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	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Czechoslovakia / Appendix D
		Charter 77 indicts the government for violations of human rights provisions in the nation's 1960 Constitution and in various treaties and covenants of which Czechoslovakia is a signatory.
		Charter 77 is not an organization; it has no rules, permanent bodies or formal membership.
		By its symbolic name Charter 77 denotes that it has come into being at the start of a year proclaimed as Political Prisoners' Year--a year in which a conference in Belgrade is due to review the implementation of the obligations assumed at Helsinki.
	memory.loc.gov /frd/cs/czechoslovakia/cs_appnd.html (1162 words)

	Charter 77: Just the facts... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Charter 77 criticized the government for failing to implement human rights provisions of a number of documents it had signed, including the Czechoslovak Constitution, the Final Act of the 1975 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Basket III of the Helsinki Accords), and United Nations covenants on political, civil, economic, and cultural rights.
		The government's reaction to the appearance of Charter 77, which circulated in samizdat (A system of clandestine printing and distribution of dissident or banned literature) form within Czechoslovakia and was published in full in various foreign newspapers, was harsh.
		The treatment of the signers of Charter 77 prompted the creation in April 1978 of a support group, the Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Persecuted (Výbor na obranu nespravedlivě stíhaných--VONS), to publicize the fate of those associated with the charter.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/charter_77.htm (324 words)

	Encyclopedia: Charter 77 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Charter 77 (Charta 77 in Czech and in Slovak) was an informal civic initiative in Czechoslovakia from 1977 to 1992, named after the document Charter 77 from January 1977.
		The Charter 77 (Charta 77 in Czech and in
		By its symbolic name Charter 77 denotes that it has come into being at the start of a year proclaimed as the Year of Political Prisoners, a year in which a conference in Belgrade is due to review the implementation of the obligations assumed at Helsinki.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Charter-77 (473 words)

	Charter 97: Belarusians similar to Czechs will Wait for the Changes to Come :: Charter'97 :: News :: 10/01/2007
		The Charter 77 was signed by such persons as Vaclav Havel and Pavel Kohout, playwrights, Irgi Nemec, a philosopher, Pavel Landovsky, an actor, Jan Patočka, a professor, Ivan Klima and Ludwig Vaculik, writers, Piotr Ugle, a journalist and others –totally around 250 people.
		When in Czechoslovakia the Charter 77 appeared for protection of the Czech rock-musicians, the Charter 97 in Belarus was initiated by the journalists.
		Both the Charter’97 and the Charter 77 were opposed by the anticharters The anticharter in Belarus was initiated by Viktar Chykin the –then communist leader.
	www.charter97.org /eng/news/2007/01/10/peremeny (852 words)

	charter - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Charter, document conferring rights or privileges on an individual or a group of people.
		Charter 77, human rights movement active in Czechoslovakia from 1977 to 1990.
		Supporters of Charter 77 called for greater civil and political...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /charter.html (140 words)

	CNN Cold War - Historical Documents: Manifesto of Charter 77
		It is this sense of co-responsibility, our belief in the importance of its conscious public acceptance and the general need to give it new and more effective expression that led us to the idea of creating Charter 77, whose inception we today publicly announce.
		Charter 77 springs from a background of friendship and solidarity among people who share our concern for those ideals that have inspired, and continue to inspire, their lives and their work.
		By its symbolic name Charter 77 denotes that it has come into being at the start of a year proclaimed as Political Prisoners' Year -- a year in which a conference in Belgrade is due to review the implementation of the obligations assumed at Helsinki.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/19/documents/charter.77 (1139 words)

	VIETNAM Charter 77 backs Vietnam dissidents - Asia News
		Asia News VIETNAM Charter 77 backs Vietnam dissidents Vietnam charter 77 regime communist totalitarian respect human rights democracy dissidents Havel In an open letter, signatories of the historic Czechoslovak document, expressed their support for the non-violent struggle of Vietnamese dissidents for pluralism and respect for human rights.
		The Charter 77 signatories wrote: "We highly appreciate your brave statement and we know you are aware that you risk persecution by the authorities.
		Charter 77 was established in 1976 by people of different convictions, beliefs and professions, with the aim of promoting respect for human rights in then Communist Czechoslovakia and elsewhere.
	www.asianews.it /view.php?l=en&art=6347 (687 words)

