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Topic: Charm quantum number

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Quark

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	ScienceDaily: Quantum number (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In chemistry, this quantum number is very important, since it specifies the shape of an atomic orbital and strongly influences chemical bonds and bond angles.
		However, it should be understood that the elementary particles are quantum states of the standard model of particle physics, and hence the quantum numbers of these particles bear the same relation to the Hamiltonian of this model as the quantum numbers of the Bohr atom does to its Hamiltonian.
		Typical quantum numbers related to spacetime symmetries are spin (related to rotational symmetry), the parity, C-parity and T-parity (related to the Poincare symmetry of spacetime).
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/quantum_number (2196 words)

	Quark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The number of generations of leptons with a light neutrino is strongly constrained by experiments at the LEP in CERN and by observations of the abundance of helium in the universe.
		The additive quantum numbers of antiquarks are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to those of the quarks.
		The charm quark was postulated by Sheldon Glashow, Iliopoulos and Maiani in 1973 to prevent unphysical flavour changes in weak decays which would otherwise occur in the standard model.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quark (2000 words)

	Quark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Each flavour defines a quantum number which is conserved under the strong interactions, but not the weak interactions.
		Quantum numbers corresponding to non-Abelian symmetries like rotations require more care in extraction, since they are not additive.
		This quantum number is the charge involved in the gauge theory called quantum chromodynamics (QCD).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/quark (2000 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Quark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory of the strong interaction, a fundamental force describing the interactions of the quarks and gluons found in nucleons (such as the proton and neutron).
		The masses of the heavy charm and bottom quarks are obtained from the masses of hadrons containing a single heavy quark (and one light antiquark or two light quarks) and from the analysis of quarkonia.
		The existence of a third generation of quarks was predicted by Kobayashi and Maskawa who realized that the observed violation of CP symmetry by neutral kaons could not be accommodated into the Standard Model with two generations of quarks.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Quark (681 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Electric Charge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In particle physics, strangeness is the number of anti-strange quarks minus the number of strange quarks in a particle.
		Often, the net electric charge is zero, since naturally the number of electrons in every atom is equal to the number of the protons, so their charges cancel out.
		In the most restricted usage in quantum mechanics, the wavefunction associated with a particle such as an electron, is a complex-valued square integrable function ψ defined over a portion of space normalized in such a way that In Max Borns probabilistic interpretation of the wavefunction, the amplitude squared...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Electric-Charge (3286 words)

	Charmed baryons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Charmed baryons are a category of composite particles comprising all baryons with at least one unit of charm (quantum number).
		In quark model terms, charmed baryons consist of three quarks, one or more of which is a charm quark.
		It is not entirely clear when the particle was first observed; there were a number of experiments which published evidence for the state beginning in 1975, but the reported masses were frequently lower than the real value.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Charmed_baryons (218 words)

	Photon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to quantum electrodynamics (see below), the photon is a quantum of an electromagnetic mode that stretches over all space, a quantum that is responsible for the electromagnetic field in the first place.
		The quantum mechanics of material particles features an uncertainty principle that forbids the simultaneous measurement of the position and momentum of a particle in the same direction.
		According to the rules of quantum mechanics, a measurement (here: just observing what happens to the polariton) breaks this superposition; that is, the quantum either gets absorbed in the medium and stays there (likely to happen in opaque media) or it re-emerges as photon from the surface into space (likely to happen in transparent media).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Photon (5056 words)

	Hypercharge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		That means that a strange quark makes a singlet of its own (same happens with charm, bottom and top quarks), while up and down constitute an isospin doublet.
		Hypercharge was a concept developed in the mid-to-late 1900's, to organize groups of particles in the "subatomic zoo" and to develop ad-hoc conservation laws based on their observed transformations.
		In modern descriptions of hadron interaction, it has become more obvious to draw Feynman diagrams that trace through individual quarks composing the interacting baryons and mesons, rather than counting hypercharge quantum numbers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hypercharge (421 words)

	NOVA \| The Elegant Universe \| Glossary \| PBS
		spin: a quantum mechanical version of the familiar notion of the same name; particles have an intrinsic amount of spin that is either a whole number or half a whole number (in multiples of Planck's constant), and which never changes.
		String theory harmoniously unites quantum mechanics and general relativity, the previously known laws of the small and the large, that are otherwise incompatible.
		This implies that the microscopic realm is a rolling frenzy, awash in a violent sea of quantum fluctuations.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/elegant/glossary.html (1697 words)

