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	Charles Sumner Tainter - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Charles Sumner Tainter (April 25, 1854 - April 20, 1940) was an American engineer and inventor, best known for his collaborations with Alexander Graham Bell and his improvements to Thomas Alva Edison's phonograph, resulting in the graphophone, one version of which was the first dictaphone.
		Tainter was born in Watertown, Massachusetts, where he went to public school.
		In 1873, he took a job for a company producing telescopes in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which got the contract for the observation of the transit of venus on December 8, 1874, and Tainter was sent with the observation expedition to New Zealand.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Charles_Sumner_Tainter (289 words)

	Charles Sumner Tainter and the Graphophone
		Tainter and Chichester Bell and A. Bell began work on improving the phonograph in the spring 1881, and found that the indenting method using a pliable strip of tin foil was the main problem.
		Tainter improved the cylinder holder and ear-plugs in patent 380,535, and added a new feature that allowed the making of two records at the same time, allowing the operator to keep one copy of a dictated letter and mail a duplicate copy to the correspondent.
		Tainter was opposed this merger and believed that a showing his graphophone to Edison would cause the inventor to start work again on his old phonograph that he had put aside in 1879.
	history.sandiego.edu /gen/recording/graphophone.html (5020 words)

	Alexander Graham Bell: Photophone and Graphophone
		Charles Tainter used a lighter substance than Edison for the recording disk, finding that a wax record cut with a chisel-shaped stylus was able to reproduce high-pitched sounds better than Edison's tinfoil record.
		In the end, Tainter and Bell were unable to produce a fully functional graphophone, and Tainter concluded that their attempts at lateral cutting had failed because the zigzag grooves were too large and their pickup too heavy for the energy of the sound waves.
		Tainter and Bell were under a time crunch to make improvements on the graphophone and file patents to take credit for those improvements before Thomas Edison could do the same.
	sln.fi.edu /case_files/bell/phone.html (636 words)

	Technology, Invention, and Innovation Collections
		Charles Sumner Tainter, son of George and Abigail Sanger Tainter, was born on April 25, 1854, in Watertown, Massachusetts, near Boston.
		In his memoirs Tainter describes his father as "a man of much force of character and inventive ability" and his mother as a woman of "high character and beloved by all." His school years left him with an absolute horror of public speaking that followed him all his life.
		Tainter's memoirs: "Early History of Charles Sumner Tainter" give a very personal account of his childhood and youth, and of his later role as a member of the U. Government Expedition to observe the transit of Venus in 1874.
	www.americanhistory.si.edu /archives/d8124.htm (1838 words)

	Charles Sumner Tainter Information
		Charles Sumner Tainter (April 25, 1854 - April 20, 1940) was an American engineer and inventor, best known for his collaborations with Alexander Graham Bell, Chichester Bell and his improvements to Thomas Alva Edison's phonograph, resulting in the graphophone, one version of which was the first dictaphone.
		In 1886, he married Lila R. Munro, and over the next years worked in Washington, perfecting his graphophone and founding a company trying to market the graphophone as a dictation machine: the first dictaphone.
		In 1887 Tainter invented the helically wound paper tube as an improved graphophone cylinder.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter (592 words)

	Charles Sumner Tainter - Avoo - Ask Us A Question - Charles Sumner Tainter (April 25, 1854 - April 20, 1940) was an ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Charles Sumner Tainter (April 25, 1854 - April 20, 1940) was an American engineer and inventor, best known for his collaborations with Alexander Graham Bell, Chichester Bell and his improvements to Thomas Alva Edison's phonograph, resulting in the graphophone, one version of which was the first dictaphone.
		Tainter was born in Watertown, Massachusetts, where he went to public school.
		In 1887 Tainter invented the helically wound paper tube as an improved graphophone cylinder.
	www.copiaguenyus.com /info/Charles_Sumner_Tainter (735 words)

