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Topic: Charles II of Austria

	Charles II of Spain - LoveToKnow 1911
		When his brother, the younger Don John of Austria, a natural son of Philip IV., obtained power by exiling the queen mother from court he insisted that at least the king's hair should be combed.
		Charles made the malicious remark that nothing was safe from Don John - not even vermin.
		In his later days he suffered much pain, and was driven wild by the conflict between his wish to transmit his inheritance to "the illustrious house of Austria," his own kin, and the belief instilled into him by the partisans of the French claimant that only the power of Louis IV.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Charles_II_of_Spain (635 words)

	1733-35. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Russia and Austria induced a minority to choose Augustus III, Elector of Saxony (son of Augustus II) and supported the election by the presence of troops in Poland; France, Spain, and Sardinia took up arms for Stanislas.
		Charles Albert was elected emperor in Frankfurt (Charles VII).
		The French under Marshall Maurice of Saxony (Maréchal de Saxe, son of Augustus II and the Countess Aurora of Königsmark) defeated the Pragmatic army in the Battle of Fontenoy (Irish Brigade) on May 11 and began the conquest of the Austrian Netherlands.
	www.bartleby.com /67/660.html (737 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Austria, Foreign Policy 1740-1780
		Furthermore, Charles Albert claimed to be the legitimate heir of the Austrian and Bohemian lands; with the support of French troops, he occupied Upper Austria and Bohemia, thus neginning the War of Austrian Succession (1741-1748).
		In the end, the bulk of her inheritance had been kept together (except for Silesia; Parma had to be ceded to a Spanish sideline, and the western streches of Milan to Savoy-Piemont); her husband Francis Stephen of Lorraine was elected Emperor in 1745.
		In the 1778, Duke Charles Theodor of Bavaria suggested to trade the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria, a plan with caused Prussia to declare war (War of Bavarian Succession, a war which, for Austria, resulted in the acquisition of the Innviertel.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/germany/au17401780for.html (750 words)

	FRANCIA
		Charles the Simple's most famous and important deed was to cede some land, which became Normandy, to the Norse chieftan Rollo in 911.
		Charles IV The Capetians are usually reckoned to begin with Hugh Capet, but his family (the house of Paris or "Robertians," after Robert the Strong) had been nudging the Carolingians for some time, and his uncle (by marriage), grandfather, and great uncle had already been Kings of France.
		In 1349 Count Humbert II (d.1355), the "Dauphin," simply sold the territory to the grandson of Philip VI, the prince who would later become Charles V. Thus, Charles became the first "Dauphin" of France, and as he was the Crown Prince from 1350-1364, this now became the traditional title of the Heir Apparent of France.
	www.friesian.com /francia.htm (14084 words)

	Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor Summary
		on Ferdinand II Ferdinand II (1578-1637) was Holy Roman emperor from 1619 to 1637.
		Born in Graz in Styria on July 9, 1578, Ferdinand of Hapsburg was the son of Archduke Charles of inner Austria and Maria of Bavaria.
		Born in Graz to Charles II of Austria (1540-1590) and Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551-1608), Ferdinand was provided with a strict Jesuit education culminating in his years at the University of Ingolstadt.
	www.bookrags.com /Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (1544 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - AUSTRIA
		From the Expulsion of 1670 to the Toleration Edict of Joseph II.
		Charles, therefore, at the commencement of his reign confirmed the privileges of the Jews (1520), among which was the important stipulation that they should not be expelled without his consent from places where they had been allowed to settle.
		Charles demanded of the Jews of Vienna 148,000 florins to defray the expenses of his coronation (1711).
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=2152&letter=A&search=austria (12341 words)

	Background Info \| Austria Travel Information \| Lonely Planet Destination Guide
		Austria was left with control of the German Confederation but suffered upheaval during the 1848 revolutions and eventual defeat in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War.
		Austria began the 20th century in prosperity but its expansionist tendencies in the Balkans and its annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908 led to the assassination of the emperor's nephew in Sarajevo in June 1914.
		Austria went to the polls later in the year and a coalition government of the centre-left Social Democrats (SPO) and the conservative People's Party was formed in January 2007, with the SPO's Alfred Gusenbauer as chancellor.
	www.lonelyplanet.com /worldguide/destinations/europe/austria/essential?a=culture (1249 words)

	Brief History of Austria (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The county of Austria (properly the northern and northeastern parts of modern Austria) was formed by the Babenberg family in 976 as an autonomous fief of Otto II, founder of the Holy Roman Empire, at the same time as Carinthia (southern Austria), which then included Styria.
		Emperor Joseph II (1765-1790) tried to rationalize and centralize the disparate Habsburg Empire--Germans within it were a minority--but his reforms were not efficacious and the empire remained an agglomeration of peoples under over-all Habsburg sovereignty.
		Austria suffered some diplomatic snubs from fellow Europeans on this account, but as it was seen that nothing fundamental had changed in Austria's basically sensible policies, the criticism has abated.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /history/a/Austria_brief.htm (1236 words)