	[No title]
		Number two was pure white sugar that dissolved immediately and tickled at the tip of her tongue.
		Number four was vinegar, wet and sour, which nibbled sharply at the sides of her tongue.
		Quantum mechanics is a method of calculating values on the atomic and sub-atomic level, a little like Newtonian mechanics can be used to calculate values on a larger scale.
	www.textfiles.com /magazines/INTERTEXT/itv1n1 (17227 words)

	Quarks
		The presence of a strange quark in a particle is denoted by a quantum number S=-1.
		Isospin and either hypercharge or strangeness are the quantum numbers often used to draw particle diagrams for the hadrons.
		The lightest meson which contains a charm quark is the D meson.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/particles/quark.html (1357 words)

	EETimes.com - Quantum laser turns electron wave into memory
		Quantum phase has long been of interest to researchers, because theoretically atoms could take on unfamiliar characteristics by selectively altering the phase of their waveform.
		Quantum mechanics holds that electrons behave like the waves sloshing in a bathtub — they exist simultaneously in an infinite number of locations or quantum states within the single wave.
		For atoms, the infinite number of quantum states comes from the different bound states of the electrons in their orbits.
	www.eet.com /story/OEG20000831S0019 (1100 words)

	Glossary
		Charm (c) is the fourth quark (in order of increasing mass), with an electric charge +2/3.
		Different isotopes of the same element are distinguished by having different numbers of neutrons in their nucleus.
		The quantum principle, first formulated by Heisenberg, that states that is is not possible to know exactly both the position x and the momentum p of an object at the same time.
	www.meta-religion.com /Physics/physicsglossary.htm (2044 words)

	quantum quantity concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		azimuthal quantum number (3 facts) (k) - A measure of the minor axis of an elliptic orbital of an electron according to the Bohr-Sommerfeld theory.
		The up and down quarks belong to the first generation, the charmed and strange quarks belong to the second, and the top and bottom quarks belong to the third.
		The up, charmed, and top quarks each have an electrical charge 2/3 that of a proton, while the down, strange, and bottom quarks have a charge -1/3 that of a proton.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/quantumquantity.html (688 words)

	number theory and quantum mechanics
		By far, the most active area of research linking QM and number theory is the work concerning the 'spectral interpretation' of the Riemann zeta zeros, suggesting a possible approach to the Riemann hypothesis involving quantum chaos.
		We proceed with a fractal supersymmetric quantum mechanical (SUSY-QM) model to implement the Hilbert-Pólya proposal to prove the RH by postulating a Hermitian operator that reproduces all the $\lambda_n$'s for its spectrum.
		Quantum inverse scattering methods related to a fractal potential given by a Weierstrass function (continuous but nowhere differentiable) are applied to the analog of the fractal analog of the CBC (Comtet-Bandrauk-Campbell) formula in SUSY QM.
	www.maths.ex.ac.uk /~mwatkins/zeta/qm-general.htm (5671 words)

	Quantum Tea » Blog Archive » Pentaquark (particle physics 101)
		Quarks seem to like prime number combinations, two, three, and now five quarks combine into one subatomic particle, Behold the pentaquark.
		Mesons are hadrons made from an even number of quark-antiquark pairs, baryons are hadrons made from three quarks, like neutrons and protons.
		Strange, charm, top, and bottom are pretty rare, and the top quark is a monster heavier than a gold atom.
	www.quantumtea.com /blog/?p=412 (611 words)

	Nuclear Science Glossary
		The number of electrons is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus.
		The mass number and the atomic number are unchanged.
		muon number: Additive quantum number characterizing muons and muon neutrinos.
	www.lbl.gov /abc/wallchart/glossary/glossary.html (2684 words)

	CLASS NOTES
		The rules of quantum mechanics and Einstein's theory of special relativity are the foundation of the modern theory which is called the Standard Model of particles and interactions.
		Quantum mechanics, as we saw, describes the fact that some things at the atomic and subatomic level come in descrete bundles, or quanta.
		Another important quantum-mechanical effect which determines properties of aggregates of particles is related to the "spin" quantum number of particles.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /AnS/physics/panvini/p110b/lecture36.html (1477 words)

