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	Magna Carta
		The charter of liberties granted by King John of England in 1215 and confirmed with modifications by Henry III in 1216, 1217, and 1225.
		Reactionary the charter certainly was; in many respects it was a protest against the system established by Henry II, and, even when it adopted some of the results of his reign such as the possessory assizes and the distinction between greater and lesser barons, it neglected the latest constitutional developments.
		It is indeed manifest that the charter could not have been a final settlement; it was accepted as such by neither extreme party, and even before the gathering at Runnymede had separated, the archbishop had grown suspicious of the executive committee of twenty-five.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/m/magna_carta.html (1978 words)

	Magna Carta - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Charter was seen as important as a statement as to the antiquity of Parliament; not, as could rightfully be claimed, because it was the catalyst to the genesis of Parliament but wrongly as proof of Parliament being pre-Norman.
		Many reformists agreed that The Charter was a statement of the liberties of the mythical and immemorial golden age, but there was a popular movement to have a holiday to commemorate the signing of The Charter in a similar way to the American 4th of July holiday; however, very few went as far as Sharp.
		With the popular movements being in favour of the liberties of The Charter, and Parliament trying to establish their own sovereignty there needed to be some sort of action in order to swing the balance in favour of one or the other.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Magna_Carta (7692 words)

	Connecticut's Heritage Gateway
		The challenge to Connecticut's charter liberties occurred when England was ruled by the authoritarian James II (1685-1688), and the English government made a concerted effort to consolidate its rule over the American Colonies.
		When the Charter was brought out and placed on a table, the lights were suddenly extinguished and the precious Charter secreted in the Charter Oak.
		Fitch took the lead in the effort to restore the old charter government and called for new elections to be held in Hartford on May 9, 1689, to rid the colony of those who had surrendered too easily and accepted positions offered by Andros.
	www.ctheritage.org /encyclopedia/ctto1763/dominionne.htm (457 words)

	Thomas Dongan
		Thus to Dongan's term as governor can be dated the Magna Charta of American constitutional liberties, for his system of government became the programme of continuous political agitation by the colonists of New York Province during the eighteenth century.
		Moreover, a rare tribute to his genius, the government imposed by him on New York Province, 1683, was adopted by England after the American War of Independence as the framework of her colonial policy, and constitutes the present form of government in Canada, Australia, and the Transvaal.
		In 1686 he granted charters to the cities of New York and Albany; the former remained unchanged for 135 years and forms the basis of the existing city government; the latter was superseded only in 1870, notwithstanding the extraordinary development in civil and political institutions.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/d/dongan,thomas.html (996 words)

	The Magna Carta 1215
		And the city of London shall have all it ancient liberties and free customs, as well by land as by water; furthermore, we decree and grant that all other cities, boroughs, towns, and ports shall have all their liberties and free customs.
		Moreover, all these aforesaid customs and liberties, the observances of which we have granted in our kingdom as far as pertains to us towards our men, shall be observed b all of our kingdom, as well clergy as laymen, as far as pertains to them towards their men.
		All those, moveover, in the land who of themselves and of their own accord are unwilling to swear to the twenty five to help them in constraining and molesting us, we shall by our command compel the same to swear to the effect foresaid.
	www.constitution.org /eng/magnacar.htm (1800 words)

	Dale`s Home page
		English GREAT CHARTER, the charter of English liberties granted by King John in 1215 under threat of civil war and reissued with alterations in 1216, 1217, and 1225.
		Thus the charter of 1225, again reissued by Henry III in 1264 and "inspected" and enrolled on his new statute rolls by Edward I in 1297, gradually became less a statement of current law than a source book of basic principles.
		Durham Cathedral possesses the charters of 1216, 1217, and 1225.
	www.veling.nl /anne/templars/magnacarta.htm (784 words)