	Martin Luther . The Characters . Charles V \| PBS
		Charles V settled in Germany and sought to become the leader of a universal empire.
		Despite being a devout Catholic Charles V was acutely conscious of Papal power and it was in his interest for the Vatican to be destabilised.
		Charles was soon preoccupied by battles with France and the Ottoman Turks and did not check the spread of Protestantism sweeping his Empire.
	www.pbs.org /empires/martinluther/char_charles.html (382 words)

	The Probert Encyclopaediat
		Charles I was King of England from 1625 to 1649.
		Charles II was King of England from 1660 to 1685.
		On the death of Charles VI he refused to acknowledge Maria Theresa as heiress and in support of his own claims he invaded Austria with an army, took Prague and was crowned King of Bohemia and in 1742 was elected Emperor.
	david-pye.com /probert/C3.php (9125 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Charles I of Hungary
		Charles I of Hungary (Anjou France 1288 or 1291 - Visegrad, Hungary July 16, 1342), also called Charles Robert, Carobert and Charles I Robert, was the king of Hungary from August 27, 1310.
		He was the grandson of King Charles II of Naples, son of Charles Martell and Clemencia, daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph I.
		For the next three years Charles had to contend with rebellion after rebellion, and it was only after his great victory at Rozhanovce on June 15, 1312 that he was the real master of his own land.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Charles_I_of_Hungary (1093 words)

	The Austrian Flag
		The flag was adopted by Friedrich II., der Streitbare, the last Babenberg as Duke of Austria in the 13th century.
		According to legend, Duke Leopold V. of Austria (1157-1194) was involved in a fierce battle during the Crusades.
		Austria became one of the marches (the Ostmark) of the Holy Roman Empire after the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, and was given a margrave around 960.
	www.sinz.org /Michael.Sinz/Austria/index.html (278 words)

	Charles of Austria (1887-1922), biography
		Charles of Austria was born August 17, 1887, in the Castle of Persenbeug in the region of Lower Austria.
		Charles was given an expressly Catholic education and the prayers of a group of persons accompanied him from childhood, since a stigmatic nun prophesied that he would undergo great suffering and attacks would be made against him.
		Charles was exiled to the island of Madeira.
	www.vatican.va /news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20041003_charles-austria_en.html (512 words)

	CHARLES BRAY's Austri Journal
		The mountains are also the source of Austria’s best known industry, tourism, the beauty of the Hohe Tauern and the neighboring Niedere Tauern, which run east to west through the country, are accessible via magnificent north-south mountain passes such as the Grossglockner which reaches an altitude of 2503 m [8213 ft] above sea level.
		Industrially, Austria subscribes to the small is beautiful philosophy of the 20th century, German born economist Ernest Schumacher.
		Liberated by the Allies in 1945, Austria was allowed to set up its own government again in 1955, after guaranteeing that the country would be strictly neutral, an undertaking which remains in force today.
	www.greatestcities.com /users/cbray5003/Europe/Austria (1302 words)

	Science Fair Projects - List of rulers of Austria
		Austria became one of the marches (in later times sometimes called the Ostmark) of the Holy Roman Empire after the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, and was given a margrave around 960.
		Charles II: Regent of Inner Austria (1564-1590) (Styria, Carinthia and Carniola); succeeded by Emperor Ferdinand II (Archduke Ferdinand III)
		Francis I (1792-1835) (Emperor of Austria from 1804)
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Rulers_of_Austria (614 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News
		Charles II of Austria, (Vienna June 3 1540 â“ Graz July 10 1590) was an Archduke of Austria and ruler of Inner Austria (Styria, Carniola and Carinthia) from the House of Habsburg from 1564.
		Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (1578-1637), married in 1600 a younger Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574-1616) and in 1622 Eleonore Gonzaga(1598-1655)
		Constance of Austria (1588-1631), married in 1605 Sigismund III Vasa of Poland (1566-1632)
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Charles_II_of_Austria (364 words)

	Charles of Austria biography - S9.com
		Charles of Austria(Archduke Charles of Austria, Karl von Österreich-Teschen)
		He was adopted and raised in Vienna by his aunt Marie Christine of Austria and her husband Albert of Saxe-Teschen.
		1847 - Charles died at Vienna on April 30th and was buried in tomb 122 in the New Vault of the Imperial Crypt in Vienna.
	www.s9.com /Biography/Charles-Austria (155 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Peter I of Cyprus
		Events King Charles V of France renounces the treaty of Brétigny and war is declared between France and England.
		He was succeeded by his son Peter II the Fat of Cyprus.
		Lusignan castle of Kantara in the Beşparmak mountains The Kingdom of Cyprus was a Roman Catholic Crusader kingdom on the island of Cyprus in the late Middle Ages.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Peter-I-of-Cyprus (1067 words)