	Invent Now \| Hall of Fame \| Search \| Inventor Profile
		Charles Tainter invented various sound-recording instruments, including an improved version of Thomas Edison’s phonograph known as the Graphophone, the Photophone, and the Dictaphone.
		Tainter continued working with recorded sound, collaborating with Bell and Bell’s cousin, Chichester A. Bell, to develop the graphophone.
		After Tainter contributed to Bell’s first transmission of sound, the duo created the radiophone, an instrument that used light waves and selenium cells to transmit wireless sound.
	www.invent.org /hall_of_fame/1_1_6_detail.asp?vInventorID=304 (181 words)

	Chronomedia: 1880-1884
		Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter demonstrate the photophone, a device in which a mirrored silver disc is made to vibrate by speech from a speaking tube.
		Light reflected off the disc is captured in a parabolic dish and focused onto a selenium cell, where variations in the reflected light are converted into the electrical signals that are carried to headphones.
		Bell and Tainter donate a sound recording machine to the Smithsonian Institution that uses jets of air to inscribe sounds.
	www.terramedia.co.uk /Chronomedia/years/1880-1884.htm (686 words)

	Doodles, Drafts & Designs: Industrial Drawings from the Smithsonian
		Charles F. Brannock (1903-1992) began tinkering with the idea of a new foot-measuring device while still in college.
		Charles Sumner Tainter, Washington, D.C. Starting in 1879, Charles Sumner Tainter (1854-1940), a machinist and scientific instrument maker, worked with Alexander Graham Bell on a series of sound-related inventions, including a photophone, for transmitting sound over a light beam, and a variety of graphophones, Bell's term for his style of phonograph.
		Tainter kept detailed notebooks of each day's workâ”notebooks that later played a key part in the endless patent suits involving Bell, Tainter, Edison, and other phonograph inventors.
	www.sil.si.edu /exhibitions/doodles/cf/working.cfm (1122 words)

	The Columbia Graphophone and Grafonola
		Bell and Tainter had set out to do sound reproduction experiments involving the telephone, but their attention soon shifted to the phonograph, whose development had languished while Edison busied himself with other projects such as the electric light.
		Bell and Tainter employed a cardboard cylinder coated with ozocerite, a type of wax, incised by a needle.
		Bell and Tainter patented some of their inventions and then went to Edison with a proposal to merge their forces.
	www.intertique.com /TheColumbiaGraphophoneAndGrafonola.html (1728 words)

	Edison Phonographs, Ltd.
		Also, the diary of one of Edison's aides, Charles Batchelor, seems to confirm that the phonograph was not constructed until December 4, and finished two days later.
		Bell and Tainter had representatives approach Edison to discuss a possible collaboration on the machine, but Edison refused and determined to improve the phonograph himself.
		His initial work, though, closely followed the improvements made by Bell and Tainter, especially in its use of wax cylinders, and was called the New Phonograph.
	www.antiqnet.com /detail,edison-phonographs,338983.html (929 words)

	Alexander Graham Bell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The device employed light-sensitive cells of crystalline selenium, which has the property that its electrical resistance varies inversely with the illumination (i.e., the resistance is higher when the material is in the dark, and lower when it is lighted).
		Bell and Tainter, however, were apparently the first to perform a successful experiment, by no means any easy task, as they even had to produce the selenium cells with the desired resistance characteristics themselves.
		The sender consisted of a mirror directing sunlight onto the mouthpiece, where the light beam was modulated by a vibrating mirror, focused by a lens and directed at the receiver, which was simply a parabolic reflector with the selenium cells in the focus and the telephone attached.
	vb.game-host.org /en/Alexander_Bell.htm (2686 words)

	homestudio - revue audiolab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Charles Tainter's career as an inventor began when he moved to Washington D. in November 1879 to set up a laboratory on L Street between 13th and 14th Streets.
		During this period of late 1881 and early 1882, Tainter experimented with different methods of duplication, such as stamping and pressing, different kinds of reproducers using magnetism and air and fluids, and different kinds of wax mixtures.
		Tainter and myself in photographing speech vibrations impressed on a jet.
	homestudio.thing.net /revue/content/graphophone.html (4955 words)

