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Topic: Charismatic authority

	authority - Anarchopedia
		The Restoration (1814) marked a return to traditional authority, but now with elements of the legal-rational as well, at least until the ascent of Charles IX; his attempt to restore a more absolute monarchy brought on the July Revolution, which formally restored this balance of legal-rational and traditional in the form of a constitutional monarchy.
		Obedience to authority seems thoroughly ingrained in most of the population: the Milgram experiment showed that over 60% of a sample of Americans demonstrated willingness to torture another person to death when given orders from an appropriate authority figure.
		An authority can also be a government agency set up with a particular competence and is able to deal with all matters within its charter; such as the Tennessee Valley Authority and a Port Authority.
	eng.anarchopedia.org /authority (570 words)

	Charismatic authority - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab-4.cs.princeton.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In his writings about charismatic authority, Weber applies the term charisma to "a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities.
		Charismatic authority is 'power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities or the demonstration of extraordinary insight and accomplishment, which inspire loyalty and obedience from followers'
		Charismatic authority almost always evolves in the context of boundaries set by traditional or rational (legal) authority, but by its nature tends to challenge this authority and is thus often seen as revolutionary.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Charismatic_authority (1133 words)

	Content Pages of the Encyclopedia of Religion and Social Science
		Charismatic leadership is often associated with dynamic and volatile religious phenomena and with profound and sudden transformations of a spiritual milieu.
		Charismatic leaders must continually be on the alert for threats to their authority from outsiders, dissidents, and rivals within the movement as well as from their administrative staff.
		Yet charismatic authority and its concomitants in terms of the tendency to view social relationships and organization in personal terms and to envision messianic termination of present evils is generally thought to be associated more with primitive rather than complex modern societies (Wilson 1975).
	hirr.hartsem.edu /ency/charisma.htm (1944 words)

	WEBER LINKS page http
		Charismatic Grounds - resting on devotion to the specific and exceptional sanctity, heroism or exemplary character of an individual person, and of the normative patterns or order revealed or ordained by him (charismatic authority).
		Charismatically qualified leader is obeyed by virtue of personal trust in him and his revelation, their heroism or exemplary qualities so far as they fall within the scope of the individual's belief in his charisma.
		Charismatic authority is radically opposed to both rational and particularly bureaucratic authority (p.
	cbae.nmsu.edu /~dboje/teaching/503/weber_links.html (2360 words)

	Pol Pot's Charisma
		Charismatic authority, on the other hand, is part of the expression of schismatic tendencies in society.
		Charismatic authority is different from rational or traditional authority in that it spawns not from established orders or traditions, but rather from the special trust the charismatic leader induces in his followers, the peculiar powers he exhibits, and the unique qualities he possesses.
		Charismatic leaders help their followers achieve a state of transcendence by becoming the embodiment of the qualities they wish that they possessed.
	www.mekong.net /cambodia/pol_pot1.htm (3101 words)

	CESNUR 2001 - Charisma and NRMs Leaders (Chryssides) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Charismatic authority certainly emanates from the leader’s charis, or ‘gift of grace’, and contrasts with ‘bureaucratic authority’ (the authority one gains from an office to which one is appointed within an institution) or traditional authority’ (the kind of authority that emanates from tradition, such as that of a parent).
		Since authority generates obligations on the part of those who respect that authority, charismatic authority must generate new obligations, since it differs from legal-rational or traditional authority, the obligations of which already exist.
		Hence, the rise of charismatic leaders tended to occur as a kind of revolutionary force that challenged rational complacency is traditionalist periods of history.
	www.cesnur.org /2001/london2001/chryssides.htm (4413 words)

