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Topic: Chattel slavery

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	Slavery: Modern Slavery: Debt Bondage & Slave Exploitation - Downbound.com
		Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean cultures was a mixture of debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime, and the enslavement of prisoners of war.
		Slavery in the Americas during the 17th century was an institution that made little distinction as to the race of the enslaved or the free man. But by the 18th century, the overwhelming number of enslaved "fl" persons was such that white and Native American slavery was less common.
		Slavery under European rule began with importation of white European slaves (or indentured servants), was followed by the enslavement of local aborigines in the Caribbean, and eventually was primarily replaced with Africans imported through a large slave trade as the native populations declined through disease.
	www.downbound.com /category_s/29.htm (4212 words)

	Slavery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean cultures, including Greece and Rome (and parts of the Roman Empire), and the Islamic Caliphate was a mixture of debt-slavery, marriage, slavery as a punishment for crime, the enslavement of prisoners of war, and the birth of slave children to slaves.
		Slavery under European rule began with importation of European indentured labourers, was followed by the enslavement of indigenous peoples in the Caribbean, and eventually was primarily replaced with Africans imported through a large slave trade.
		Slavery was outlawed on English Annexation of New Zealand in 1840, immediately prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, although it did not end completely until government was effectively extended over the whole of the country with the defeat of the King movement in the New Zealand Wars of the mid 1860s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Slavery (7058 words)

	Chattel slavery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chattel slavery is a type of slavery defined as the absolute legal ownership of a person or persons, including the legal right to buy and sell them.
		The chattels are expected to cook, clean, carry water from an outdoor pump into the house, and grind cereal.
		Chattel slaves are trained in artisan workshops for industry and commerce.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chattel_slavery (973 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Most slavery is associated with war in that losers are taken prisoner by the victors to prevent a future conflict, or as a form of penal punishment with the criminals being made slaves to partially compensate the victims.
		Slavery did not legally exist in the colony at the time, and the Africans were treated as indentured servants, gaining their freedom after a fixed period of time.
		Slavery was not a cost free enterprise, slaves were seldom paid a wage, but the owners were responsible for feeding, housing, clothing, providing simple medical care, and (in some rare cases) education for all of the slaves' lives from birth to death.
	www.gamecheatz.net /games.php?title=Chattel_slavery (10209 words)

	Robert Schalkenbach Foundation
		While as for predial slavery -- the attachment of serfs to the soil -- the form of chattel slavery which existed longest in Europe, it is only of use to the proprietor where there is little competition for land.
		The essence of slavery is the robbery of labor.
		That chattel slavery is not the worst form of slavery we know from the fact that in countries where it has prevailed irrespective of race distinctions, the ranks of chattel slaves have been recruited from the ranks of the free poor, who, driven by distress, have sold themselves or their children.
	schalkenbach.org /library/george.henry/sp15.html (3312 words)

	Slavery in the Modern World
		Sometimes referred to as bonded laborers (because of the debts owed their masters), public perception of modern slavery is often confused with reports of workers in low-wage jobs or inhumane working conditions.
		Animist tribes in southern Sudan are frequently invaded by Arab militias from the North, who kill the men and enslave the women and children.
		Though most Americans believe slavery was abolished with the Emancipation Proclamation more than a century ago, the horrors of human beings held in bondage flourishes today.
	www.infoplease.com /spot/slavery1.html (1013 words)

	Types of Slavery
		CHATTEL SLAVERY is closest to the slavery that prevailed in early American history.
		Chattel slaves are considered their masters’ property — exchanged for things like trucks or money and expected to perform labor and sexual favors.
		Chattel slavery is typically racially-based; in the North African country of Mauritania, for example, fl Africans serve the lighter-skinned Arab-Berber communities.
	www.iabolish.org /slavery_today/primer/types.html (453 words)

	sociology - Slavery
		Slavery can mean one or more related conditions which involve control of a person against his or her will, enforced by violence or other clear forms of coercion.
		Officially Islam dislikes the idea of slavery and had set rules for dealing with slaves, such as mandated liberation on conversion to Islam, an insistence that slaves be clothed and fed in the same manner as is their master, and that they not be forced into marriage, among other prohibitons.
		Slavery was legal in most of the 13 colonies in the 18th century, and was ended in many Northeastern and Middle Atlantic "Free States" only after the turn of the 19th century.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/Slavery (7955 words)

