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| | United Kingdom: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — FactMonster.com |
 | | The reign of Henry II (1154–1189), first of the Plantagenets, saw an increasing centralization of royal power at the expense of the nobles, but in 1215 King John (1199–1216) was forced to sign the Magna Carta, which awarded the people, especially the nobles, certain basic rights. |
 | | In England, the great poverty and discontent caused by the war were intensified by the Black Death, a plague that reduced the population by about one-third. |
 | | His brother, James II (1685–1688), possessed none of Charles II's ability and was ousted by the Revolution of 1688, which confirmed the primacy of parliament. |
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