	AllRefer.com - Czechoslovakia - Charter 77 \| Czech Republic Information Resource
		Charter 77 criticized the government for failing to implement human rights provisions of a number of documents it had signed, including the Czechoslovak Constitution, the Final Act of the 1975 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Basket III of the Helsinki Accords), and United Nations covenants on political, civil, economic, and cultural rights.
		The government's reaction to the appearance of Charter 77, which circulated in samizdat form within Czechoslovakia and was published in full in various foreign newspapers, was harsh (see Police Repression, ch.
		The treatment of the signers of Charter 77 prompted the creation in April 1978 of a support group, the Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Persecuted (Vybor na obranu nespravedlive stihanych--VONS), to publicize the fate of those associated with the charter.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/czechoslovakia/czechoslovakia115.html (401 words)

	Charter Schools in Pennsylvania - FAQ's
		A: Charter schools enable communities to provide new and vibrant opportunities for their students and allow schools to operate without many of the costly and stifling mandates that hinder creativity and innovation in public education.
		In order to file an appeal, charter applicants must obtain the signatures of at least 2% of the adult residents of the school district or of 1,000 residents, whichever is less.
		A: Every employee of the charter school shall be provided the same health care benefits as the employee would be provided if he or she were an employee of the local district.
	www.voyagercharterschool.com /faq2.html (1457 words)

	Charter 77 After 30 Years
		January 6, 1977: “The Charter 77 Declaration” was unsuccessfully presented to the Czechoslovak authorities, and the would-be presenters were detained by the secret police.
		INR reports that Charter 77 spokesman Jaroslav Šabata was arrested in connection with his efforts to organize cooperation between the Czechoslovak and Polish dissidents.
		Charter activities are said to have focused Western attention on the repressive character of the Czechoslovak regime.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB213/index.htm (2680 words)

	25th anniversary of Charter 77 celebrated at Senate - 30-01-2002 - Radio Prague
		In light of the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Charter 77 human rights manifesto, a ceremony was held at the Czech Senate on Tuesday.
		Charter 77 signatories who are now senior political figures used the evening to thank those who helped, but did not sign, the charter.
		The Charter 77 was extremely diverse as far as political views were concerned but in spite of this fact the cohesion of the charter was very strong and this feeling after twelve years after the revolution this atmosphere prevails until today.
	www.radio.cz /en/article/25470 (824 words)

	Charter 77 - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Charter 77 - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		In January 1977 several prominent Czech intellectuals signed and published a manifesto announcing the formation of Charter 77, a 'loose, informal,...
		Seifert's work became enormously popular in Czechoslovakia for its simplicity and warmth, and for the way it celebrated the culture and architecture...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Charter_77.html (105 words)

	Charter 77 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Charter 77 is not an organisation; it has no rules, permanent bodies or formal membership.
		By its symbolic name Charter 77 denotes that it has come into being at the start of a year proclaimed as the Year of Political Prisoners, a year in which a conference in Belgrade is due to review the implementation of the obligations assumed at Helsinki.
		As signatories, we hereby authorise Professor Dr Jan Patočka, Václav Havel and Professor Jiří Hajek to act as the spokesmen for the Charter.
	mujweb.atlas.cz /kultura/riverman/charter77.html (1089 words)

	Sailing Wally 77.4 Carrera - Mediterranean luxury crewed sailboat yacht
		The Wally 77 Carrera is no different and she makes and excellent stylish sailing charter yacht.
		There is a maneuvering area which is positioned aft of the charter guest social area which is amidships.
		The yacht charters and their particulars displayed in the results above are displayed in good faith and whilst believed to be correct are not guaranteed.
	www.charterworld.com /?sub=yacht-charter&charter=wally--carrera-292 (548 words)

