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Topic: Charter of the French Language

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Bill 101

Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms

Bilingualism in Canada

French language

Quebec French

Quebec general election, 1976

Swiss French

African French

Children of Bill 101

Quebecois French

Languages of France

Cajun French

Quebec

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	Wikipedia: French language
		French is the 11th most spoken language in the world, spoken by about 77 million people as a mother tongue, and 128 million including second language speakers, in 1999.
		French is one of Canada's two official languages, with English; various provisions of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms deal with the right of Canadians to access services in English and French all across Canada.
		French is an official language of New Brunswick, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut, and is the sole official language of Quebec.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/f/fr/french_language.html (1247 words)

	French language - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		French (français, spelled françois until 1835, both pronounced [fʀɑ̃sɛ] in standard French, but often heard pronounced [fʀɑ̃se]), or French language (langue française, formerly langue françoise, both pronounced [lɑ̃g fʀɑ̃sɛz]), is the third of the Romance languages in terms of number of speakers, after Spanish and Portuguese.
		The earliest extant text in French is the Oath of Strasbourg from 842; Old French became a literary language with the chansons de geste that told tales of the paladins of Charlemagne and the heroes of the Crusades.
		French is an official language of New Brunswick, the Yukon Territory, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/French_language (3512 words)

	French language
		French is the 11th most spoken language in the world, spoken by about 77 million people (called Francophones) as a mother tongue, and 128 million including second language speakers, in 1999.
		French is an official language of New Brunswick, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut, and is the sole official language of Québec.
		French is written using the Latin alphabet, plus five diacritics (the circumflex accent, acute accent, grave accent, diaeresis, and cedilla) and a ligature (œ).
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/f/fr/french_language.html (2228 words)

	French language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		French is the 11th most spoken in the world spoken by about 77 people (called Francophones) as a mother tongue and 128 million including second language in 1999.
		For the of the French language the most important these groups are the Franks (northern France) the Alemanni (German/French border) the Burgundians (the Rhone valley) and the Visigoths (the Aquitaine region and Spain).
		French is one of Canada 's two official languages with English; various of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms deal with the right of Canadians access services in English and French all Canada.
	www.freeglossary.com /French_language (2313 words)

	Charter of the French Language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One of the Charter's objectives is to increase the knowledge of French among the immigrant population so that it integrates to the mainstream society of Quebec.
		Language in Canada is the responsibilty of the federal government and is defined nationally by the Official Languages Act and is part of the Canadian Constitution.
		The Liberal government of Robert Bourassa invoked the notwithstanding clause of the Constitution to temporarily overrule the Supreme court ruling; the Charter was subsequently amended by the Liberals in 1993 with Bill 86 in accordance with the ruling.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Charter_of_the_French_Language (2612 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In signs and posters of the civil administration, public signs and posters and posted commercial advertising that are both in French and in another language, French is markedly predominant where the text in French has a much greater visual impact than the text in the other language.
		French must be used exclusively for commercial advertising displayed on billboards, on signs with an area of 16 square meters or more and if it is visible from a public highway, and on public transportation and bus stops.
		The Charter requires that all written communication from an employer to its staff (not communications to individual employees) be in French.
	www.in2reach.com /charter.html (2921 words)

	A2Z Languages - French language programs - Canada - Country Guide - Living in French, Quebec
		Before the adoption of the French Language Charter, 80% of young allophones attended English schools; in 1995, 80% of primary 'foreign language' students are registered in French schools.
		Their mandate, received from the minister responsible for the French Language Charter, was to assess the French language situation in Quebec with respect to its enhancement and expansion.
		It encompasses French as the official language of Quebec and proclaims the fundamental linguistic rights of Quebecers as citizens, workers, consumers and students.
	www.a2zlanguages.com /canada/countryguide/french.htm (734 words)

	French language - Gurupedia
		England in 1066 the Normans brought their Norman language to England; the dialect which developed in the Norman realms as a language of administration and literature is referred to as
		From the 17th to the 19th centuries, French was the lingua franca of educated Europe, especially with regards to the arts and litterature, and monarchs such as Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia could both speak and write in French.
		French is an official language of New Brunswick, the Northwest Territories, and
	www.gurupedia.com /f/fr/french_language.htm (2304 words)