	The Charter Oak
		So, after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, when Connecticut decided to request a charter of liberties such as the other colonies had, Winthrop the Younger was chosen to carry the petition to Charles II, son of Charles I, who had been beheaded by Cromwell.
		The monarch was upset by the number and variety of rights granted to the people by their separate charters, and wanted to bring all of the colonies together under a consolidated patent which made it unequivocally clear that the word of the King of England was law.
		On the day the Charter Oak fell, an honor guard was placed around the remains, Colt's Band of Hartford played a funeral dirge, an American flag was attached to the shattered trunk and, at sunset, all of the bells of Hartford sounded in mourning knell.
	www.curbstone.org /index.cfm?webpage=78 (2346 words)

	In the Meadow That Is Called Runnymede (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Lord Acton, the great historian of freedom, understood that "liberty is the delicate fruit of a mature civilization." The liberty of which he spoke embraced a broad scope of human freedom, including dimensions political, intellectual, economic, and, especially, religious.
		This pulpiteering family claimed that "Christian liberties and all English liberties" were guaranteed by precedential documents, not by the changing whim of rulers.
		The rule of law and the idea that even the king is accountable to the same law as his subjects form one of the cornerstones of the free society and, as the history of the Magna Carta’s influence demonstrates, one of the primary bulwarks against tyranny.
	www.acton.org /publicat/randl/article.php?id=343 (1746 words)

	Florilegium urbanum - Constitution - Charter granted by Henry II to Oxford
		Namely, a merchant gild with all liberties and customs, in lands, woods, pastures and other appurtenances; with the condition that anyone not belonging to their gild may not trade in any merchandize in the city or its suburb, unless he was accustomed to in the time of my grandfather, King Henry.
		As one of the earlier grants to boroughs it, like Richard I's charter to Northampton in 1189 (and yet unlike Henry's charter to Nottingham, further afield), prescribed London as the model on which to draft new laws, or even to alter existing local customs.
		It is evident then that we cannot rely solely on royal charters to fully portray the state of local organization or government, nor should we expect to.
	www.trytel.com /~tristan/towns/florilegium/government/gvcons02.html (682 words)

	Charter of Privileges
		William Penn, Charter of Privileges for the Province of Pennsylvania, 1701
		On October 28, 1701, during his second, and last, visit to the colony, Penn signed his Charter of Privileges, formally establishing a stable frame of government that for its day, was remarkable liberal.
		The following text is taken from the copy of the Charter of Privileges donated to the Society by Joseph Anthony in February, 1812, through the agency of Benjamin Smith Barton, William Tilghman, Peter Stephen Duponceau, and James Gibson.
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/exhibits/treasures/charter.htm (418 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Magna Carta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The charter of liberties wrested from King John of England at Runnymede by the revolting barons, June 1215.
		Pope Innocent III annulled the Charter, suspended Langton, and excommunicated the barons.
		The suspension of Langton was lifted, a papal legate sanctioned the reissue of the Charter, 1216 and 1217, and violations of the Charter were punished by ecclesiastical censures.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd04969.htm (313 words)

	ADDENDUM
		Title for the land was transferred to the states and then ceded by Charter to the federal government under Cestui que trust, but the contracted debt and obligation of the Colonial Charters, and the 1213 Charter could not be negated.
		As he is at liberty, too, either to buy, or not to buy, as he pleases, it must be his own fault if he ever suffers any considerable inconveniency from such taxes.
		After the 1213 Charter made the Pope Contracting party, he and the monarchs of Europe declared in this treaty that representative governments were an enemy to the Catholic Church and the monarchies of the earth.
	www.civil-liberties.com /books/colony30y.html (12126 words)

	Featured Document: The Magna Carta
		This reaffirmation of a supreme law and its expression in a general charter is the great work of Magna Carta; and this alone justifies the respect in which men have held it.
		The conceptual debt to the great charter is particularly obvious: the American Constitution is "the Supreme Law of the Land," just as the rights granted by Magna Carta were not to be arbitrarily canceled by subsequent English laws.
		Magna Carta is a charter of ancient liberties guaranteed by a king to his subjects; the Constitution of the United States is the establishment of a government by and for "We the People."
	www.archives.gov /exhibits/featured_documents/magna_carta (440 words)