	Czech Republic/Slovakia: Text Of Charter 77 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Charter 77 was a petition calling on Czechoslovakia's communist authorities to respect the international human rights agreements they had signed.
		Charter 77 is not an organisation; it has no rules.
		As signatories, we hereby authorise Professor Dr Jan Patocka, Vaclav Havel and Professor Jiri Hajek to act as the spokesmen for the Charter.
	plato.acadiau.ca /COURSES/POLS/Grieve/3593/Czech/Charter77.html (1169 words)

	RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Czechs are quietly marking the 25th anniversary of the seminal Charter 77 human rights document, a petition that called on the country's Communist authorities to respect Czechoslovakia's constitution and the international accords on human rights that the country had signed.
		Charter 77 and its offspring, a human rights monitoring group that called itself the Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Persecuted (VONS), served Czechoslovakia's human rights activists as a beacon for 13 years until the collapse of Communist power.
		This means, for example, the significance to society of [the] Charter cannot be measured by some curve showing a rising number of signatories or by some direct political impact -- that the government would submit to a dialogue with [the] Charter and discuss or respond to its proposals.
	www.rferl.org /features/2002/01/08012002084055.asp (1248 words)

	World: 30 Years On, Czechs Barely Notch Charter 77 Anniversary - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Charter 77 text criticized the communist government for failing to implement human rights provisions of agreements it itself had signed.
		The restaurant story served as a sort of symbolic backdrop to the lack of ceremony, official or other, to mark the Charter 77 anniversary and its alter ego -- the anniversary, three weeks later, of the communist government’s reaction to the manifesto.
		“[Charter 77] reminds [Czechs] more of their past, which perhaps most people are not very proud of,” says Machacek, who signed Charter 77 himself in 1988.
	www.rferl.org /featuresarticle/2007/1/5b6e8a19-58cb-4bbb-91fa-056f9e242eef.html (1034 words)

	An Annotated List of Charter 77 Documents (1977-1986)
		Charter 77 is a sort of citizens' initiative, an expression of civic responsibility, an open and informal fellowship or community.
		As of October 1978 though, Charter 77 started publishing a series of documents containing the viewpoints of individuals or groups of authors, sometimes from outside the Charter circle, that would otherwise stand no chance of being published.
		Appended to it was a document signed by 43 Charter signatories presenting views said to have "originated within the framework of Charter 77" on European security and cooperation (2,070 words) as well as Charter 77 Document No. 7/86 ("Space for the Younger Generation").
	files.osa.ceu.hu /holdings/300/8/3/text/23-6-30.shtml (10832 words)

	Dolejsi Analysis-1
		Charter 77 was run by roughly 70 to 85 people, with a core of 42 speakers who took turns at the helm during Charter 77’s existence.
		Charter 77’s mission was to create an anti-communist concentration of “suitable” people who would assure that the changes in Eastern Europe would be controlled changes, orchestrated for the sake of the international communist struggle, which involves all communist parties, programs and front groups.
		Imprisoned Charter 77 members were, through this process, operating under strict discipline, required by circumstances for advancing an international propaganda campaign assisted by foreign broadcasts and later by diplomats of countries allied with the United States.
	www.jrnyquist.com /dolejsi_analysis-1.htm (2252 words)

	Communism "collapsed" by communists
		In his analysis, former political prisoner of communism [18.5 years in prison] Miroslav Dolejsi points out that communism in Czechoslovakia hasn't collapsed, and that the whole theatrical dismantling of communism was done by the communists themselves, planned and successfully implemented by the KGB and her sister services.
		Financial support for Charter 77 operations, including support for the leadership's personal needs, was arranged through the Charter 77 Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden, by Soviet Academician Ernest Kolmann's son-in-law, Frantisek Janouch, formerly involved in Soviet Nuclear Research.
		Charter 77 was not only able to exist inside the communist Czechoslovakia, but its members were able to publish their opinions, publications and proclamations, and the communist regime was only too tolerant to these otherwise unheard off activities.
	www.anti-communistanalyst.com /05192004.html (2440 words)