	Modern slavery
		Slavery is properly defined as: The state of one bound in servitude - as the property of a slaveholder or household or a mode of production in which slaves constitute the principal work force.
		Although commonly held that slavery was rare among primitive pastoral peoples and that it appeared in full form only with the development of an agricultural economy, there are numerous historical instances that contradict this belief.
		Slavery as a result of debt, however, is evidenced in very early times, and some African peoples have had the custom of putting up wives and children as hostages for an obligation; if the obligation was unfulfilled, the hostages became permanent slaves.
	www.freeworldacademy.com /globalleader/slavery.htm (3955 words)

	Chattel Slavery in Mauritania and The Sudan. (from Slavery in the 21st Century) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The oldest and most traditional form of slavery, chattel slavery is a vestige of the trans-Saharan slave trade in fl Africans.
		A slave was considered by law as property, or chattel, and was deprived of most of the rights ordinarily held by free persons.
		It is bounded on the north by Egypt; on the east by the Red Sea and Ethiopia; on the south by Kenya, Uganda, and Zaire; on the west by the Central African Republic and Chad; and on the northwest by Libya.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-215303?tocId=215303 (906 words)

	Overthrowing the New Slavery
		Wage slavery is the condition in which a person must sell his or her labor-power, submitting to the authority of an employer, in order to merely subsist.
		The phrase "modern slavery" describes a number of conditions involving control of a person against his or her will, enforced by violence or other forms of coercion.
		Chattel slavery, the legal ownership of a person, is now illegal in all countries but still widely practiced.
	www.new-enlightenment.com /new_slavery.htm (3962 words)

	Chattel Slavery
		Traditional slavery, often called chattel slavery, is probably the least prevalent of the contemporary forms of slavery.
		According to the American Anti-Slavery group (http://www.anti-slavery.org), in Mauritania, where slavery was legally abolished in 1980, 90,000 darker-skinned Africans still live as the property of the Muslim Berber communities.
		In Sudan, slavery is making a comeback as the result of a war waged over the past twelve years by the Muslim north against the Christians and Animists in the south.
	www.brandeis.edu /projects/fse/Pages/chattelslavery.html (285 words)

	Pharsea: Bind and Loose. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Still, he would have been aware of the typical form of Roman slavery and yet he never suggests that slavery (unlike sexual licence) is unjust or either a symptom or consequence of paganism or idolatry.
		Chattel slavery was never approved of by the Church.
		In 1866 a request for an opinion on slavery was made to the Holy Office in reaction to the passing of the 13th amendment to the United States Constitution.
	www.geocities.com /pharsea/Slavery.htm (3008 words)

	Slavery and Slave Redemption in the Sudan (Human Rights Watch Backgroudner, March, 2002)
		In this contemporary form of slavery government-backed and armed militia of the Baggara tribes raid to capture children and women who are then held in conditions of slavery in western Sudan and elsewhere.
		The government arms and sanctions the practice of slavery by this tribal militia, known as muraheleen, as a low cost part of its counterinsurgency war against the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), which is identified with the Dinka tribe of southern Sudan.
		The government of Sudan has stonewalled on the issue of slavery, claiming it was a matter of rival tribes engaging in hostage taking, over which it had little control.
	www.hrw.org /backgrounder/africa/sudanupdate.htm (2656 words)

