of giving cash to the armed groups for their weapons.
		Under the Chapultepec Peace Accords signed in 1992, the FMLN and the government agreed the combatants would turn in their weapons and destroy them under UN supervision.
		The Governors Island Accord of July 1993 was signed by the President Jean Bertrand Aristide and the chief commander of the Haitian armed forces, Raoul Cedras, under the auspices of UN/OAS.
	www.basicint.org /pubs/Papers/BP24.htm (5927 words)

	ZNet \| Foreign Policy \| Bush Brewing Poverty And Violence In El Salvador
		Due to an epidemic of street crime, which has given the country one of the highest per capita murder rates in the hemisphere, life for most citizens is as dangerous now as during the war.
		Francisco Flores has advocated that the U.N. to return to conduct a "closing ceremony" for the Peace Accords, asserting that "the agreement to fortify democracy in the country has been completed." Furthermore, he has explained that with this matter settled, he will have nothing further to discuss with the leading opposition party.
		In January, Hector Dada Hirezi, a leading commentator and past member of a transitional national government, argued that Salvadorans are finding the Peace Accords, based on the premise of ending war without producing winners and losers, being supplanted by an economic system in which the poor lose and economic elites win.
	www.zmag.org /content/ForeignPolicy/engler_elsalvador.cfm (1065 words)

	Peace Process in El Salvador Threatened by Return of Political Violence : SF Indymedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		EL SALVADOR — Eleven years after the Chapultepec Peace Accords put an end to this nation’s bloody civil war, the specter of political violence has returned to haunt the upcoming March legislative and mayoral elections in El Salvador.
		On January 20, 2003 a member of the opposition FMLN party was killed by a supporter of the ruling right wing ARENA party during an FMLN campaign parade in the small coffee-producing town of Atiquizaya.
		In the words of Nerio, "eleven years after the signing of the Peace Accords, El Salvador is not a nation at peace.
	sf.indymedia.org /print.php?id=1565239 (750 words)

	TOWARDS A SHARED KNOWLEDGE OF EDUCATION IN EMERGENCY AND POST-EMERGENCY SITUATIONS: ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIES AND PRACTICES
		Peace advocates fought hard for the UN to give such recognition to the idea that education can be reoriented so give more solid foundations for peace in the minds of the next generation.
		An Education Peace Pack was conceived and launched by the Education for a Culture of Peace programme in support of the United Nations General Assembly proclamation of the year 2000 as the International Year for a Culture of Peace.
		The objective of the peace education resource materials is to provide teachers with a variety of ideas for activities, which would engender a spirit of tolerance and understanding among children from an early age through knowledge.
	www.unesco.org /education/educprog/emergency/themes/knowledge.htm (10758 words)

	saravia
		The conflict moved to the country where the combat continually resulted in casualties among the civilian population and the destruction of the infrastructure in the territory under the influence of the rebels.
		According to some estimates, the culminating effect of the conflict was the emergence of a large population of displaced individuals; 750,000 citizens fled the country and 500,000 moved to other areas, which comprised 20% of the Salvadoran population.
		The Chapultepec Peace Accords, signed in January 1992 under the auspices and protective trust of the Secretary General of the United Nations, reflect the new international situation, the beginning of a new framework of civil-military relations in El Salvador, and the sense of victory and good judgment among the parties in the conflict.
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usamhi/usarsa/adelante/sum98/ENGLISH/saravia.htm (2067 words)

	CRISPAZ Electronic Newsletter: March 1, 2002
		According to some union leaders, one goal of the firings was to eliminate persons involved in labor organizations (Diario de Hoy, January 5 2002).
		However, according to the human rights ombudswoman, they are responsible for a majority of the human rights violations reported to the government human rights office.
		Clearly the successes of the Peace Accords are not unconditional, and considering the present trends the loss of these gains seems very possible.
	www.crispaz.org /news/list/2002/0301.htm (1839 words)

	Revista Envío - The Elections: A Post Game Analysis
		ARENA violated the October 16, 1993 accord regarding a legislative "inter party peace commitment" of July 25, 1993, which established that the Assembly, via the political parties, would support the accords coming out of COPAZ.
		It should be remembered that the negotiated end to the war and the political formula resulting from the Peace Accords did not express the political will of the Cristiani government or the powerful economic sectors that support ARENA.
		A key aspect of the challenges faced by both the country and the left is the building of a democratic state, in which the full exercise of civil liberties and the consciousness and actions of the citizenry are being constantly strengthened.
	www.envio.org.ni /articulo/1765 (2510 words)