	Brief History of talking machine
		Between 1877 and 1886 Edison did little to improve the Phonograph, devoting much of this period to the perfection of the electric light globe and a system for the distribution of electricity.
		In 1881 Charles Sumner Tainter made the next improvement to the talking machine.
		In 1886 Sumner Tainter applied for patents on a new talking machine, called the Graphophone, which used wax covered cardboard cylinders for records.
	www.lightandsound.net.au /HistoryOfTalkingMachine.htm (1394 words)

	Today in Technology History - May 4
		He was joined by two others: Dr. Chichester Bell (A.G. Bell's cousin and a chemist) and Charles Sumner Tainter (a chemical engineer and instrument maker).
		After years of experiments, the Bells and Tainter produced a machine that recorded sound on wax cylinders, cutting grooves in the wax with a stylus.
		Not only was the sound quality better than in Edison's machine, but the cylinder could be "erased" by scraping the grooves off the wax -- so a single cylinder could be used repeatedly.
	www.tecsoc.org /pubs/history/2001/may4.htm (290 words)

	Bell's Brilliant Idea
		On June 3, 1880, Bell's collaborator, Charles Sumner Tainter, set a transmitter atop the Franklin School, a building that still stands at 13th and K streets NW.
		With Bell manning a receiver in his laboratory 700 feet away at 1325 L St. NW, Tainter uttered the less-than-immortal words, "Mr.
		Certain of success but fearful of infringing competitors, Bell and Tainter obtained a patent for the photophone in December 1880, but not before sealing a copy of their invention in a tin box and depositing it with the Smithsonian for safekeeping.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/27/AR2005052701158.html (596 words)

	The History of the Phonograph
		Another Frenchman named Charles Cros, studied Scott's recording device and theorized that once a voice was recorded by an engraving, it could play back the original sound.
		In particular, Alexander Graham Bell collaborated with his cousin, Chichester A. Bell, and Charles Sumner Tainter to further develop Edison's invention.
		Chichester and Tainter received a patent for their contributions on May 4, 1886.
	www.rpi.edu /~fiscap/history_files/phono_invent.htm (1230 words)

	Alexander Graham Bell: Alexander Graham Bell - Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		With the enormous technical and later financial success of his telephone invention, Alexander Graham Bell's future was secure, and he was able to arrange his life so that he could devote himself to his scientific interests.
		Toward this end, in 1881, he used the $10,000 award for winning France's Volta Prize to set up the Volta Laboratory in Washington, D.C. A believer in scientific teamwork, Bell worked with two associates, his cousin Chichester Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter, at the Volta Laboratory.
		Bell and his assistant, Charles Sumner Tainter, developed the photophone using a sensitive selenium crystal and a mirror that would vibrate in response to a sound.
	afterforty.blogspot.com /2006/10/alexander-graham-bell-biography.html (792 words)

	IEC - Techline > Alexander Graham Bell
		From 1880 Bell worked on many other inventions, including phonographs, aeroplanes, hydrofoil boats, air conditioning, energy recycling, iron lungs as well as techniques of enhancing longevity.
		He was, however, most proud of the photophone that he developed with Charles Sumner Tainter: a device that would use light beams rather than wires to transmit speech signals.
		Although eclipsed in transmission range by radio, Bell regarded the photophone as his greatest invention.
	www.iec.ch /cgi-bin/tl_to_htm.pl?section=technology&item=138 (346 words)

	Wax Cylinder Phonograph - The Edison Papers
		Edison's early efforts to develop a commercial phonograph using tinfoil as a recording surface had proved a failure.
		It was not until Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter demonstrated a wax-record cylinder phonograph in the mid-1880s that Edison again turned his attention to sound recording.
		Between 1887 and 1889, Edison and his laboratory staff developed improved phonographs and wax cylinders that were technically superior to the Bell-Tainter graphophone.
	www.rci.rutgers.edu /~taep/cylinder.htm (223 words)