	SIMONS, SOCIAL FORCES IN AMERICAN HISTORY, CHAP. 20
		Because slavery is applicable only to a "one-crop" system of agriculture, it demands an exhaustless supply of new and fertile lands that can be brought into cultivation as the old ones are exhausted.
		The negro refused to be entirely contented in his slavery, and the imagination of the white owners, reading into the slave's mind an even greater unrest than existed, painted horrible pictures of impending slave insurrections, until these became the social nightmare of the South.
		But there is an inherent contradiction in chattel slavery, as within the competitive system, and this was the first time in the history of society that chattel slavery, on a large scale, had entered into the competitive system.
	www.ku.edu /carrie/texts/carrie_books/simons/20.html (3679 words)

	Slavery Reexamined, Part 1
		Besides chattel slavery, where one person is owned by another, there was land slavery, sometimes called real slavery, where the person belonged to the land.
		Chattel slavery and land slavery were abolished by European nations by the moral force of Christianity.
		The economic structure created by this flight of taxpayers into slavery or serfdom to powerful lords became the social and economic structure of Western civilization for more than a thousand years, and it was the direct consequence of Roman tax slavery.
	www.fff.org /freedom/0100g.asp (1353 words)

	George Van Cleve \| Forum: Somerset's Case Revisited: Somerset's Case and Its Antecedents in Imperial Perspective \| Law ...
		Slavery, and particularly the slave trade, were increasingly controversial in England and North America, a political reality that Mansfield had to balance against Britain's interest in the benefits of the trade and the allegiance of certain colonies that depended heavily on it, particularly the West Indies.
		For Blackstone, the law on slavery in England was independent of the law on slavery in the colonies.
		Thus, a sharp tension in English slavery law just prior to Somerset concerned whether English and colonial slavery law were identical or independent, a tension that was at least as significant as the tension regarding the precise legal contours of "near slavery" in England.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lhr/24.3/cleve.html (12518 words)

	The Legacy Project: Legacy Events Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Statutory recognition of slavery, however, occurred in Massachusetts in 1641, in Connecticut in 1650, and in Virginia in 1661; these statutes mainly concerned fugitive slaves.
		The 13th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, abolishing slavery throughout the United States, was ratified in 1865.
		In 1951 a United Nations committee on slavery reported that the practice of slavery was declining rapidly, with only a vestige of slavery remaining in a few areas of the world.
	www.legacy-project.org /events/display.html?ID=17 (632 words)

	Chronology on the History of Slavery 1619 to 1789
		Slavery had existed as a human institution for centuries, but the slaves were usually captives taken in war or members of the lowest class in a society.
		Slavery in other parts of the world had typically involved prisoners of war, and was considered a humane alternative to being put to death.
		The institution of slavery got mentioned several times in the Christian Bible: 'Moreover of the children of the strangers that do sojourn among you, of them shall ye buy, and of their that are with you, which they begat in your land: and they shall be your possession.' (Leviticus, 25, 44-46).
	www.innercity.org /holt/slavechron.html (17488 words)

	Catholic Culture : Document Library : Let My People Go: the Catholic Church and Slavery
		As used here, "slavery" is the condition of involuntary servitude in which a human being is regarded as no more than the property of another, as being without basic human rights; in other words, as a thing rather than a person.
		Seventh, even where slavery was not altogether repudiated, slaves and free men had equal access to the sacraments, and many clerics were from slave backgrounds, including two popes (Pius I and Callistus).
		Therein he described the enslavers as allies of the devil and declared attempts to justify such slavery "null and void." Accompanying the bull was another document, Pastorale Officium, which attached a latae sententiae excommunication remittable only by the pope himself for those who attempted to enslave the Indians or steal their goods.
	www.catholicculture.org /docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=1201 (2399 words)

	[No title]
		The word 'slavery' is such a powerful vortex of images, meanings, cries, and grief to me. Any technical discussion of any type of forced labor or corvee becomes immediately inflamed when the word 'slavery' is attached to it, and I suspect that many others share this association.
		Slavery was the optimal form of dependence, and very often there was no shortage of prisoners captured in war.
		She is told to remember her slavery and to not oppress the slave or the alien in the Land.
	www.christian-thinktank.com /qnoslave.html (9897 words)

