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Topic: Characters in cryptography

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public key cryptography

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	Quantum cryptography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Unlike traditional cryptography, which employs various mathematical techniques to restrict eavesdroppers from learning the contents of encrypted messages, quantum cryptography is focused on the physics of information.
		If the equipment used in quantum cryptography can be tampered with, it could be made to generate keys that were not secure using a random number generator attack.
		Commercial quantum cryptography devices are on the market from a few vendors, and this technique shows promise of replacing such protocols as Diffie-Hellman key exchange in some high value applications.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quantum_Cryptography (2126 words)

	Alice and Bob - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alice and Bob are conventional placeholder terms referring to common archetypal characters used in explanations in fields such as cryptography and physics.
		In cryptography and computer security, there are a number of widely-used names for the participants in discussions and presentations about various protocols.
		In typical implementations of these protocols, it is understood that the actions attributed to characters such as Alice or Bob would not normally be carried out by human parties directly, but rather by an automated agent (such as a computer program) on their behalf.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Characters_in_cryptography (597 words)

	Cryptography
		Cryptography, the study of the various algorithms of coding, has become an art that is practically impossible to master completely, as it is an ever-changing field.
		Cryptography is a solid example of math being tied directly to "real-world situations;" Different methods of encryption can bring forth the use of matrices, statistics and frequency, and functions and inverses.
		Cryptography is an evolving field of mathematics that demonstrates the correlation between real-world applications and math.
	www.amtnys.org /webcontest/mathworks/cryptography.html (2775 words)

	An Introduction to Cryptography.
		Cryptography, the art or science of making and breaking ciphers has long been the purview of the government--no longer.
		In this case, the characters are shifted to a character 13 larger.
		Given that for the most part, cryptography is a specialized field for highly technical experts, the analogy is useful in describing a subject that is rapidly coming into the public eye today.
	home.earthlink.net /~mylnir/crypt.intro.html (2624 words)

	Quantum Cryptography Tutorial
		Quantum cryptography is an effort to allow two users of a common communication channel to create a body of shared and secret information.
		The advantage of quantum cryptography over traditional key exchange methods is that the exchange of information can be shown to be secure in a very strong sense, without making assumptions about the intractability of certain mathematical problems.
		Cryptography is the art of devising codes and ciphers, and cryptoanalysis is the art of breaking them.
	www.cs.dartmouth.edu /~jford/crypto.html (2404 words)

	PlanetMath: traditional names for roles in cryptography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the field of cryptography, protocols are described and analysed to allow a number of parties to achieve certain goals like communication, authentication, voting etc. Initially these protocol descriptions used single letter variables in the style ``Let A and B be parties trying to communicate with the help of a mutually trusted entity C.''.
		This gave rise to a lot of repetition so a sort of pseudo-standard has arisen that uses first names for some of the standard roles.
		This is version 3 of traditional names for roles in cryptography, born on 2005-05-02, modified 2005-05-02.
	planetmath.org /encyclopedia/TraditionalNamesForRolesInCryptography.html (186 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Asymmetric key algorithm
		In cryptography, an asymmetric key algorithm uses a pair of cryptographic keys to encrypt and decrypt.
		This is known as public-key cryptography, since one key of the pair can be published without affecting message security.
		A relatively new addition to the class of asymmetric key algorithms is elliptic curve cryptography.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Asymmetric_Algorithms (1303 words)

	Netsurfer Focus on Cryptography and Privacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Cryptography in the computer age typically involves the translation of the original message into a new and incomprehensible one by a mathematical algorithm using a specific "key".
		The RSA algorithm, used in public key cryptography and patented in the US, is based on the fact that it's easy to multiply two large prime numbers together, but hard to factor them out of the product.
		Public key cryptography enables digital signatures that verify the authenticity of a document, confirms the authorization of the sender, and non-repudiation of the transaction - all critical components to financial transactions.
	www.netsurf.com /nsf/v01/03/nsf.01.03.html (4210 words)

	CP-Lab.com - Encryption Software - Cryptography - The Best Encryption Algorithms - Lost Password?
		This is what cryptography is about - helping the good guys protect their secrets from the bad guys.
		So, since cryptography's primary objective is data protection, it provides solutions for four different security areas - confidentiality, authentication, integrity and control of interaction between different parties involved in data exchange.
		Cryptography is by far the most powerful method of information protection.
	www.cp-lab.com /cryptography.html (1299 words)

	Pretty Good Privacy
		Cryptography uses mathematics to encrypt and decrypt data, while cryptography is the science of securing data, cryptanalysis is the science of analyzing and breaking secure communication.
		Cryptography can be categorized as strong and weak, where cryptographic strength is measured in terms of the time and resources it would require to recover plain text.
		In conventional cryptography, one key is used both for encryption and decryption, some examples are DES (the Data Encryption Standard), Caeser’s cipher, the problem with conventional cryptography is key distribution.
	www.ics.uci.edu /~asarma/243d/PGP.html (1575 words)