	Éducaloi - La loi vos droits - Citizens - Charter of the French Language
		The Charter of the French Language is a law that was adopted by the Quebec National Assembly in 1977.
		The choice of French or English in court procedures is a right that is enshrined in the 1867 Canadian Constitution, and this requirement has been included in the Charter of the French Language itself since 1993.
		As of October 1, 2002, the Office québécois de la langue française is responsible for enforcing the Charter of the French Language and its regulations.
	www.educaloi.qc.ca /en/loi/citizens/108 (786 words)

	McCarthy Tétrault LLP - Publications - Quebec to Amend the Charter of the French Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It is perhaps useful to recall that Charter amendments - always a controversial issue in Quebec - were promised by the present Quebec Government, which commissioned outside consultants to assist in evaluating the position of French in Quebec society, and to make recommendations based on their findings.
		If the Commission believes the Charter or a regulation thereunder has been contravened, it is mandated to give the alleged offender formal notice to comply, failing which the Commission may refer the matter to the Attorney-General for appropriate penal proceedings.
		Section 205 of the Charter provides for fines of $50 to $700 for individuals and $75 to $1,400 for others in the case of a first offence, which rise to $75 to $1,400 and $700 to $7,000 respectively for any subsequent offence.
	www.mccarthy.ca /pubs/publication.asp?pub_code=747 (1255 words)

	The Charter of the French language - Title 1 - Chapter VII
		Software can also be available in languages other than French, provides that the French version can be obtained on terms, except price where it reflects higher production costs, that are no less favourable and that it has technical characteristics that are at least equivalent.
		Every firm name that is not in French must be changed before 31 December 1980, unless the act under which the enterprise is incorporated does not allow it.
		A firm name may be accompanied with a version in a language other than French provided that, when it is used, the French version of the firm name appears at least as prominently.
	www.olf.gouv.qc.ca /english/charter/title1chapter7.html (731 words)

	MINELRES: United Nations Human Rights Committee - Communications Nos. 359/1989 and 385/1989
		an infraction of the Charter of the French Language.
		French may be used in public billposting and in commercial advertising outdoors.
		Charter of the French Language were declared to be of no force or effect.
	www.minelres.lv /un/cases/359_385_1989.htm (7496 words)

	CBC News Indepth: Bill 101
		Under the legislation, French became the official language of contracts, and corporations were forced to give themselves French names and to advertise primarily in French in Quebec.
		Language played a major role in the defeat of Bourassa's Liberals in 1976 and the election of Quebec's first separatist government.
		The language of instruction clause is considered the cornerstone of Bill 101, which has also been the source of some of the bitterest debates in Quebec politics for decades.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/bill101 (1231 words)

	French Language School Charter of Excellence
		The Student and Staff Charters further define the Code of Practice, of which they are an integral part.
		The Student Charter is to be displayed in its entirety in each school.
		The Staff Charter is to be displayed in its entirety in each school.
	www.learn-french.fr /excellence/Ref_eaquals.htm (441 words)

	The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter (BP194e) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 1993, when the notwithstanding clause reached the end of its five-year life, the Quebec National Assembly lifted the ban on English language signs and amended the law to require only that French be “markedly predominant.”(27) The amended legislation was not protected by a notwithstanding clause.
		The second use was by the Province of Saskatchewan to protect back-to-work legislation(30) of a kind that the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal had earlier held was contrary to the freedom of association in section 2(d) of the Charter.
		But isn’t the point of entrenching rights in a charter that you protect those rights by making the courts the final arbiters rather than the legislatures? Yes, it is, and despite the notwithstanding clause, that is what has happened and will continue to happen in all but a few situations.
	www.parl.gc.ca /information/library/PRBpubs/bp194-e.htm (2533 words)

	Jurisprudence - CCPR - Canada - Singer v. Canada
		He claims to be a victim of "discrimination on languages" by Canada, in violation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, without however specifically invoking article 26 thereof.
		The author appealed against all these summons before the local courts, and contended that the Charter of the French Language (Bill 101) discriminated against him because it restricted the use of English for commercial purposes; in particular, Section 58 of Bill 101 prohibited the posting of commercial signs in English outside the author's store.
		Parliament or the legislature of a province may expressly declare in an act of Parliament or of the legislature, as the case may be, that the Act or a provision thereof shall operate notwithstanding a provision included in section 2 or sections 7 to 15 of this Charter.
	www.bayefsky.com /html/139_canada455.php (2345 words)