	Extraordinary Times - Cylinder Origins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Alexander Graham Bell commissioned his cousin, Chichester Bell and a talented engineer by the name of Charles Sumner Tainter to improve upon Edison's design.
		Their research, conducted in the Volta Laboratory in Washington, D.C., resulted in the release of their own speaking machine, the Graphophone, in 1886.
		Bell and Tainter's device would inspire Edison to continue improvements to his own Phonograph, and other inventors to try their hand at sound recording.
	www.thetalkingmachine.com /extraordinary_1.htm (313 words)

	Music Piracy
		The new design was called the Graphophone and the main improvement was that their version, using recorded cylinders, gave a longer life to the recordings.
		What has happened, in effect, is that the NACP has laid claim to the entire art and science of recording and everything that came with it, at least from 1888 to 1938.
		The NACP was the sole license holder for Edison Phonographs and Bell Tainter Graphophones.
	www.mp3newswire.net /stories/2003/monopoly.html (1559 words)

	Earliest Identified Flat Disc Record
		The earliest identified flat disc record was made by Sumner Tainter on November 8th, 1881 and is in the Smithsonian Institution collection.
		This record was made before there was even a practical device to play back a disc recording.
		This disc uses lateral or zigzag grooves in contrast to the hill-and-dale grooves of the Edison cylinder.
	www.cedmagic.com /history/tainter-phonogram.html (82 words)

	Gramophone, Phonograph, and Records - EnchantedLearning.com
		The sound could then be played back from the etched cylinder as a needle went along the groove and reversed the process, making the diaphragm vibrate, recreating the original sound.
		Edison's first recording was of him saying, "Mary had a little lamb." The recording cylinders were improved by Charles Sumner Tainter (an associate of Alexander Graham Bell), who made them out of wax.
		The first flat, circular record was invented by Emile Berliner (1851-1929), a German-born American inventor, in 1887 (he also invented the gramophone, the machine that played his flat records).
	www.enchantedlearning.com /inventors/page/r/records.shtml (364 words)

	Charles Sumner Tainter
		Charles Sumner Tainter (1850-1940) wurde in Watertown/Massaschusettes/USA geboren und lebte dort bis 1879.
		Im Jahre 1905 zog Tainter um nach San Diego, und lebte dort noch 35 Jahre.
		Charles Sumner Tainter starb nach 6-jähriger Krankheit am 22.April 1940.
	www.tonaufzeichnung.de /personen/charles_sumner_tainter.shtml (102 words)

	Bell Family Papers: Alexander Graham Bell as Inventor and Scientist
		With the enormous technical and later financial success of his telephone invention, Bell's future was secure, and he was able to arrange his life so that he could devote himself to his scientific interests.
		Among one of his first innovations after the telephone was the "photophone," a device that enabled sound to be transmitted on a beam of light.
		Bell and his assistant, Charles Sumner Tainter, developed the photophone using a sensitive selenium crystal and a mirror that would vibrate in response to a sound.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/bellhtml/bellinvent.html (881 words)

	The Dead media Project:Working Notes:16.5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A fair number of the celebrities and potentates of the day had their voices recorded, but the tin foil recordings were not durable and no commercial recordings were ever offered.
		The GRAPHOPHONE, a much improved phonograph that used wax-covered cardboard cylinders, was developed by Chichester A. Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter in 1881.
		After being rebuffed by Edison, whom they thought would be delighted with their work, they set up limited production in a plant in Washington D.C. Edison knocked-off the graphophone, and introduced his own improved phonograph.
	www.deadmedia.org /notes/16/165.html (515 words)

	Bell Family Papers: Time Line of Alexander Graham Bell, 1880-1889 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Bell and his young associate, Charles Sumner Tainter, invent the photophone, an apparatus that transmits sound through light.
		At the Volta Laboratory, Bell, his cousin, Chichester Bell, and Charles Sumner Tainter invent a wax cylinder for Thomas Edison's phonograph.
		When President Garfield is shot, Bell attempts unsuccessfully to locate the bullet inside his body by using an electromagnetic device called an induction balance.
	www.bonus.com /contour/Northern_Great_Plains/http@@/lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/bellhtml/1880.html (353 words)

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