	Authority_And_Power
		Traditional authority exists where a person (such as a King or a tribal chief) holds a superior position of command in accordance with tradition or social custom, and it is obeyed because everyone generally accepts the sanctity of the tradition or custom.
		In the case of charismatic authority such acknowledgement is a necessary condition of the existence of authority, so that one who has charismatic authority does also have power.
		Obedience from the acknowledgement of authority is also said to be due to obligation, but here the choice is less reluctant, may indeed (in the case of charismatic authority) be made with enthusiasm, and is a genuine choice.
	www.sou.edu /polisci/pavlich/Authority_And_Power.html (1188 words)

	susan elaine white--Mao & Augustine
		Traditionally, authority acquired through personal zeal has a special and privileged position in revolutionary politics, for it is the principle of creativity, of innovation and of renewal.
		If a charismatic leader if defined as one who is able to rule because of a component of his or her personality, then Mao's decision to eliminate the people who had intentions contrary to the People's Republic of China was justified.
		Rather, he suggested that the authorities might reach a balance between retaliation on the Donatists because of their stand with the Catholic Church and no punishment at all, which would allow the men to go free and to continue offending.
	www.unc.edu /~susieq/augustine.html (4323 words)

	Emanuel Levy : Comment - Fort Apache: John Wayne and Henry Fonda's Authority Types
		The authority of John Wayne's Western heroes is charismatic, to use the German sociologist Max Weber's typology of authority.
		Charismatic authority rests on the personal appeal of the leader and his exceptional abilities, perceived by his followers as a "gift of grace." The charismatic leader possesses extraordinary virtues, on the basis of which he demands and gets personal devotion from his people.
		The charismatic and legal authority are explicitly contrasted in Fort Apache, in which Wayne's Captain Kirby York is the charismatic leader, whereas Henry Fonda's Colonel Owen Thursday represents the legal-rational type.
	emanuellevy.com /article.php?articleID=2187 (1194 words)

	Organization Contexts, Charismatic and Exchange Leadership by Jane M. Howell
		Conversely, in steady state conditions, charismatic leadership is less likely to appear since several requisite factors are missing including a collective perception of crisis, a rationale for radical, far reaching changes, a groundswell of support for changes, and the need for an exceptional leader in ordinary circumstances (Roberts and Bradley, 1988).
		Charismatic leadership is especially relevant when exceptional follower effort and commitment are required for successful attainment of the mission but followers are frustrated and discouraged by temporary setbacks, lack of progress and coping with ill-structured problems.
		Specifically, the relationship between exchange and charismatic leadership and organizational effectiveness, the exercise of charismatic leadership in mechanistic and organic organizations, and the shifts in leadership orientation as a function of environmental changes are described.
	www.academy.umd.edu /publications/klspdocs/howell.html (10885 words)

	TOWARD A THEORY OF THE ROUTINIZATION OF CHARISMA
		Charismatic authority has been a topic of much discussion in the literature of social science since its introduction by Max Weber.
		As Weber writes, charismatic authority "cannot remain stable, but becomes either traditionalized or rationalized, or a combination of both." The third alternative of dissolution is logically implicit.
		The proof of the charismatic "pudding" is in the following: As Weber says, "psychologically, the recognition [of a charismatic leader] is a matter of complete personal devotion to the possessor of the quality, arising out of enthusiasm, or of despair and hope." The Theory of Economic Organization, op.cit., p.
	web.pdx.edu /~tothm/essays/essays/toward_a_theory_of__the_routiniz.htm (2686 words)

	TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP
		Charismatic authority repudiates the past and is in this sense a revolutionary force (in contrast to traditional authority).
		Charismatic rule is sometimes transferred by heredity, but the bearer must prove they have charisma.
		This serves to appropriate Weber's charisma as transformational, bureaucratic as transactional, but exorcises traditional (feudal) authority and leadership as being outside the duality of amoral, moral-transactional (means), and moral-transformational (ends) leadership.
	cbae.nmsu.edu /~dboje/teaching/338/transformational_leadership.htm (8287 words)

	CharismaConMan
		The charismatic leader may not be the only source of values and meaningful interpretation of the world which serves to legitimate power, power itself which can manipulate the social, political, and economic order may create its own legitimacy.
		The charismatic leader is likely to emerge from and appeal to a population experiencing social and cultural disorganization or lack of control.
		The person of power is charismatic because she already has control but it is unclear how the power of the despot is a potential source of personal control in her subordinates.
	people.sunyit.edu /~harrell/billyjack/CharismaConMan.html (15378 words)