	The Ultimate French language - American History Information Guide and Reference
		The word ordinateur for computer was however not created by the Académie, but by a linguist appointed by IBM (see).
		The French Republic also includes overseas territories populated by speakers of many other autochthonous languages.
		The ligature œ is a mandatory contraction of oe in certain words (sœur "sister" /sœʁ/, œuvre "work [of art]" /œvʁ/, cœur "heart" /kœʁ/, cœlacanthe "Coelacanth" /selakɑ̃t/), sometimes in words of Greek origin, spelled with an οι /oj/ diphtong which became oe in Latin, pronounced /e/ in French (and other Romance languages): œsophage /ezɔfaʒ/, œnologie /enɔlɔʒi/.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/French_language (3486 words)

	Montreal party officials resign over language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		While parents with children in French schools will have to pay their taxes to French boards and vote there, other Quebecers - including anglophones with no right to send their children to English schools - will be allowed to vote in English board elections and pay their taxes there.
		The Montreal-Centre group, some of whom were identified with the 24 per cent non-confidence vote Bouchard received at a PQ convention last fall, said the language compromise is only one of their complaints.
		The budgetary cutbacks in health, education, and other sectors imposed by the Bouchard government in its bid to achieve a zero Quebec deficit by 2000 ``are not elements of social democracy'', the group said.
	www.efc.ca /pages/media/toronto.star.21jun97.html (298 words)

	Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		English and French are the two official languages of Canada.
		In contrast to the Canadian statistics, French is the mother tongue of about 82% of the Québec population, English is the mother tongue of 8.8% of the population, and 35% are bilingual.
		Because French Canadians are a minority in North America, it is especially important to respect Québec’s cultural, historical and lingual identity.
	www.unh.edu /wsbe/bia/lang.htm (286 words)

	Wired News: Web Anglais? Non, S'il Vous Plait
		Crafted in the pre-Internet 1970s, Quebec's Charter of the French Language stipulates that commercial publications such as catalogs, brochures, leaflets, and commercial directories must be available in French.
		Although the charter has been relatively successful in terms of maintaining linguistic purity, its economic effects have been harsh: An estimated 300,000 residents and 1,000 businesses have left the province since the law was passed.
		In France itself, where linguistic purity campaigns have recently taken on some degree of political chic, language activists have sued three sites under a 1994 law that bans single-language advertising in any language but French.
	www.wired.com /news/politics/0,1283,4471,00.html (750 words)

	SOUFFLE - EAQUALS - CSN - Learn French - School in France
		Programs for foreign teachers of French are published by the Common European Framework for Language Learning catalogue under the references Comenius 2.2 and Grundtvig 3 from the Socrates program (see our teachers' programs pages for more information).
		In 2001, the CIA participated in the 'Year of European Languages', by adopting the educational standards agreed by the Council of Europe and the European Commission, as well as the European Portfolio - a scheme to promote the study of European languages.
		They are invited by French cultural organisations, local teaching organisations, or teachers of French associations.
	www.learn-french.fr /quality_charter.htm (300 words)

	English section- The Charter of the French language
		English section- The Charter of the French language
		Regulations adopted under the Charter of the French language (Official text)
		The language of the legislature and the courts
	www.olf.gouv.qc.ca /english/charter/index.html (110 words)

	History of Quebec and Canada
		The adoption of Bill 22, making French the official language of Quebec.
		The adoption of Bill 101, the Charter of the French Language.
		Return of Robert Bourassa as Premier of Quebec -- Patriation of the Canadian constitution despite the objections of Quebec's National Assembly -- Defeat of the Meech Lake Accord, which recognized Quebec as a distinct society
	www.angelfire.com /ak/canadianhistory/jeopardy7c.html (625 words)

	Torys LLP - Canada - Minding Your Language When Branding (20/04/2005) from Mondaq
		Torys LLP - Canada - Minding Your Language When Branding (20/04/2005) from Mondaq
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	www.mondaq.com /i_article.asp_Q_articleid_E_32035 (213 words)

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