	Camelot Village: Britain's Heritage and History
		One phrase of the charter - 'to no one will we sell, deny or delay right or justice' - established principles which are still the basis of natural justice in England and many other countries.
		The barons had the Charter reissued, and in 1225 it became the law of England.
		The Charter stated that the king could continue to rule, but must keep to the laws of the land and could be compelled to do so.
	www.camelotintl.com /world/02john.html (404 words)

	The Avalon Project : The Charter or Fundamental Laws, of West New Jersey, Agreed Upon - 1676
		CHAPTER XV That these Concessions, law or great charter of fundamentals, be recorded in a fair table.
		But that all and every such person, and persons may from time to time, and at all times, freely and fully have, and enjoy his and their judgments, and the exercises of their consciences in matters of religious worship throughout all the said Province.
		And in case of their neglect and refusal, that then one of the twelve, by consent of the rest, pronounce their own judgment as the justices should have done.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/states/nj05.htm (180 words)

	1st N.Y. Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This charter was suspended in 1685 but was essentially re-enacted by the charter of 1691 which remained, in principle, the Constitution for the Colony until the American Revolution in 1776.
		THAT Noe freeman shall be taken and imprisoned or be disseized of his ffreehold or Libertye or ffree Customes or be outlawed or Exiled or any other wayes destroyed nor shall be passed upon adjudged or condemned But by the Law-full judgment of his peers and by the Law of this province.
		ALL Tryalls shall be by the verdict of tivelve men, and as neer as may be peers or Equalls And of the neighbourhood and in the County Shire or Division where the fact Shall arise or grow Whether the Same be by Indictment Infermacon Declaracon or otherwise against the person Offender or Defendant.
	www.montauk.com /history/seeds/charter.htm (2183 words)

	An Essay on the Trial by Jury, Chapter XI ....Lysander Spooner, 1852
		And the principal benefit of the charter was, that it contained a written description and acknowledgment, by the king himself, of what the constitutional law of the kingdom was, which his coronation oath bound him to observe.
		Of the Great Charter, the trial by jury is the vital part, and the only part that places the liberties of the people in their own keeping.
		He might as well have pretended that the original grant of the Charter was an "act of parliament;" because it was not only granted at the request, and with the consent, and by the advice, but on the compulsion even, of those who commonly constituted his parliaments.
	www.barefootsworld.net /trial11.html (4430 words)

	Citizens for Legitimate Government, Bush Election Coup 2000 2K anti political action liberties peace activist
		This shall be the first amendment to the Charter of Citizens for Legitimate Government, as appended to our web page at http://www.legitgov.org.
		The only requirement to work with the CLG, as a member or another group, is the desire to stop the George W. Bush mis-ministration, and to work within the said charter of inclusiveness.
		Behavior that indicates an unwillingness to work within this inclusive coalition, either by a demonstrated unwillingness to work with or accept members because of party affiliation or lack thereof, or by a demonstrated verbal hostility to these members or their parties, will be not be tolerated.
	www.legitgov.org /charter.html (530 words)

	HistoryWiz: The Colony of Georgia
		There were originally twenty one trustees named in the 1732 charter "The Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia".
		The liberties of Englishmen were guaranteed to the colonies, and freedom in religion to all except Catholics.
		The trustees were unable to establish self-government and gave up before the 21 year charter had expired.
	www.historywiz.com /georgia.htm (708 words)

	Congressman Joe Pitts' Kids Page
		Eighteen years later, William Penn issued a "Charter of Privileges" which for the first time in American history used the law to guarantee freedom of religion.
		The Charter was written in the kind of English they used 300 years ago, so it's a little hard to read.
		Charter of Privileges Granted by William Penn, esq.
	www.house.gov /pitts/kids/kids-cit-penncharter.htm (438 words)

	An Essay on the Trial by Jury, Chapter II ....Lysander Spooner, 1852
		The king also, by the charter, so far absolved all the people of the kingdom from their allegiance to him, as to authorize and require them to swear to obey the twenty-five barons, in case they should make war upon the king for infringement of the charter.
		This charter, in its most essential features, and without any abatement as to the trial by jury, has since been confirmed more than thirty times; and the people of England have always had a traditionary idea that it was of some value as a guaranty against oppression.
		Christian speaks of this charter as settling the true meaning of the corresponding clause of Magna Carta, on the principle that laws and charters on the same subject are to be construed with reference to each other.
	www.barefootsworld.net /trial02.html (10432 words)