	Common Sense: May 2002
		On March 28 one peace protester watched Israeli soldiers in jeeps hunting women and children who were fleeing across the fields on the outskirts of Ramallah, trying to shoot them down in cold blood.
		According to his analysis, the counterculture had made significant inroads in the 1960s and ‘70s, and seminarians were being encouraged by their faculty to believe that celibacy was about to go the way of the buggy whip-and to behave accordingly.
		If all goes according to the president's plan--where low-income individuals could be eligible for $1,000-reimbursement on insurance premiums and families could get $3,000 --the numbers of uninsured would be reduced just 5 percent, according to an analysis by Massachusetts Institute for Technology Professor Jonathan Gruber.
	www.nd.edu /~com_sens/issues/old/v16/v16_n6.html (20329 words)

	UNESCO’s Culture of Peace
		The overall transformation from a Root Causes of War towards a Culture of Peace and Non-violence is ‘the transformation from exclusiveness and egocentredness towards sharing and community spirit; from ‘divide and conquer’ towards ‘communicate and reconcile’.
		In 1995, Culture of Peace and ASP jointly sponsored several subregional peace festivals involving children between the ages of 11 and 13 in Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Greece, Grenada, Jordan, Thailand and Zimbabwe.
		The United Nations’ initial emphasis (after the end of the Cold War) on peace-keeping operations, based on keeping peace between states, is increasingly being extended with a focus on peace-building, conflict prevention and the construction of a culture of peace.
	www.gppac.net /documents/pbp/1/8_unesco.htm (1858 words)

	Mexico and Central America, 1900 A.D.-present \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Duarte is exiled, which contributes to disillusionment regarding peaceful reform and helps to ignite a twelve-year civil war in the late 1970s.
		In 1992, the Chapultepec Peace Accords, signed in Mexico City, end the fighting in El Salvador.
		Peace accords are signed ending a thirty-six-year period of internal struggle in Guatemala during which some 200,000 mostly indigenous people are killed.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/11/ca/ht11ca.htm (3776 words)

	The Peace Accords
		On January 16, 1992, the Government of El Salvador and the FMLN signed the Peace Accords in Chapultepec, México, that ended one of the most painful chapters in the history of El Salvador.
		After the signing of the Peace Accords, the United Nations established an operation to monitor the implementation of the peace accords.
		The economic and social development projects of the Peace Accords included the creation of re-incorporation programs to the active life for the former soldiers of the Armed Forces of El Salvador and the National Police as well as the former guerrillas of the FMLN and the civil population mostly affected by the conflict.
	www.elsalvador.org /home.nsf/0/2fd6010e5830065b85256b12006fcf51?OpenDocument (729 words)

	USAID projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The project had a significant part in ensuring timely completion of the Peace Accords and set the foundation for the Mission's present efforts to reduce rural poverty and promote more broadly based economic growth.
		According to recent surveys, a large majority of National Reconstruction Plan (NRP) beneficiaries, amounting to almost three quarters of the credit activity's target population, averaged a 33% income increase over a 2-year period.
		The culmination of the Peace Accords has ratified for the broad reaches of Salvadoran society the desirability of open political and economic structures as the surest road to long-term economic and political development.
	www.property-registration.org /USAID-projects.htm (10490 words)

	Peace and Conflict Monitor
		Alfredo Cristiani, the rightist president (1989-94) who persuaded his government to seek political settlement of the armed conflict, was one who recognised – in speaking in January 1992 at Chapultepec, Mexico ceremony where the United Nations-mediated peace accords were signed – the deep problems within Salvadorean society that had nurtured the violence.
		Victor Valle is the dean of the Peace Studies Department at the University for Peace.
		Please note that all opinions expressed in the Peace and Conflict Monitor are those of the author only and do not represent the official position of the University for Peace.
	www.monitor.upeace.org /archive.cfm?id_article=368 (1381 words)

	Peace For Our Time: Useful Idiots: Free Lori
		To claim that her quest for Peace, Land, and Bread is mere "social activism" shows what, in Lenin's words, useful idiots you are.
		During the run-up to the 1992 signing of the Chapultepec Peace Accords, she worked as an aide to Leonel González, then a top leader of the left-wing guerrilla rebel group FMLN.
		If she kept peaceful, she would have voted Democrat and listened to the sweet song of the siren until we crash on serfdom's rocks.
	awideawake.blogspot.com /2004/12/useful-idiots-free-lori.html (1349 words)

	Building Democratic Institutions: The Role of National Human Rights Institutions ...
		Council is supporting the Peace Agreement, inter alia emphasizing the importance of establishing these commissions promptly within the time period stipulated in the Agreement and ensuring their effective functioning because of the “urgent need to promote peace and national reconciliation and to foster accountability and respect for human rights in Sierra Leone.”
		The ability to investigate a complaint thoroughly and impartially, to analyze the case according to law (and, in the case of many ombudsman institutions, fairness considerations), and to make recommendations to government for changes in law and policy—all of which are reported to the government—goes beyond his concept of answerability accountability.
		The conflict in Bosnia was resolved with the signing of the Dayton/Paris General Framework Agreement for Peace in December 14, 1995 by the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
	www.law.harvard.edu /students/orgs/hrj/iss13/reif.shtml (14450 words)

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