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	Charles Nicolle Summary
		Nicolle agreed in 1902 to assume the directorship of the Institute Pasteur in Tunis, Tunisia.
		Charles J. Nicolle, the recipient of the 1928 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine, was recognized by the Swedish Academy for his research into the cause of typhus, a severe and widespread disease during the early twentieth century.
		Nicolle's discovery came about first from his observation that, while epidemic typhus patients were able to infect other patients inside and outside the hospital, and their very clothes seemed to spread the disease, they were no longer infectious when they had had a hot bath and a change of clothes.
	www.bookrags.com /Charles_Nicolle (1857 words)

	Charles Nicolle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Charles Jules Henry Nicolle (September 21, 1866 - February 28, 1936) was a bacteriologist who earned the 1928 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his identification of lice as the transmitter of epidemic typhus.
		Nicolle's discovery came about first from his observation that, while epidemic typhus patients were able to infect other patients inside and outside the hospital, and their very clothes seemed to spread the disease, they were no longer infectious when they had had a hot bath and a change of clothes.
		Nicolle surmised that he could make a simple vaccine by crushing up the lice and mixing it with blood serum from recovered patients.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Charles_Nicolle (544 words)

	Charles Nicolle - Biography
		Charles Jules Henry Nicolle was born in Rouen on September 21, 1866, where his father, Eugène Nicolle, was a doctor in a local hospital.
		Nicolle was one of the first to recognize the protective properties of the convalescence serum against typhus and measles; and succeeded in cultivating Leishmania donovani and Leishmania tropica on artificial culture media.
		Nicolle was an Associate of l'Academie de Médecine and he was awarded the Prix Montyon in 1909, 1912, and 1914; the Prix Osiris in 1927, and a special Gold Medal to commemorate his Silver Jubilee in Tunis in 1928.
	www.nobelprize.org /medicine/laureates/1928/nicolle-bio.html (552 words)

	Charles Nicolle -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 1903 Nicolle became Director of the Pasteur Institute, where he did his (An annual award for outstanding contributions to chemistry or physics or physiology and medicine or literature or economics or peace) Nobel Prize-winning work on typhus.
		In June 1909 Nicolle tested his theory by infecting a (Intelligent somewhat arboreal ape of equatorial African forests) chimpanzee with typhus, retrieving the lice from it, and placed it on a healthy chimpanzee.
		Nicolle surmised that he could make a simple (Immunogen consisting of a suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies) vaccine by crushing up the lice and mixing it with (Watery fluid of the blood that resembles plasma but contains fibrinogen) blood serum from recovered patients.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/charles_nicolle.htm (540 words)

	Charles Nicolle
		Charles Nicolle was a French bacteriologist who discovered that the body louse transmitted the disease called Tyhpus.
		Nicolle observed that the Typhus patients admitted to the hospitals did not infect the staff.
		Nicolle proved this by infecting a healthy monkey using a louse which had fed chimpanzee with typhus.
	www.manbir-online.com /facts/charles-nicolle.htm (162 words)

	Charles Nicolle - Biography
		Charles Jules Henry Nicolle was born in Rouen on September 21, 1866, where his father, Eugène Nicolle, was a doctor in a local hospital.
		Nicolle was one of the first to recognize the protective properties of the convalescence serum against typhus and measles; and succeeded in cultivating Leishmania donovani and Leishmania tropica on artificial culture media.
		Nicolle was an Associate of l'Academie de Médecine and he was awarded the Prix Montyon in 1909, 1912, and 1914; the Prix Osiris in 1927, and a special Gold Medal to commemorate his Silver Jubilee in Tunis in 1928.
	www.nobel.se /medicine/laureates/1928/nicolle-bio.html (559 words)

	Physiology or Medicine 1928 - Presentation Speech (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nicolle and his collaborators had established at an early stage of their researches that monkeys who had recovered from a first attack of the disease became resistant to further contamination.
		Nicolle's discovery that it is possible to inoculate the guinea pig with typhus was an important step forward in the study of this disease.
		Nicolle calls this form of typhus «inapparent» typhus and considers it to be the prototype of a group of latent infectious diseases of the same type.
	www.nobel.se /medicine/laureates/1928/press.html (1817 words)

	Charles Nicolle Pasteur's Imperial, 1580461972, £55.00/$95.00, 424p 2006
		It illuminates how these diverse elements shaped Nicolle's personal identity, the identity of his institute, and his innovative conception of the "birth, life, and death" -- or, the emergence and eradication -- of infectious disease.
		Charles Nicolle was one of the most complex and creative of Pasteur's disciples.
		There was no shortage of competition in the hunt for the cause of typhus, and Nicolle's claim to have discovered the louse as the agent of transmission did not go uncontested.
	www.boydell.co.uk /80461972.HTM (596 words)