	THE AUTHORITY OF THE PASTOR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Traditional Authority is that which is passed down according to family and tribe.
		Charismatic Authority is that which is acknowledged as a gift of God.
		Often with this typE of authority there is a loss of vitality, leaders become legalistic and harsh, people are evaluated as to how they fit into or fulfill the goals of the organization, rather than according to their giftedness.
	www.webedelic.com /church/authorityf.htm (7342 words)

	FToI: Can Charismatic Leadership Lead to a Democratic Society?
		What makes people follow charismatic leaders is a source of debate, but it seems that the verbal ability of leaders to emphasize issues that people care about has been a major factor in their appeal.
		Given that the charismatic leader is not responsive to the peopleand#146;s feedback on his decisions, the peoplesand#146; votes, even if present, become a symbolic source of legitimacy, while the political structure operates upon the legitimacy of the charismatic leader.
		The charismatic leader in this case serves as an amplifier of the movement's energy for change and is not the sole determinant of the outcome.
	freethoughts.org /archives/000068.php (2444 words)

	Lit Press: Authority in the Church
		He asserts that authority is not an attribute of a person (for example the local bishop) nor of a thing (for example the Scriptures).
		It also critiques two modern myths about authority: that authority is opposed to sound reasoning and that it is inimical to freedom and/or spontaneity.
		He demonstrates that authority in the church is not a personal possession, but subsists in socially constructed practices by which the community authorizes its ministers.
	www.litpress.org /Detail.aspx?ISBN=0814659454 (609 words)

	Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders of the Middle East, Edited by R. Scott Appleby, excerpt
		Accordingly, the charismatic leader's claim to authority involves the ability "to impose obligations in conflict with ordinary routine roles and status." In short, the fundamentalist leader must use his charismatic powers not only to unleash revolutionary energies in his followers, but also to contain and channel those energies toward the rebuilding of the social order.
		The original force of the revolutionary charismatic authority involves the assertion of "an individual against the established order," but if the movement grows and gains recognition, becomes an organization or institution in its own right, successive leaders cannot base their claims to authority on the same grounds.
		Writing in the late 1950s of the so-called third world, Shils observed that the charismatic authority of local tribal chieftains was being transferred to the political leaders of the developing nations.
	www.press.uchicago.edu /Misc/Chicago/021254.html (2481 words)

	socio5.html
		Charismatic authority refers to authority which arises because a person is perceived as being one who possesses extraordinary/special qualities by one's followers.
		Legal-rational authority arises from the position one holds in a bureaucracy or organisation.
		It should be pointed out that these three kinds of authority can overlap, e.g., when Anwar Ibrahim was Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, he had charismatic authority as well as legal-rational authority.
	members.tripod.com /~phuakl/socio5.html (2767 words)

	Kirk G. Rasmussen: Review of Falco, Charismatic Authority in Early Modern English Tragedy
		In Charismatic Authority in Early Modern English Tragedy, Raphael Falco reminds us that tragedy "tends to record the failure of many kinds of human enterprise" (1), not merely the failure of the protagonist.
		He asks us to consider the dissolution of the charismatic group as a major component of the tragic experience in selected early modern English tragedies by Marlowe, Shakespeare, and Milton.
		The interrelationship between the group and the leader is "a systemic mutuality" (3) which, when destroyed, "routinizes" the revolutionary compulsion that brought it into being, a process which "compromises the original disruptive action, ultimately destroying the uniqueness...
	rmmla.wsu.edu /old/55.2/reviews/rasmussen.html (413 words)

	lecture15 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Rational-legal authority comes from the position the individual holds, not from the person who holds the position
		Charismatic Authority: Authority based on an individual's outstanding traits, which attract followers
		Because democracy is based on rational-legal authority and not tradition, democracy is often a radical idea
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~cheneyns/introsoc/lecture15 (934 words)

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