	HAMP Chattel Slavery at Hampton/Northampton, Baltimore County (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Questions about the nature of slavery at Hampton are often asked at the site today and it is tempting to reply with some canned answer drawn from a secondary source which may treat the Eastern Shore of Maryland or even Louisiana.
		The truth is that Hampton was sui generis; the nature of its chattel slavery depended to a remarkable degree on the personality and attitudes of the owner at the time.
		Slavery was a thing of the past by the time John made his will, but there is little to suggest that manumission might ever have been a priority for him.
	www.nps.gov /hamp/lancaster2.htm (7415 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| World commemorates end of slavery
		The United Nations is leading the celebrations in Paris, while a new slavery museum is to open in the US state of Ohio later on Monday.
		A UN official said the full extent of slavery had still to be recognised.
		Anti-Slavery International's Beth Herzfeld told the BBC earlier this year that chattel slavery, involving a class of hereditary slaves, still existed in parts of Africa, and bonded labour remained common in South Asia.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/3589646.stm#map (802 words)

	Re: Slave research Forum -no owners
		I prefer using those terms that are most accurately descriptive of the horrific system of chattel slavery when that is the system of slavery under discussion and research.
		"Chattel slavery is a uniquely North American creation and attached the slave to his master as personal property, transferable at will." See "Rice and Slaves" by Daniel C. Littlefield, footnote 3, page 2.
		To suggest that a slave was merely "held" rather than "owned" gives a remote observer the impression that the slave possessed the key to his or her own freedom when we know such was not the case.
	www.afrigeneas.com /forumd/index.cgi?noframes;read=2476 (601 words)

	The Black Commentator - PBS Says American Slavery was Natural - Issue 129
		In both conceptions, American slavery is always racialized, creating the false impression that Anglo-American slave-owners imposed a system of chattel slavery on Africans and African Americans because of their phenotype (or skin tone), not their labor power.
		For James, this is the “turning point” of racial slavery in America: it marks the beginning of the ordeal of racial oppression.
		James said recently in an interview that, in his view, “slavery could be seen as a festering wound on America which needs to be opened up and cleansed before it can begin to heal.
	www.blackcommentator.com /129/129_guest_pbs_slavery.html (1716 words)

	iAbolish - American Anti-Slavery Group, abolishing modern slavery and human trafficking
		From sex slaves in Asia to chattel slaves in Africa, more people are enslaved today than ever before.
		Now, he lives in the United States and is a charismatic speaker and activist, raising awareness of slavery in Sudan and inspiring Americans to take action.
		Whether you go the full 300 miles or only a leg of it, it may be the most important walk you'll ever take.
	www.iabolish.com (270 words)

	FBC- Dale Tomich, CV
		Slavery in the Circuit of Sugar: Martinique and the World Economy, 1830-1848.
		"Slavery, Race and Labor in the Political Economic Discourse of Francisco de Arango y Parreño" presented at the Symposium From Colonial Plantations to Global Peripheries: A Century of Transformations in the Caribbean and Tropical Asia, Caribbean Resource Center, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, P.R. October 8, 1998.
		Slavery and Emancipation in the Americas (Universidade Federal de Bahia, Universidade Federal de Paraná): 1983; (Universidade Estadual de Campinas): 1988; (Universidade de São Paulo): 1998.
	fbc.binghamton.edu /dtcv.htm (3276 words)

	LIBERAL: Pejoritive Now, But Our Language Knows What is What
		Mention slavery to an American and the Negro slavery of the Antebellum period comes to mind.
		Chattel slavery did not recognize the essential humanity of the enslaved.
		Chattel slavery led to a number of convolutions of thought and action that still haunt American today.
	www.afterdowningstreet.org /node/16339/print (958 words)

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