	Charles Nicolle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nicolle's discovery came about first from his observation that, while epidemic typhus patients were able to infect otherpatients inside and outside the hospital, and their very clothes seemed to spread the disease, they were nolonger infectious when they had had a hot bath and a change of clothes.
		In June 1909 Nicolle tested his theory byinfecting a chimpanzee with typhus, retrieving the lice from it, and placed iton a healthy chimpanzee.
		Nicolle surmised that he could make a simple vaccine by crushing up the liceand mixing it with blood serum from recovered patients.
	www.therfcc.org /charles-nicolle-335113.html (514 words)

	The scientific heritage: Marcel Baltazard inthe direct line of Charles Nicolle
		Charles Nicolle will get it out, to replace it in the nature; this nature which will never stop being an obsession with him.
		Without a doubt he is the first one to stand aloof from anthropocentrism, considering that in the cycle of these "infectious diseases" of which man considered himself as the centre, most of the time he happens to be a pure accident, an intrusive element.
		He inherited Charles Nicolle's main principles that he religiously kept, put into practice, developed and thanks to his strong character and charisma, he taught them himself with his well-known elegance and talent.
	www.pathexo.fr /BaltaWeb/Balta.pages/heritGB.html (581 words)

	Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For his work on typhus he received the 1928 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
		Magazines and Newspapers for: Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri
		Pictures and Maps for: Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/N/Nicolle.asp (178 words)

	Charles Jules Henri Nicolle Winner of the 1928 Nobel Prize in Medicine
		Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri on Encyclopedia.com (submitted by Jackson)
		Charles Jules Henri Nicolle Biography (submitted by Shawn)
		Charles Jules Henri Nicolle biography (submitted by Fred)
	almaz.com /nobel/medicine/1928a.html (59 words)

	Jules Henry (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Charles attended the local medical school after he received an education at the Lycee Corneille de Rouen (Nobel E-Museum).
		In the year 1896, Charles Jules Henry Nicolle was given the job title, Director of the Bacteriological Laboratory in Rouen (Nobel E-Museum).
		Charles Jules Henry Nicolle died on February 28, 1936 (Nobel E-Museum).
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/information/biography/fghij/henry_jules.html (405 words)

	Charles-Jules-Henri Nicolle -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: )
		French bacteriologist who received the 1928 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discovery (1909) that typhus is transmitted by the body louse.
		After obtaining his medical degree in Paris in 1893, Nicolle returned to Rouen, where he became a member of the medical faculty and engaged in bacteriological research.
		When Charles Darwin wrote his treatise on natural selection he cited the works of the French naturalist Jean-Henri Fabre.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9055757 (588 words)

	About Charles Spurgeon
		Charles Haddon Spurgeon (1834-92) was England's best-known preacher for most of the second half of the nineteenth century.
		Charles H. Spurgeon and the Nation of Israel: A Non-Dispensational Perspective on a Literal National Restoration.
		The Conversion of Charles Haddon Spurgeon: January 6 1850
	www.spurgeon.org /aboutsp.htm (579 words)

	Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, marquis of -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Charles Goren was born on March 4, 1901, in Philadelphia, Pa. Goren gave up a law career in the 1930s to concentrate on playing and writing about contract bridge, becoming one of the foremost experts on the game in the United States.
		When Elizabeth II became queen of England in 1952, her eldest son, Charles, became heir to the throne.
		Usually known as the prince of Wales, Charles is also earl of Chester, duke of Cornwall, duke of Rothesay, earl of Carrick, and baron of Renfrew, among other titles.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9314554 (748 words)

	Nicolle, Charles (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The experimental evidence was provided by infecting a healthy monkey using a louse recently fed on an infected chimpanzee.
		Nicolle was born in Rouen and studied in Paris.
		He became director of the Pasteur Institute in Tunis 1902.
	cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/N/Nicolle/1.html (115 words)

	Read about Charles Nicolle at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Charles Nicolle and learn about Charles Nicolle here! (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 1903 Nicolle became Director of the Pasteur Institute, where he did his
		He did not succeed in his effort to develop a practical vaccine.
		How Charles Nicolle of the Pasteur Institute discovered that epidemic typhus is transmitted by lice: reminiscences from my years at the Pasteur Institute in Paris (http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/93/20/10539.pdf) by
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Charles_Jules_Henri_Nicolle (496 words)

	Waclaw Szybalski: The genius of Rudolf Stefan Weigl (1883-1957), a Lvovian microbe hunter and and breeder - In Memoriam
		It has been established in 1909 by Charles Nicolle of The Pasteur Institute, Paris, that louse was the vector for typhus.
		Weigl, including a kind statement by Charles Nicolle, a Nobel laureate, who established that louse is the typhus' vector; he wrote: "The 'war' with typhus did not appear promising, until it was joined by the brilliant Polish scientist, Professor Rudolf Weigl from Lwów, Poland.
		Gross, L. How Charles Nicolle of the Pasteur Institute discovered that epidemic typhus is transmitted by lice: Reminiscences from my years at the Pasteur Institute in Paris.
	lwow.home.pl /weigl/in-memoriam.html (7178 words)