	DVD Verdict Review - Quantum Leap: The Complete Second Season
		Quantum Leap is a show that was, if you'll excuse the pun, a little out of step with the times.
		In particular, the two recurring leads, Scott Bakula and Dean Stockwell, carried the burden of whether the show would sink or swim, based on their performances, believability as characters, and proficiency with the scientific aspects of the story.
		Quantum Leap has never looked this good, and the effort to preserve the original opening sequences is a great improvement over the generic syndication release that anyone who didn't record the original broadcast episodes has had to deal with for the past ten years.
	www.dvdverdict.com /reviews/quantumleapseason2.php (2224 words)

	Quantum Field Theory
		Quantum field theory can be developed by adopting the path integral formulism as mentioned earlier, or by combining the field equation with canonical quantization as shown in the next sub-topic.
		Quantum electrodynamics, or QED, is a quantum theory of the interactions of charged particles with the electromagnetic field.
		In quantum theory, the interaction between an electron and a magnetic field can be portrayed by the Feynman diagram in Figure 08a, which shows a photon from the magnetic field is absorbed by the electron and thus altered its trajectory.
	www.universe-review.ca /R15-12-QFT.htm (12634 words)

	Charm
		Charm, a number of socially desirable characteristics, from courtesy and wit to sexiness and charisma
		Charm, a decorative pendant or trinket worn on a charm bracelet
		Charms, a pseudonymous spelling of Russian poet Daniil Kharms
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/charm.html (205 words)

	[No title]
		A quantum mechanical quantity which describes the excess of protons or neutrons in a nuclear system.
		One of a set of numbers used to describe the orbit and energy of an electron.
		A mathematical abstraction which can be used to find the probability of a quantum event such as electron position, energy, or momentum.
	www.lycoming.edu /astr-phy/modern.htm (849 words)

	Elementary Particle Physics Glossary
		The quantum number that determines participation in h2 interactions.
		In other words, flavour is the quantum number that distinguishes the different quark/lepton types.
		A hadron made from an even number of quark constituents The basic structure of most mesons is one quark and one antiquark.
	hepwww.ph.qmw.ac.uk /epp/glossary.html (2080 words)

	Pure Content
		Number 8 fencing wire was the only material they had in abundance.
		Over time, the Number 8 wire came to epitomise a culture of adaptability and creativity, a 'can-do spirit' of which the Kiwis are proud.
		As the number of searchable books increases, it will become possible to trace the appearance of people and events in published literature and to follow the most digressive pathways of our collective intellectual life.
	www.purecontent.blogspot.com (7808 words)

	Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics and String Theories - Part 2
		"...conventional formulations of quantum theory, and of quantum field theory in particular, are unprofessionally vague and ambiguous.
		The first charge against 'measurement', in the fundamental axioms of quantum mechanics, is that it anchors the shifty split of the world into 'system' and 'apparatus'.
		They vibrate and each type of vibration is characterized by a number which we otherwise know as a quantum number (such as spin or mass).
	samvak.tripod.com /string02.html (1737 words)

	STATEMENT OF EDUCATIONAL POLICY
		On the whole, the Bible is read sympathetically by a larger number of tutors and students than twenty five years ago.
		It seems that the project of the upper level physics sequence, which is distributed across the mathematics tutorial and the laboratory, is to see the preparation and realization of the Newtonian synthesis, and the unravelling of that synthesis.
		The question is how comprehensive such insight has to be at this stage of a liberal education, which is, after all, a life long project, and one that the College only begins.
	www.charm.net /~bfant/johnny/sep99.html (6335 words)

	chapters10 and 11
		(The number to the upper left of an atomic symbol is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons, i.e.
		10-5, a schematic version of the periodic chart of the nuclei, stability is characterized by a diagonal "valley" in a table plotting the number of neutrons in a nucleus horizontally (roughly proportional to the mass of the nucleus) and the number of protons vertically (the electric charge).
		This, a third generalized electric charge, named "charm", transformed all of the 2D charts into 3 dimensional periodic tables of mesons and baryons, with the charm quantum number providing the third axis.
	physics.bu.edu /cc104/chapters10and11.html (6177 words)

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