	Voice and Video Cryptography in a DSP Environment
		Cryptography is the art of using a secret to confuse a message so that it may be communicated without being understood except by those who know the secret.
		In fact, about the most cryptography can do is to return things to the way they were when the Constitution was written, when there were no wires to tap, and no radio technology on which to hear private conversations.
		Cryptography is only one part of information security, and the creation and management of a secure information environment can be extremely difficult.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /ARTS/CRYPTDSP.HTM (3535 words)

	Roger Clarke's Crypto in Plain Text
		The message may be converted using a 'code' (in which case each character or group of characters is substituted by an alternative one), or a 'cypher' or 'cipher' (in which case the message as a whole is converted, rather than individual characters).
		Cryptography in general, and the strategies adopted in relation to public key infrastructure in particular, are at the centre of these debates.
		Cryptography has broader implications, which may extend to consumers, corporations, the workplace, the courts, crime prevention, regulatory agencies, and the effectiveness of taxation.
	www.anu.edu.au /people/Roger.Clarke/II/CryptoSecy.html (4812 words)

	Encyclopedia: Characters-in-cryptography
		Alice and Bob are common archetypal characters used in explanations in fields such as cryptography and physics.
		The names are also said to be politically correct, since they are from both sexes, and were chosen only because of the alphabetical order.
		Bruce Schneier, Applied Cryptography (2nd ed., 1996, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 0-471-11709-9).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Characters_in_cryptography (708 words)

	Cryptography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Cryptography (from the Greek kryptos, meaning "hidden") is the study of techniques and applications that hide the meaning of a message.
		Cryptography depends on the use of a cipher, which is different from code, despite common usages of codemaker and codebreaker (which technically would be ciphermaker and cipherbreaker).
		It revolutionized cryptography because they described, in theory, at least, the idea of an asymmetric system where sender and receiver did not have to meet or share a keycode.
	faculty.ncwc.edu /toconnor/426/426lect11.htm (2442 words)

	"Security in the Open Blueprint" 2.4
		Cryptography can be used to provide undeniable proof that, for example, a certain customer actually placed an order several weeks back.
		Using public key cryptography, an electronic document can be encoded with a public key (which the owner can make freely available), but can only be decoded using the private key.
		Traditionally, because both DES and public key cryptography are virtually impossible to break, once a key is lost, the data cannot be decoded.
	www.memphis-schools.k12.tn.us /admin/it/division/www/id1j2/2_4.htm (1032 words)

	Cryptography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Cryptography is the the study of encoding and decoding data.
		While this is not a crime, the United States government has set limits on the strength of cryptography standards.
		The practise and study of encryption and decryption-encoding data so that it can only be decoded by specific individuals.
	cybercrimes.net /Cryptography/Cryptography.html (232 words)

	Learning About Cryptography
		Cryptography can kill in the sense that boots can kill; that is, as a part of some other process, but that does not make cryptography like a rifle or a tank.
		Cryptography is only a small part of the protection needed for "absolute" secrecy.
		Cryptography deliberately creates the situation of "a needle in a haystack." That is, of all possible
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /LEARNING.HTM (7441 words)

	Cryptography FAQ (08/10: Technical Miscellany)
		Message-ID: X-Last-Updated: 1994/07/05 Newsgroups: sci.crypt, talk.politics.crypto Subject: Cryptography FAQ (08/10: Technical Miscellany) From: crypt-comments@math.ncsu.edu Reply-To: crypt-comments@math.ncsu.edu Date: 19 Mar 2003 10:52:37 GMT Archive-name: cryptography-faq/part08 Last-modified: 94/01/25 This is the eighth of ten parts of the sci.crypt FAQ.
		If fewer than D ciphertext characters have been intercepted, then there is not enough information to distinguish the real key from a set of possible keys.
		One of the fundamental axioms of cryptography is that the enemy is in full possession of the details of the general cryptographic system, and lacks only the specific key data employed in the encryption.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/cryptography-faq/part08 (2797 words)

	Security Pitfalls in Cryptography
		We often find systems that "void the warranty" of their cryptography by not using it properly: failing to check the size of values, reusing random parameters that should never be reused, and so on.
		The cryptography may be strong, but if the random-number generator produces weak keys, the system is much easier to break.
		An e-mail program might use uncrackable cryptography for the messages, but unless the keys are certified by a trusted source (and unless that certification can be verified), the system is still vulnerable.
	www.schneier.com /essay-028.html (2719 words)