	Charles Nicolle (1866-1936) - biographie - Archives de l'Institut Pasteur
		Charles Nicolle (1866-1936) - biographie - Archives de l'Institut Pasteur
		1890 Début des stages dans les laboratoires de l'Institut Pasteur à Paris, où il retrouvre son frère, M. Nicolle.
		Nicolle devient membre aux côtés de G. Bertrand, J. Bordet, A. Borrel, F. Mesnil, A. Yersin.
	www.pasteur.fr /infosci/archives/nic0.html (974 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Nicolle Charles Jules Henri
		MSN Encarta - Search Results - Nicolle Charles Jules Henri
		Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri (1866-1936), French doctor, microbiologist, and Nobel laureate, who demonstrated that typhus was transmitted by the body...
		He received an LL.D. degree from the University of Brussels and...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Nicolle_Charles_Jules_Henri.html (101 words)

	AllRefer.com - Charles Nicolle Information
		The experimental evidence was provided by infecting a healthy monkey using a louse recently fed on an infected chimpanzee.
		Nicolle was born in Rouen and studied in Paris.
		He became director of the Pasteur Institute in Tunis in 1902.
	www.allrefer.com /charles-nicolle (145 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Nicolle Charles Jules Henri (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri (1866-1936), French physician and microbiologist, who demonstrated that typhus was transmitted by the body louse....
		Estaing, Charles Henri, Comte d’ (1729-1794), French general and admiral, born Charles Henri Jean-Baptiste d'Estaing at Ravel Castle, Auvergne (now...
		Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Maurice Clérel de: picture of Alexis de Tocqueville
	encarta.msn.com /Nicolle_Charles_Jules_Henri.html (142 words)

	Encyclopedia: Charles-Nicolle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1922-1941 (http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1928/nicolle-bio.html) - Nobel Biography of Dr. Charles Nicolle
		How Charles Nicolle of the Pasteur Institute discovered that epidemic typhus is transmitted by lice: reminiscences from my years at the Pasteur Institute in Paris (http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/93/20/10539.pdf) by Ludwik Gross, August 6, 1996
		Click for other authoritative sources for this topic (summarised at Factbites.com).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Charles_Nicolle (572 words)

	nicolle \| Auctions \| Rhino-Networks.com Shopping (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Age of Charlemagne by David Nicolle, Martin Wind...
		Attila and the Nomad Hordes by David Nicolle (1990)
		Armies of the Caliphates 862-1098 by Turner and Nicolle
	www.rhino-networks.com /shop/nicolle.html (171 words)

	Charles Nicolle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Herald Staff Writers Two students from each St. Charles high school were nominated for the Wendy's High School Heisman Award.
		Charles East High School's Curtis Dauw and Claire Sheehan, and St. Charles North High School's Laura Holm and Dustin Lee...
		Investigation: The French doctor Charles Nicolle became interested in typhus in...
	enciclopedia.cc /Charles_Nicolle (365 words)

	AllRefer.com - Charles Jules Henri Nicolle (Medicine, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Charles Jules Henri Nicolle (Medicine, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Charles Jules Henri Nicolle[shArl zhUl ANrE´ nEkOl´] Pronunciation Key, 1866–1936, French physician and microbiologist.
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Charles Jules Henri Nicolle
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/N/Nicolle.html (188 words)

	Publications biomédicales de Rouen : juin 2003
		Groupe de recherche sur le microenvironnement et le renouvellement cellulaire integre, Hopital Charles- Nicolle, Hemato-oncologie pediatrique, and Hopital Charles-Nicolle, Laboratoire hematologie, France.
		The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyse the outcome of a series of grafted patients over a period of more than 10 years and to determine their long-term survival probability.
		Department of Radiology, CHU Charles Nicolle, 1 rue de Germont, 76031, Rouen Cedex, France.
	www.chu-rouen.fr /drrc/pub/pub062003.html (4062 words)

	Charles Nicolle Pasteur's Imperial , 1580461972 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This book examines the biomedical research of Nobel Prize-winning bacteriologist Charles Nicolle during his tenure as director of the colonial Pasteur Institute of Tunis.
		It concentrates on his typhus research not only to illustrate the nature of that research itself, but also to illuminate its importance for the development of his own identity, the identity of his institution, and his complex mosaic of ideas about disease, power, and civilization in interwar Europe.
		Kim Pelis uses a wide range of French and Tunisian archival materials and a close reading of Nicolle's scientific papers and philosophical treatises to explore the relationship of science and medicine to society and culture in the first third of the twentieth century.
	www.urpress.com /80461972.HTM (292 words)

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