	The Avalon Project : Penn's Charter of Libertie - April 25, 1682
		THAT-The Laws so prepared and proposed as aforesaid that are Assented to by the General Assembly shall be Enrolled as Laws of the province with this stile by the Governour with the Assent and Approbation of the ffreemen in Provincial Council and General Assembly.
		THAT-as often as any day of the month mentoned in any Article of this Charter shall fall on the First day of the Week commonly called the Lord's day the Business appointed for that day shall be differred till the next day unless in Case of Emergency.
		IN WITNESS whereof I the said William Penn have unto this present Charter of Liberties Set my hand and Broad Seal this ffive and Twentieth day of the Second Month vulgarly called April in the year of our Lord One Thousand Six Hundred Eighty and Two.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/states/pa03.htm (749 words)

	Our Laws - The Magna Carta - What is the Magna Carta? - Chapter - 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This "Great Charter," as it is translated from the Latin, was not in King John's best interests.
		Nor was it the original thought of the barons who forced it on him.
		The Magna Carta was copied, nearly word for word, from "The Charter of Liberties of Henry I," an earlier charter from an earlier king granting civil liberties to the English nobility.
	www.lawbuzz.com /ourlaws/magna_carta/magna_what.htm (136 words)

	Magna Carta
		With the document's perceived protected status broken, in one hundred and fifty years nearly the whole charter was repealed, leaving just Clauses 1, 13, 39, and 40 still in force after the Statute Law (Repeals) Act was passed in 1969.
		The Commons were incensed at this abuse of The Charter and accused him of “endangering the liberties of the people”.
		The fight for the Charter was misplaced and it was merely the idea of the liberties which were supposedly enshrined in The Charter that people were fighting for.
	www.danceage.com /biography/sdmc_Magna_Carta (9185 words)

	Magna Charta Barons & King John
		The Barons had sworn an oath that they would compel the King to confirm their liberties or they would wage war agaist him to the death.
		Theirs was a holy crusade agaist John to recover the liberties their forefathers had enjoyed and to restore the good old customs violated by an oppressive and mercenary ruler.
		Liberty is the keynote of the Charter, to have and to hold, to them and their heirs, for ever!
	pages.prodigy.net /reed_wurts/magnacharta/magchrt.htm (312 words)

	Charter of Liberties and English History
		With this charter, granted by Henry when he ascended the throne, the king formally bound himself to the laws, setting the stage for the rule of law and constitutionalism.
		The Charter of Liberties inspired those who compelled King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 and served as the model for that great document.
		Henry, king of the English, to Bishop Samson and Urso de Abetot and all his barons and faithful, both French and English, of Worcestershire, [copies were sent to all the shires] greeting.
	www.webmesh.co.uk /charterofliberties.htm (789 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Confirmation of the Charters, 1297
		And we will that if any judgment be given from henceforth, contrary to the points of the charters aforesaid, by the justices or by any other our ministers that hold plea before them against the points of the charters, it shall be undone and holden for naught.
		And we will that the same charters shall be sent under our seal to cathedral churches throughout our realm, and there remain, and shall be read before the people twice in the year.
		And that the said curses be twice a year denounced and published by the prelates aforesaid.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/conf-charters.html (438 words)

	THE MAGNA CARTA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		We have granted also, and given to all the freemen of our realm, for us and our Heirs for ever, these liberties underwritten, to have and to hold to them and their Heirs, of us and our Heirs for ever.
		And if they will, they shall have the lands and rents of the debtor, until they be satished of that which they before paid for him, except that the debtor can show himself to be acquitted against the said sureties.
		And for this our Gift and Grant of these Liberties, and of other contained in our Charter of Liberties of our Forest, the Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Priors, Earls, Barons, Knights, Freeholders, and other our Subjects, have given unto us the Fifteenth Part of all their Moveables.
	home.att.net /~duchessedalbany/MagnaCarta.htm (1951 words)

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