	Dolejsi Analysis-2
		This was problematic because Charter 77 insiders conducted the investigation and presented the BBC documentary’s interpretation of the “Velvet Revolution” as accurate.
		The Charter 77 elite could still be regarded as something it is not [i.e., a genuine anti-communist movement].
		That is not acceptable to the foreign [socialist] sponsors of Charter 77 who were building it up for 13 years and had no replacement organization acceptable to the Russians.
	www.jrnyquist.com /dolejsi_analysis-2.htm (1723 words)

	The Next Hurrah: Charter 77 Turns 30
		The National Security Archive put together an online briefing book for the thirtieth anniversary of Charter 77, which reminded me of some of the things the dissidents behind the Charter were trying to do.
		The Charter was a collective affirmation--each member voiced their support of the movement, but there was no attempt to make that mean anything more than it was, vocal support for the principles espoused, individuals voicing something in a collectivity.
		I remember when the French philosopher, Jacques Derrida, visiting Praque in 1982 to meet with Charter 77, only to be busted on a drug charge when he was heading back to Paris (the drugs having been planted in his suitcase, of course, by the Czech secret police).
	thenexthurrah.typepad.com /the_next_hurrah/2007/01/charter_77_turn.html (2564 words)

	Ambassador Martin Palous -- 30 Years after Charter 77: Jan Patocka's Socratic Message for the 21st Century : The ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Czech philosopher Jan Patocka was the spiritual leader of the Charter 77 dissident movement in the former socialist Czechoslovakia.
		Thirty years after Charter 77, Patocka’s arguments on human rights have not lost significance and power in the context of contemporary political thought and jurisprudence.
		Palouš was one of the first signatories of Charter 77 and served as spokesman for this dissident human rights group in 1986.
	www.watsoninstitute.org /events_detail.cfm?id=872 (671 words)

	Chapter 16-77 - Index of Sections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		§ 16-77-3 Commissioner of elementary and secondary education and local school committee authorized to recommend the granting of a charter.
		§ 16-77-4.1 Establishing a charter public school within a school district.
		§ 16-77-4.2 Establishing a charter public school at a newly created school.
	www.rilin.state.ri.us /Statutes/TITLE16/16-77/INDEX.HTM (78 words)

	Charter 77: Memories should be rekindled
		Yes, there’ve been media articles and short public television documentaries, but in general Charter 77 is largely ignored.
		Certainly as far as Charter 77 is concerned, we can start by saying the signatories themselves should not be the ones organizing memorial events.
		How ironic that former charter signatory and ex-minister Vladimir Mlynář is being sent to jail by a “democratic” court.
	www.cbw.cz /phprs/2007020511.html (512 words)

	The women of Charter 77 - 05-01-2007 - Radio Prague (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Charter 77 signatory Vera Roubalova says the decision to sign the document was one she made with no regret:
		Under an organised campaign against Charter 77 signatories, husbands were imprisoned and wives were detained for hours, often sexually harassed and beaten.
		These were people who did not sign the charter for various reasons but were still there with us and that was extremely important for us.
	www.radio.cz /en/article/86929 (989 words)

	Charter 77 in Czechoslovakia
		This essay sites the Czechoslovakian dissidents who signed the Charter 77 petition as an example of how individuals can change history when they stand up for what they believe.
		Charter 77 was a petition drawn up by a few Czechoslovakian writers and intellectuals.
		A brief history of the Charter 77 group.
	www.fragmentsweb.org /fourtx/powonetx.html (635 words)

	Representative Christopher H. Smith - (NJ04) - Rep. Smith's Congressional Record Statement In Honor of Vaclav Havel and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		We traveled there just ten years after the Charter 77 movement had been formed and, amazingly, in spite of persecution and imprisonment, they had managed to publish 350 documents during its first ten years.
		In spite of this, our delegation was able to meet with several other Charter 77 signatories and sympathizers: Libuse Silhanova, Josef Vohryzek, Father Vaclav Maly, Zdenek Urbanek, and Rita Klimova.
		Libuse Silhanova, then serving as a Charter 77 spokesperson, described her fellow Chartists as “ordinary people who happen to be part of a movement.” For a group of “ordinary people,” they certainly accomplished extraordinary things.
	www.house.gov /list/press/nj04_smith/vaclavhavel.html (808 words)

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