	Decret de Nova Planta
		Charles II, who died without leaving an heir, had made an effort to ease tensions with Catalonia, so it was not surprising that when the question of succession was posed, the Catalans mistrusted the absolutism of the French Dynasty, and showed greater inclination towards the Austrian claimant.
		Before the death of Charles II in 1700, all of the arts of French diplomacy were marshalled to persuade him to designate Duke Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV, as his successor to the Spanish throne.
		The pressures brought to bear on the dying king led to the designation of the French claimant over Archduke Charles of Austria, nephew of the Queen of Spain (Mariana of Neuburg) and son of the Austrian Emperor Leopold I. Charles’s claim was supported by the Catalans, England, Holland, and some German states.
	www.columbia.edu /~xs23/catala/cathist.htm (724 words)

	Charles II of Austria - Definition, explanation
		Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria (Vienna June 3, 1540 – July 10, 1590 in Graz) was an Archduke of Austria and Regent of Inner Austria from the House of Habsburg from 1564.
		Charles is also remembered as a benefactor of the arts and sciences.
		Anna of Austria, married to Sigismund III of Poland
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/c/ch/charles_ii_of_austria.php (324 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Austria, 1519-1618
		Emperor Charles V. could claim that in his Empire, the sun never set (it included the Spanish colonies in America and the Philippines).
		These administrations pursued their own policies, the court in Brussels, on the occasion of the marriage of Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian of Habsburg, demanding that their son (Charles V.) be educated in Brussels; his sons were to be educated in Madrid (Philip II.
		, Archduke, Grandmaster of the Teutonic Knights, Albrecht II.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/germany/au15191618.html (586 words)

	Royal Genealogies Part 18
		Henrietta Maria was a little over fourteen when negotiations for her marriage to Charles, Prince of Wales, were opened in 1624.
		Although a member of the Anglican church, Charles recieved the last rites of the Roman Catholic church.
		William accepted the Declaration of Rights passed by the Convention Parliament, which met on Jan. 22, 1689, and on February 13, William and Mary were proclaimed joint sovereigns of England.
	ftp.cac.psu.edu /~saw/royal/r18.html (769 words)

	Chapter Duels and Ordeals of Popular Delusions by Charles Mackay
		It now only remains to notice the means that have been taken to stay the prevalence of this madness of false honour in the various countries of the civilized world.
		It is added, that the known determination of the King effectually put a stop to the practice.
		The Emperor Joseph II of Austria was as firm as Frederick, although the measures he adopted were not so singular.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/1/73/2451/28557/20.html (636 words)

	World gold coins from Olympus Gold
		Austria 10 Corona Franz Joseph I Type I
		Austria 10 Corona Franz Joseph I Type III
		Russia 7 Roubles 50 Kopeks Nicholas II (7 1/2 Roubles) 1897
	www.olympusgold.com /World_Gold_Coins/world_gold_coins.html (132 words)

	"CHARLES II"
		CHARLES II 17th century Spanish royal portraits, chiefly from Velázquez on, had to show clearly not only the painted evidence but what was behind the attitude of the sitter.
		When Carreño made this portrait, Charles was around ten and he was the king since he was four, under the regency of his mother Mariana of Austria.
		Carreño de Miranda, himself, and the painter Francisco Rizzi collaborated in the decoration of this lounge and some of its mirrors are reproduced in the painting together with the brass lions which, nowadays, support the tables displayed at the Central Gallery of the Museum.
	museoprado.mcu.es /icuadro_diciembre_2001.html (416 words)

	Charles II of Austria - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria (Vienna June 3, 1540 – July 10, 1590 in Graz) was an Archduke of Austria and Regent of Inner Austria from the House of Habsburg from 1564.
		Charles is also remembered as a benefactor of the arts and sciences.
		Anna of Austria, married to Sigismund III of Poland
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Charles_II_of_Austria (279 words)

	War of the Polish Succession - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		On the death (1733) of Augustus II of Poland, Stanislaus I sought to reascend the Polish throne.
		The rival candidate for the throne was the son of Augustus II, the elector of Saxony, who was supported by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and by Anna of Russia.
		The territories of the duke of Lorraine (the son-in-law of Charles VI, later Emperor Francis I) were in the meantime occupied by the French.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-PolishSu.html (777 words)

	Spanish Empire
		Upon the death of Ferdinand II of Aragon (Ferdinand V of Castile) in 1516, the Spanish crown was inherited by his grandson Charles.
		A direct descendant of the Habsburgs of Austria, the king of Castile and Aragon, Charles I of Spain, soon assumed the rule of Naples and went on to become Emperor Charles V of Germany.
		Charles V abdicated in 1556, dividing his dominions between his son Philip (King Philip II of Spain and Sicily), who inherited the political realm, and his younger brother Ferdinand (Ferdinand I), who became ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.
	www.donquijote.org /culture/spain/history/empire.asp (437 words)

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