	Cryptography
		Cryptography has its roots in the military, where low-level clerks (who could not be trusted) carried secret messages between commanders.
		The first eight characters of a password are used to encrypt the constant 0.
		The concatenated string of the 12-bit salt and the first eight characters of the password are used as a key to encrypt the constant 0.
	www.cs.wpi.edu /~cs513/f99cew/week12-crypt/week12-crypt.html (4567 words)

	An Overview of Cryptography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code and is an ancient art; the first documented use of cryptography in writing dates back to circa 1900 B.C. when an Egyptian scribe used non-standard hieroglyphs in an inscription.
		Cryptography, then, not only protects data from theft or alteration, but can also be used for user authentication.
		With this form of cryptography, it is obvious that the key must be known to both the sender and the receiver; that, in fact, is the secret.
	mia.ece.uic.edu /~papers/WWW/cryptography/crypto.html (17526 words)

	Metasyntactic variable - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Bob, Alice and Carol may have come from the 1969 movie Bob and Carol and Ted and Alice, or from the fact that they are common English names starting with A, B and C, the first letters of the alphabet.
		For a complete list, see characters in cryptography.
		After the characters in the cartoon series The Flintstones.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Foo (792 words)

	Review of Steven Levy's "Crypto"
		Crypto (Viking Penguin, $25.95), is Levy's compelling history of the personalities behind the development of data encryption, privacy and authentication: The mathematicians who thought up the idea, the businessmen who tried to sell it to an unsure public and the bureaucrats who tried to control it.
		Other characters soon populate the stage: The MIT mathematicians eager to sign documents digitally; Jim Bidzos, the Greek-born dealmaker who led RSA Data Security from ruin to success; and Phil Zimmermann, the peace-activist-turned-programmer who gave the world Pretty Good Privacy.
		Until their contributions, the United States and other countries suffered from a virtual crypto-embargo, under which the technology to perform secure communications was carefully regulated as a munition and used primarily by soldiers and spies.
	www.mail-archive.com /cryptography@c2.net/msg04474.html (358 words)

	Bookreporter.com - Bookreporter Readers Say...
		The cryptography aspect was intriguing and the history behind secret societies induced a little paranoia.
		The plot, character development and cryptology were a little weak, but overall it was worth the time spent.
		I did find his characters to be a little farfetched and overdone, but all in all, it was a most enjoyable mystery and certainly kept me guessing right to the end.
	www.bookreporter.com /community/question/030808.asp (4801 words)

	Characters in cryptography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The names are also said to be politically correct, since they are from both sexes, and were chosen only because of the alphabeticalorder.
		In cryptography and computer security, there are a number ofwidely-used names for the participants in discussions and presentations about various protocols.
		These to characters also give the name for two complexity classes, namely MA and AM.
	www.therfcc.org /characters-in-cryptography-163565.html (498 words)

	Cryptography
		Cryptography FAQ - Ten part FAQ list that is essential reading for any newcomer to cryptography.
		Cryptography Management Kit - Teaches fundamentals of cryptography, for both beginners and those with prior knowledge.
		Handbook of Applied Cryptography - Introduction to the practical aspects of conventional and public-key cryptography.
	www.supercrawler.com /Computers/Hacking/Cryptography (589 words)

	Visual Cryptography
		One good way to see the message is to turn off the lights in the room, align the two printouts, and hold them against the computer monitor while displaying something white, such as an empty folder window.
		If there are spaces at the ends of the lines, or blank lines at the bottom, that will enlarge the pattern that is generated, and slow down the process.
		Later, when you have a message to send (with the same number of characters as was used before), you can reenter the same passphrase, enter the message, print out the "Ciphertext" window, and send that to the recipient.
	www.leemon.com /crypto/VisualCrypto.html (362 words)

	Cryptography
		Caesar is said to have founded ‘Caesar Cipher’ also known as ROT 13, after which all characters of the alphabet of a text are advanced 13 places (yvxr guvf rknzcyr).
		This character chain must be sent to all recipients, in our case only Bob, such that he can decode Alice’s message.
		The security of such a key is proportional to the length of the character chain – the longer the chain, the more difficult it is to crack the code.
	www.kauniainen.fi /Comenius/germany/english/CRYPTO.HTM (1365 words)

	Crypto-Gram: September 15, 1999
		Cryptography has been espousing open source ideals for decades, although we call it "using public algorithms and protocols." The idea is simple: cryptography is hard to do right, and the only way to know if something was done right is to be able to examine it.
		The counter-argument you sometimes hear is that secret cryptography is stronger because it is secret, and public algorithms are riskier because they are public.
		The same reasoning that leads smart companies to use published cryptography also leads them to use published security protocols: anyone who creates his own security protocol is either a genius or a fool.
	www.schneier.com /crypto-gram-9909.html (5523 words)

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